Early History
Credit to foundation of the city goes to Raja Bhimdeva
Reigned from 1022 AD to 1064 AD
http://www.mahim.com/et/epage1.htm
European Settlement In 1534, the Portuguese
obtained the islands and named it Bom Bahia, meaning “the good bay”
The city became an important trading place for products such as tobacco, onyx, rice, silk, and cotton
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html
http://vasai.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/madh-fort1.jpg
British Control 1672, King Charles II of
England married Catherine of Bragnaza and received the city as part of a dowry
He rented the city to the East India Company for 10 pounds of gold a year
By 1675, the population grew from 60,000 from 10,000 in 1661
http://www.indoislamica.com/images/PR000088.lg.jpg
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html
A Booming Commercial City Bombay became the
commercial capital of India
Provided goods in several markets such as jewelry, textiles, cotton, and agriculture
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html
http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/smitham/smith300.jpg
Reclamation Process and 19th Century The original seven islands (Mahim, Worli, Parel,
Mazagaon, Isle of Bombay, Little Colaba, and Colaba) were filled in beginning in the early 1800s
1n 1853, the first Indian railway was created, and went from Bombay to Thana
By 1864, there were over 800,000 people living in the city
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/bombay/history.html
Reclamation Process
The original seven islands
Bombay 1893 Bombay 1924 Mumbai 2009
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay
Geography
https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=mumbai&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&bvm=bv.41524429,d.dmQ&biw=732&bih=590&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=il
Natural Environment
The city is mostly at sea level Highest elevation is 1,450 feet Three lakes within city limits: Tulsi Lake, Vihar Lake
and Powai Lake. Tulsi and Vihar provide drinking water
Several bays, rivers, creeks, and mangrove swamps Soil is sandy due to its proximity to the water City in proximity of three fault lines, and can receive
earthquakes up to a 6.5 magnitude http://www.mumbainet.com/template1.php?CID=15&SCID=3
The City
The largest city in India and the sixth largest city in the world
Population over 18 million people City is 233 sq miles
http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/357-mumbai-city.html
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/36/90/fb/gate-way-of-india.jpg
http://www.bobzworldcity.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/City-of-Mumbai-India.jpg
Built Environment
Huge size – high growth rate (4% per year) Urban Sprawl Traffic congestion Inadequate sanitation Pollution
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/36/90/fb/gate-way-of-india.jpg
Drainage Often blocked by debris Exacerbated flooding India’s financial district is prone to flooding, built
on landfill area
http://crs-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/ind1801.jpg
Squatter Communities
Half of Mumbai’s population
Inadequate access to potable water and sanitation
Already frequently flooded
Past resolution of problems: demolish and relocate
http://www.myseveralworlds.com/2009/04/05/slums-around-the-world/
Potable Water Capacity Depend on rain-fed lakes
Increasing rainfall variability causes worry
World Bank’s Bombay Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Projects 1975 to 1995
Brought water supply to 2,460 million liters per day; require about 8,000
http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2010/06/bombay-hand-drawn-water-tank-for.html
Pollution
Air pollution equal to smoking
Virtually untreated sewage
http://wowpics.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/10-new-delhi.jpg
Danger!
“Climate change and reckless development are leaving Mumbai increasingly vulnerable to the elements. A news report on an ongoing climate study places India's financial capital sixth in a list of 20 port cities worldwide at risk from severe storm-surge flooding, damage from high storm winds and rising seas. By 2070, according to the study, an estimated 11.4 million people and assets worth $1.3 trillion would be at peril in Mumbai due to climatic extremes.”
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-12/global-warming/35067898_1_climate-change-mumbai-oecd-study
Monsoon Season
Normally starts in June and ends in September Approximately 98 inches of the annual 106 inches of
precipitation occurs during this time In July 2005, the city received 37 inches of rain in
one 24 hour period and killed more than 1,000 people
http://prattinfographicsworkshop.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/03-de-sherbinin-vulnerability-of-global-cities.pdf
Vulnerability Precipitation extremes,
more than a flooding issue
Coastal, marine, low-lying issues
Flat topography Perilous building
conditions Cyclones Earthquakes Poor Economy
http://www.asiadailywire.com/2012/09/india-vulnerable-to-climate-change-report-says/
Government Structure 1882 -Municipal
Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) Education, Public
Health, Art & Culture, Heritage Conservation, Urban Amenities
Disaster Management Act 2005 To substantially increase public awareness of disaster risk so that the public demands safer communities in which to live and work; and
To significantly reduce the risks of loss of life, injuries, economic costs, and destruction of natural and cultural resources that result from disasters.
http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?228280
Climate Change Action Plan Prepared by the
Environmental Department
Approved August 20, 2009
Sustainability science and climate change are still new areas of study
http://www.ekalavvya.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NationalActionClimateChange.jpg
Mitigation
de Sherbinin, Alex, Andres Schiller, and Alex Pulsipher. “The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards.” Environment and Urbanization 19:1 (2007). 39 – 64.
Mitigation
de Sherbinin, Alex, Andres Schiller, and Alex Pulsipher. “The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards.” Environment and Urbanization 19:1 (2007). 39 – 64.
Mitigation
de Sherbinin, Alex, Andres Schiller, and Alex Pulsipher. “The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards.” Environment and Urbanization 19:1 (2007). 39 – 64.