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Study the Performance of the Combined Gas Turbine-Steam
Cycle for Power Generation
'r. Saa )asso* +hmed,niersity o /aylon1ollege o ngineering'eartment o MechanicalIra3-/aylon
e-mailsaaya6yahoo.com
Abstract
In this research% a theoretical and analytical st*dy o gas t*rine-steam t*rine comined cycle or ower
generation was carried o*t to imroe the erormance o the thermal ower lant.
+ thermodynamic analysis o the comined cycle thro*gh a tyical attern was done. +roriate ass*mtions
were made or two 7inds o comined cycles% simle gas t*rine-steam t*rine and reheat gas t*rine-steam
t*rine comined cycles% s*ch that the res*lts otained wo*ld closely aroimate act*al data. Then the
e3*ations o the comined cycle calc*lations were deried. 9o*r cases were st*died to choose the otim*m gas
t*rine and steam t*rine conditions or the comined cycle.
The reheat gas t*rine-steam t*rine comined cycle is etter as comared to the simle gas t*rine-steam
t*rine comined cycle% eca*se the o*t*t er *nit mass o air low is signiicantly imroed y $5-4&:% andthe eiciency is higher y 4 : or the comined cycle *tili;ing the reheat gas t*rine% which oints to otential
cost saing or s*ch a cycle.
It was o*nd that the otim*m conditions o the gas t*rine cycle in the comined cycle mode occ*r at the
maim*m net wor7 conditions. The eiciency o the waste heat oiler or high eha*st temerat*re ranges
(maim*m :! is comarale to the eiciency o the conentional oilers. The waste heat oiler has the
added adantage o simlicity% thereore this tye o comined cycle *sing waste heat oiler has great romise
or ower generation.
Keywords Combined gas-steam cycle, gas turbine cycle
List of Symbols:
Latin Symbols
Symbol Definition
1? 1om*stion ress*re ?oss1 Seciic heat at 1onstant ress*re ([email protected]!
9*el to +ir Batio (7g *el7gair!
h nthaly (7@7g!
? 1om*stion and Badiation ?oss
m Mass low rate (7gsec!
P Press*re (Pa!C Deat S*lied (A@Ag!
r Press*re Batio
T Temerat*re(A!
E Eor7 o*t*t (E!
Greek SymbolsFD25 1aloriic #al*e at 25
o1
< iciency
Subscript
&%2%$%4%5%G The state as shown in 9ig*res(&%2%$%4!
2s%4s%Gs Isentroic case or each state
a +ir+dd +dded
/ /oiler
1 1omressor
1om 1omined
eg ha*st gas
g Haso "erall
s Steam
sg Stac7 gases
s* S*erheated
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T T*rine
1. Introduction
lectrical ower generation has *ndergone a reol*tion since 1990. The gas-steam comined ower
lant has come o age and there is the romise o more adanced gas t*rine cycles ased on aero-deriatiemachines. '*ring the 1990s, a s*ite o com*ter codes were deeloed at 1amridge to analy;es adanced
ower cycles at a more detailed leel than *s*al. 9or s*ch calc*lations% it is most imortant to handle thethermodynamics as rigoro*sly as ossile(Horlock, J.H., et.al., 1998, 2000).
In recent ast the gassteam comined cycle ased ower lants hae ecome o*lar as these oer
more eectie *tili;ation o the ossil *el energy. These oer higher thermal eiciency as comared to the gas
t*rine ased lant or the steam t*rine ased lants in isolation the erormance o the gassteam comined
cycle ower lant deends *on the erormance o toing and ottoming cycle. Has t*rine is seen to oer
high seciic wor7 o*t*t i the t*rine inlet temerat*re (!)co*ld e increased. Th*s% with increased !theerormance o the heat recoery steam generator (H"#$)and consec*tiely the steam t*rine imroes therey%
oering imroement in comined cycle erormance (%ada&, J.'., #ing,r *.,200+).
The literat*re has oten s*ggested comining two or more thermal cycles within a single ower lant. In
all cases the intention was to increase eiciency oer that o single cycles. Thermal rocesses can e comined
in this way whether they oerate with the same or with diering wor7ing media. Doweer% a comination ocycles with dierent wor7ing media is more interesting eca*se their adantage can comlement one another.
Normally the cycles can e classed as a toingand a bottoming cycle. The irst cycle to which
most o the heat is s*lied is called the toing cycle. The waste heat rod*ces is then *tili;ed in a second
rocess which oerates at a lower temerat*re leel and is thereore reerred to as a bottoming cycle. , to
the resent time % only one comined cycle has o*nd wide accetance the comination gas t*rinesteam
t*rine ower lant (elo/er, "., 199).
+n alternatie regenerator conig*ration has een imroed y (allenback,'..,2002) thro*gh
imroing the eiciency o gas t*rine cycle.("a&i umer, et.al.,200)has energy losses in dierent gas t*rine
cycle comonents. It is osered that the irreersiility in eha*st gases is low which indicates eectie
*tili;ation o heat energy% *t the seciic wor7 o*t*t o the t*rine decreases.
Henerally with increase the t*rine inlet temerat*re the seciic wor7 o gas t*rine increases. /*t
increase in the t*rine inlet temerat*re has strict metall*rgical limitations in terms o maim*m temerat*re
that the t*rine stage co*ld with stand. ("a&i umar, 3., #ita "ama, .4., 200) analy;ed the eect o inletcooling on heat recoery steam generator (H"#$) erormance. It is o*nd that the inlet cooling red*ces the
wor7 in*t o the comressor and increases the mass low rate o air.
Similarly the eiciency o steam cycle can e imroed y increasing the temerat*re o steam entered
into the steam t*rine. The maim*m temerat*re o steam that can e *sed in steam t*rine is considered rom
metall*rgical oint o iew o t*rine lades. The mass low rate o steam and steam temerat*re deends on the
amo*nt o heat aailale in the gas t*rine eha*st. ("a&i umar, et.al., 200+)has done erormance sim*lation
o (H"#$) in comined cycle ower lant. They disc*ssed the eect o ario*s arameters li7e inch oint%
aroach oint% steam ress*re% steam temerat*re% gas low rate on the erormance o the (H"#$).
("a&i umar, et.al., 200)hae een analy;ed dierent heat recoery steam generator conig*rations o
single ress*re and d*al ress*re. The comined cycle eiciency with dierent heat recoery steam generator
conig*rations hae een analy;ed arametrically y *sing irst law second law o thermodynamics% it was
osered that in the d*al cycle high ress*re steam t*rine ress*re m*st e high low ress*re steam t*rine
ress*re m*st e low or etter heat recoery rom heat recoery steam generator. (#rini&as, ., et.al., 200)hae een analy;ed the eect o JnK eed water heaters (low! on erormance o a steam ower cycle with a
generali;ed mathematical orm*lation. The erormance calc*lations were orm*lated searately to single /.5.
and etended to 6n7 /.5.sor arametric st*dy. The otim*m led steam temerat*re ratio is o*nd at 0.with
single/.5.at gien wor7ing conditions. Similarly the otim*m ress*re in a steam reheated is otained at 20
2: o the oiler ress*re irresectie o the n*mer o heaters. The res*lts show that the maim*m gain in the
eiciency o cycle is otaining with the irst /5and the increment diminishes with the addition o the n*mer
o heaters. +lso% has een eamined the imroements in eiciency with increases in oiler ress*re% t*rine
inlet temerat*re and *rnace temerat*re.
2-alculations of Gas !urbine ycle
2-1:alculations of Simple Gas !urbine ycle
+ schematic diagram% "i#ure $1%% reresents the simle gas t*rine cycle and "i#ure $2%reresent the cycle on
!-Sdiagram. +ir at atmosheric ress*re is comressed rom state 1to state 2y the comressor. 9*el is added
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2-1-2: (nalysis of Simple Gas !urbine ycle:
12 5rp ==== ;(1)
(((( ))))
a
a 1
1s2 %rp$!!
==== ;(2)
The act*al temerat*re o air at the end o comression is gien y
1s212
%!!$!!
++++==== ;(
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are then eanded to state '% where again *el is added in the second com*stion chamer to heat the gases tostate (*ll reheat!. Then% the hot gases are eanded thro*gh the second gas t*rine to state 6 (atmosheric
ress*re!. + schematic diagram o the reheat gas t*rine reresented in "i#ure $'%% where the n*mers on the
schematic corresond with the n*mers o the !-Sdiagram. The *el added to the irst com*stion chamer isf1
and or the second com*stion chamerf2.!
S
1
2s2
&
6s
6's
'
"i#ure $&%: !-S Dia#ram of 8e)eat Gas !urbine ycle.
G.!. G.!.
..
..
Gas Generatoro*er !urbine1
2 &
'
6
f
f
1
2
"i#ure $'%: Sc)ematic Dia#ram of 8e)eat Gas !urbine ycle.
2-2-1: (ssumption of 8e)eat Gas !urbine ycle:In reheat gas t*rine cycle% the same ass*mtions were made or the simle gas t*rine cycle% in addition to
&- The second com*stion ress*re loss=&/.2- The isentroic eiciency o the second gas t*rine also was e3*al to =/.$- The ecess air or the irst gas t*rine was set to '00 / and &00 / in the second gas t*rine or
eansions.
2-2-2: (nalysis of 8e)eat Gas !urbine ycle:The roerties o oints 142% and &are the same as in the simle cycle.
otes:the oints corresond with the oints o "i#ure $&%.
The act*al temerat*re o oint 'is calc*lation rom euation $1'%elow
1! ++ ====
%!!$p%f1%$m1$%!!$p 'a1aL12air ++++==== & ;(1)
The isentroic temerat*re at oint 4
(((( ))))
!
'&s'
!!!
==== ;(1)
The ress*re at oint '
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==== #as
1#as
&s' %rp31.$!!
1#as#as
'
&
'
&
!
!
====
;(1+)
Then the ress*re at oint 5 can e calc*lated as shown elow
%L1$ 2' ==== ;(1)Ehere L2-Second com*stion ress*re loss ercentage
Since 6 is 7nown rom the ass*mtion o the simle gas t*rine cycle or ' then we m*st ind the
ratio o $36%in order to ind the temerat*re at oint G as ollow
==== #as
1#as
6
s6
%3$
!
!
;(18)
Then% the act*al temerat*re at oint 6
%!!.$!! s6!6 ==== ;(19)Dence the net wor7 o*t*t
%!!$p%ff1%$m1$++ 6#as21aL1!net ++++++++======== & ;(20)+nd the heat s*lied is calc*lated as ollow according to mass and energy low diagram "i#ure $b% or the
second com*stion chamer
'#a1aL#as21aL
2airaLasaL1add
!p%f1%$m1$!p%ff1%$m1$$
!p%m1$!p%m1%$f1$,
++++++++++++
++++++++====
&&
&&
;(21)
ma h2
m
ma m h$
1.#.
( !1om*stion
1hamer
ma
m& h4
m2
ma m& m 2 h5
1.#.
(! ( !( !1om*stion
1hamer
(a! (!
"i#ure $%: ;ass and
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2G
Gen
S.!.
".+.7.
ondenser
oiler
!o Stack
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f*)sup
s#e#
))
))
airofmass
steamofmass
==== ;(22)
To determine the mass o the leed steam or eamle% consider the adiaatic miing rocess at the irst
eed heater% in which Im& 7g o steam o enthaly hI% mi with (((( ))))Is mm && 7g o water o enthaly h8% to gie
Sm& 7g o water o enthaly h&0
%))$m%))$m 10sII ==== && ;(2
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22owas chosen as a inch oint o the comined cycles calc*lations% *t or the last two cases o
1'Aand 1Ain reheat gas t*rine-steam t*rine comined cycle% i the inch oint at the eaorator is 7et
the same as or the other cases% the dierence etween the stac7 temerat*re and the eed water temerat*re (the
inch oint at the economi;er! ecomes ery small in the range o 0 to o. This wo*ld oio*sly lead to a ery
large economi;er% which wo*ld e *neconomical and thereore not desirale. In order to aoid this% the inchoint at the economi;er was made as 22 oand or this case the inch oint at eaorator comes to e &'oand
2oetween the water steam circ*it and the gas circ*it in the waste heat oiler.
!emp.
Steam
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The eha*st temerat*re decreases when the ress*re ratio increases at a constant theoretical airercentage% eca*se o greater eansion% th*s the eha*st temerat*re ehaes oosite to the maim*m
temerat*re with the ress*re ratio. 9or a gien ress*re ratio% the eha*st temerat*re decreases as the
theoretical air ercentage increases. This ehaior is the same as the maim*m temerat*re.
"i#ure$9%: ;aBimum !emperature and
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"i#ure $11%:
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"i#ure $1&% shows the relation etween the cycle eiciency and the net wor7 as a *nction o theress*re ratio or ario*s maim*m temerat*res. It is clear rom the lot that or a gien maim*m cycle
eiciency is higher than the otim*m ress*re ratio or maim*m net wor7% eca*se at high ress*re ratio the
heat added ecomes less which ma7es the eiciency increase *ntil a certain ress*re ratio% then it ecomes
decreases% eca*se the net wor7 ecomes ery small. +t a constant ress*re ratio the cycle eiciency and the networ7 increases as the maim*m temerat*re increases% eca*se greater eansion is ossile.
"i#ure$1&%:ycle
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"i#ure $1%:+ork 8atio ?ersus 8.
&-2: 8esults of 8e)eat Gas !urbine ycle:
Two sets o calc*lations hae een made or the reheat gas t*rine cycle.
&-2-1: onstant (3" 8atio:
In this set o calc*lations only the '00/o theoretical air was chosen.
"i#ure$16%shows a lot o the net wor7 ers*s the ress*re ratio. It can e shown that the net wor7
increases when the ress*re ratio increases% eca*se the maim*m temerat*re is increased d*e to increase o the
o*tlet comressor temerat*re% the increases ecome less and less as the ress*re ratio increases% eca*se more
wor7 is needed or comressor.
+lso it can e shown on the same "i#ure$16% that the cycle eiciency increases as the ress*re ratio
increase% eca*se more net wor7 is rod*ced% *t these increases ecome less and less% eca*se the net wor7
ecomes less and less as more wor7 is needed or the comressor.
The wor7 ratio decreases as the ress*re ratio increases% eca*se more wor7 is needed or the
comressor as shown in "i#ure $16%. The maim*m temerat*re increases as the ress*re ratio increases d*e toincrease o the o*tlet comressor temerat*re.
"i#ure $16%:ycle
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$$
"i#ure $1%:!'4!64 and 36?ersus 8.
&-2-2: onstant ;aBimum !emperature:
In the same o the simle gas t*rine cycle% the set o calc*lations rom 11'' to 1 Awere *sed asthe maim*m temerat*re.
!able $&% gies the otim*m ress*re ratios at which the net wor7 and the cycle eiciency are
maim*m.
!able $&%: Cptimum ressure 8atios for ;aBimum ycle
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"i#ure $19% shows the relation etween the cycle eiciency and the ress*re ratios or ario*smaim*m temerat*res. +t a constant maim*m temerat*re% the cycle eiciency increases when the ress*re
ratio increases *ntil a certain al*e o ress*re ratio and then it egins to decreases with the increase o the
ress*re ratio% eca*se the net wor7 ecomes less. +t a constant ress*re ratio% the cycle eiciency increases
with the increase o the maim*m temerat*re% eca*se net wor7 ecomes more d*e to greater eansion.
"i#ure $19%: ycle
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"i#ure $21%: !6?ersus 8 for 8e)eat Gas !urbine ycle.
"i#ure $22% shows the relation etween the ower t*rine eansion ratio and the ress*re ratio or
dierent maim*m temerat*res.
+t a constant ress*re ratio% the ower t*rine eansion ratio increases as the maim*m temerat*re
increases% eca*se the eit enthaly rom the irst gas t*rine increases% so that the eit relatie ress*re
increases which ca*ses the increase in the ress*re o state . +t a constant maim*m temerat*re% the ower
t*rine eansion ratio increases when the ress*re ratio increases *ntil a certain al*e o ress*re ratio% the
ower t*rine eansion ratio egins to decreases% eca*se the greater eansion occ*rs in the irst gas t*rine
d*e to more comressor wor7 ma7es the eit enthaly ecomes less% so that the eit relatie ress*re ecomes
less which leads to the decrease in the ress*re o state .
"i#ure$22%: 36?ersus 8 for 8e)eat Gas !urbine ycle.
"i#ure $2&% shows the relation etween the wor7 ratio and the ress*re ratio or ario*s maim*m
temerat*res. It is the same as in the simle gas t*rine cycle.
0 16 2' &2 '0
ressure 8atio
600
00
1000
1200
1'00
!6$A%
!@11''A
!@1&66A
!@1'00A
0 16 2' &2 '0
ressure 8atio
0.0
1.0
2.0
&.0
'.0
.0
6.0
$1.3
16%
!@11''A
!@1&66A
!@1' A
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"i#ure$2&%: +ork 8atio ?ersus 8 for 8e)eat Gas !urbine ycle.
&-&: 8esults of t)e ombined ycle:
The res*lts o the simle gas t*rine-steam t*rine and the reheat-steam t*rine comined cycles aregien in the same lots to ma7e a comarison etween them.
The res*lts are ill*strated in "i#ures $2'% to $29%. "i#ure $2'%shows the relation etween the eha*st
temerat*re and the maim*m temerat*re or oth simle and reheat gas t*rine cycle. The eha*st
temerat*re increases as the maim*m temerat*re increases and it is clear that the eha*st temerat*re or the
reheat gas t*rine is greater than the eha*st temerat*re or the simle gas t*rine% which means that the heat
energy aailale in the eha*st gases is more in the reheat gas t*rine cycle.
"i#ure $2'%:
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"i#ure $2%: Stack !emperature ?ersus ;aB. !emperature.
"i#ure $26%shows a lot o the oiler eiciency ers*s the maim*m temerat*re. Ehen the maim*m
temerat*re increases the oiler eiciency increases in the oth comined cycles. The oiler eiciency o the
comined cycle *sing the reheat gas t*rine is greater than the oiler eiciency o the comined cycle *sing the
simle gas t*rine y $10-1% /% eca*se o the lower stac7 temerat*re in the comined cycle *sing reheat gas
t*rine.
"i#ure $26%: >oiler
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"i#ure $2%: C?erall Steam ycle
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"i#ure $29%: ombined ycle ?ergy nalysis o/ @odern Aossil-Auel 'o5er 'lants,
+SM @. ng. 9or Has T*rine and Power &28% -&->.
-Dorloc7% @. D.% )o*ng% @./.% Manirda% H.% &LL8% e "ational >//iciency o/ Aossil-Auel 'o5er 'lants,+SM
Symosi*m on thermodynamics Int. Mech. ng.% No.% 1aliornia.
-Aehlhoer% B.% &LL>% Combined-Cycle $as and #team 'o5er 'lant,PennEell P*lishing 1omany% T*lsa-
"7lahoma.-Bai A*mar% N.% et.al.% 2005% >?ergy analysis o/ $as urbine 'o5er 'lant 5it lternati&e Con/iguration o/
"egenerator,Proceeding on 1'% 2nd
International ergy nergy nironmental Symosi*m (IS2!% Aos%
Hreece% #I-&$.
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