During the late 1890’s and early years of the 1900’s, newspapers, magazines and
books began scathing attacks on the abuses of the new order (child labor, urban
political machines, corrupt government, industrial labor abuses and poor working
conditions, etc.). In 1906, Theodore Roosevelt applied the term “muckraker” to
those who exposed the pungent scandals and misconduct of the period. Muckraking
flourished from 1903 to 1909.
Supporting Standard (5)The student understands the effects of reform
& third-party movements in the early 20th century.
The Student is expected to:(B) Evaluate the impact of muckrakers &
reform leaders such as Upton Sinclair, Susan B. Anthony, Ida B. Wells, & W. E. B. DuBois
on American Society
Supporting Standard (5)The student understands the effects of reform
& third-party movements in the early 20th century.
The Student is expected to:(B) 1 Evaluate the impact of Upton Sinclair
on American Society
Upton Sinclair
Sinclair (1878-1968—left) wrote The Jungle (1906) about working in meat packinghouses. It was the single most significant work of the muckrakers. It led to legislation that regulated the food and drug industry (meat inspection bills and the Second Food and Drug Act). The severity of the regulation involved the government in private industry as it had not been before.
Supporting Standard (5)The student understands the effects of reform
& third-party movements in the early 20th century.
The Student is expected to:(B) 1 Evaluate the impact of Susan B.
Anthony on American Society• A prominent American civil rights leader
& feminist who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women’s rights movement to introduce women’s suffrage into the U. S.
• Co-founder of the first Women's Temperance Movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as President.
• Traveled the United States and Europe, and averaged 75 to 100 speeches per year.
Supporting Standard (5)The student understands the effects of reform
& third-party movements in the early 20th century.
The Student is expected to:(B) 1 Evaluate the impact of Ida B. Wells on
American Society
• An African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist and, with her husband, newspaper owner Ferdinand L. Barnett
• An early leader in the civil rights movement• Documented lynchings in the U. S. lynching ,
showing how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites
Supporting Standard (5)The student understands the effects of reform
& third-party movements in the early 20th century.
The Student is expected to:(B) 1 Evaluate the impact of W. E. B DuBois
on American Society
The Niagara Movement and W. E. B. DuBois
African-American sociologist W. E. B DuBois convened a gathering on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls to form a plan for obtaining better treatment for blacks
In 1903, DuBois published The Souls of Black Folk, calling for justice and equality
The Muckrakers—the Journalistic Voice of the Progressive
Movement
Magazines, such as McClure’s, Collier’s and Cosmopolitan ran scathing attacks on government and business.
Writers like Lincoln Steffens, 1866-1936 (right)
assailed the unholy union of corrupt politics and
business in their works of the early 20th century.
Steffens’ collected writings—serialized in McClure‘s—
later appeared in a single volume, The Shame of the
Cities, 1904.
A caricature of the corruption of string-pulling big city politics—Lincoln Steffens—used by McClure’s to expose
corruption in the big cities
Ida Tarbell, 1857-1944
Tarbell wrote a long series
of articles exposing the
sins of Standard Oil in McClure’s.
Supporting Standard (5)The student understands the effects of reform
& third-party movements in the early 20th century.
The Student is expected to:(C) Evaluate the impact of third parties,
including the Populist & Progressive parties
Supporting Standard (5)The student understands the effects of reform
& third-party movements in the early 20th century.
The Student is expected to:(C) Evaluate the impact of third parties,
including the Populist Party (see also 3 A)
It was most important in 1892-96, and then rapidly faded away. Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the plains states
(especially Kansas and Nebraska), it represented a radical crusading reform, agrarianism, and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally.
Two Things Led to the
Dissolution of the People’s
Party: Improvements in the financial conditions
that led to the party’s rise
The absorption of party by the Democrats who in 1896 embraced a
leader—William Jennings Bryan—that became the voice & spokesperson for
the same causes that created the Populist movement.
Supporting Standard (5)The student understands the effects of reform
& third-party movements in the early 20th century.
The Student is expected to:(C) 2 Evaluate the impact of third parties,
including the Progressive Party (see also 5 A)
Comlements Readiness Standard
(5)The Student understands the effects
of reform and third-party movements in the early 20th century
Split in the Republican Party
Theodore Roosevelt tried to get the Republican nomination, but
failed. He then split with the Republican Party and formed the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party.
This new party had a bold progressive platform called “New Nationalism.” It was radical and called for women’s suffrage and
minimum wage.
The “Back from Elba” movement pushed for TR’s re-entry into the
political fray. “Delighted Democrats looked on as Taft and Roosevelt fought for
the Republican nomination. As the
incumbent president, Taft controlled the
party machinery, and when the Republican
convention met in June 1912, he took the
nomination.”
Progressive Republicans re-
convened after the party nominated Taft.
They formed themselves into an new “Progressive
Party”—a.k.a., the “Bull Moose” Party—
and selected TR as their candidate. Thus
evolved “the fist important three-
cornered presidential contest since 1860.”
Election of 1912
Wilson 6.29 million 435
Roosevelt 4.1 million 88
Taft 3.5 million 8
Theodore Roosevelt split the Republican vote & handed the election to Democrat Wilson.
Similarly, the election of 1992 also ensured a rather unlikely
victory for Democrat challenger Bill Clinton over incumbent
George H. W. Bush.
Texas businessman H. Ross Perot entered the race as a conservative
challenger and split the Republican vote.
All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout 55.2%
Nominee Bill ClintonGeorge H. W.
BushH. Ross Perot
Party Democrat Republican Independent
Home state Arkansas Texas Texas
Running mate Al Gore Dan Quayle James Stockdale
Electoral vote 370 168 0
States carried 32 + DC 18 0
Popular vote 44,909,806 39,104,550 19,743,821
Percentage 43.0% 37.5% 18.9%
Bush wins with popular votes give to Perot
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