Strategies to Strategies to Enhance Enhance Achievement Among Achievement Among Culturally Diverse Culturally Diverse Students Students
John L. Hall, PhD John L. Hall, PhD
Educational MissionEducational Mission
The mission of the Coatesville AreaThe mission of the Coatesville Area
School District, a learning community School District, a learning community
rich in diversity and committed to rich in diversity and committed to
excellence, is to educate all students by excellence, is to educate all students by
providing rigorous educational providing rigorous educational
opportunities to become responsible, opportunities to become responsible,
productive, life-long learners in a global productive, life-long learners in a global
society.society.
Multi-Cultural NeedsMulti-Cultural Needs
The number of school-aged children who The number of school-aged children who are culturally and linguistically different are culturally and linguistically different will continue to increase.will continue to increase.
Children from culturally and linguistically Children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds have not diverse backgrounds have not experienced high levels of academic experienced high levels of academic success.success.
(IES, 2006)(IES, 2006)
Achievement ChallengeAchievement Challenge
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Drop Out Rate
English
ESL/English
ESL/Minimal
(www.cencus.gov)(www.cencus.gov)
High School CompletionHigh School Completion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1970 1980 1990 2000
Hispanic
Black
White
Achievement ChallengeAchievement Challenge
If we are to compete in the global If we are to compete in the global
knowledge economy the educational knowledge economy the educational
community must educate students to meet community must educate students to meet
the fast growing demand for high-level the fast growing demand for high-level
skills. skills.
Achievement ChallengeAchievement Challenge
High performance expectations requires High performance expectations requires
that every student be a successful learner. that every student be a successful learner.
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
List factors that affect student achievement. List factors that affect student achievement.
Start with student centered factors and Start with student centered factors and
then expand to school and district factors.then expand to school and district factors.
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
The quality of education cannot exceed The quality of education cannot exceed the quality of the teacher.the quality of the teacher.
Sanders & Rivers (1996)Sanders & Rivers (1996)
Teacher QualityTeacher Quality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Age 8 Age 11
Low Perf
High Perf
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
The quality of education cannot exceed The quality of education cannot exceed the quality of the teacher.the quality of the teacher.
The only way to improve outcomes is to The only way to improve outcomes is to improve quality of teacher instruction.improve quality of teacher instruction.
(UK DoE)(UK DoE)
Improve Teacher QualityImprove Teacher Quality
55
60
65
70
75
1997 1998 1999 2000
% studentsliterate
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
The quality of education cannot exceed The quality of education cannot exceed the quality of the teacher.the quality of the teacher.
The only way to improve outcomes is to The only way to improve outcomes is to improve quality of teacher instruction.improve quality of teacher instruction.
To achieve high outcomes schools must To achieve high outcomes schools must ensure the delivery of high-quality ensure the delivery of high-quality instruction to every student independent instruction to every student independent of home background.of home background.
(PISA 2003)(PISA 2003)
Impact of Home FactorsImpact of Home Factors
0
5
10
15
20
Low Av Average High Av
Literacy
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
Role of cultureRole of culture
Role of Culture in Role of Culture in TeachingTeaching
Diverse cultural and linguistic Diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds of all students are backgrounds of all students are important.important.
Learning and thinking are always Learning and thinking are always situatedsituated in a cultural setting and dependent upon in a cultural setting and dependent upon the utilization of cultural resources.the utilization of cultural resources.
Respect the different cultures and Respect the different cultures and languages represented in the classroom. languages represented in the classroom.
Role of Culture in TeachingRole of Culture in Teaching
Self-knowledgeSelf-knowledge Cultural knowledgeCultural knowledge Linguistic knowledge Linguistic knowledge Culturally informed teachingCulturally informed teaching Use of multi-cultural materials and Use of multi-cultural materials and
methodsmethods Knowledge of home-school relationshipsKnowledge of home-school relationships
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
Role of cultureRole of culture Developing literacyDeveloping literacy
(IES, 2006)(IES, 2006)
Literacy for ESL StudentsLiteracy for ESL Students
Teach key components of readingTeach key components of reading Oral proficiency in English is critical Oral proficiency in English is critical Oral proficiency and literacy in first Oral proficiency and literacy in first
language can facilitate English literacylanguage can facilitate English literacy Significant individual differences Significant individual differences
contribute significantly to English literacycontribute significantly to English literacy Assessments do a poor job assessingAssessments do a poor job assessing Individual strengths and weaknessesIndividual strengths and weaknesses Home language experience helpfulHome language experience helpful
Developing LiteracyDeveloping Literacy
Direct and indirect instruction to learn Direct and indirect instruction to learn new wordsnew words
Making texts meaningful is crucial to Making texts meaningful is crucial to reading comprehension and achievementreading comprehension and achievement
Focused discussions about curriculum Focused discussions about curriculum using summarization, questioning, using summarization, questioning, generating questions, and clarificationgenerating questions, and clarification
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
Role of culture Role of culture Developing literacyDeveloping literacy High expectationsHigh expectations
High Expectations High Expectations
What are the stereotypes for _______ ?:What are the stereotypes for _______ ?: GenderGender
High ExpectationsHigh Expectations
What are the stereotypes for _______ ?:What are the stereotypes for _______ ?: GenderGender EthnicityEthnicity
High ExpectationsHigh Expectations
What are the stereotypes for ______ ?:What are the stereotypes for ______ ?: GenderGender EthnicityEthnicity AppearancesAppearances
High ExpectationsHigh Expectations
What are the stereotypes for _______ ?:What are the stereotypes for _______ ?: GenderGender EthnicityEthnicity AppearancesAppearances Language patternsLanguage patterns
High ExpectationsHigh Expectations
What are the stereotypes for _______ ?:What are the stereotypes for _______ ?: GenderGender EthnicityEthnicity AppearancesAppearances Language patternsLanguage patterns ImmaturityImmaturity
High ExpectationsHigh Expectations
What are the stereotypes for _______ ?:What are the stereotypes for _______ ?: GenderGender EthnicityEthnicity AppearancesAppearances Language patternsLanguage patterns ImmaturityImmaturity PlacementPlacement
High ExpectationsHigh Expectations
Teacher expectations influence student Teacher expectations influence student behavior and performance.behavior and performance.
Teacher expectations need to note Teacher expectations need to note current student skills and motivation.current student skills and motivation.
Negative expectations lead to negative Negative expectations lead to negative student response.student response.
Sustained negative expectations limits Sustained negative expectations limits student learning. student learning.
High ExpectationsHigh Expectations
Low expectations lead to ___________ ?Low expectations lead to ___________ ?
Low Expectations Low Expectations
Fewer opportunities to be called onFewer opportunities to be called on Less time to answer in classLess time to answer in class Unwillingness to repeat or rephrase Unwillingness to repeat or rephrase
student responsesstudent responses Non-contingent reinforcementNon-contingent reinforcement Less positive responses with limited eye Less positive responses with limited eye
contactcontact Excessive criticismExcessive criticism
High ExpectationsHigh Expectations
Communicates success to all students Communicates success to all students Teach to the highest standardsTeach to the highest standards Use cooperative learning activities Use cooperative learning activities Emphasize that “Everyone is somebody”Emphasize that “Everyone is somebody” Extent warmth and encouragement Extent warmth and encouragement Give all students ample time to respondGive all students ample time to respond Emphasize useful content and progress Emphasize useful content and progress Breakdown task and re-teachBreakdown task and re-teach
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
Role of culture Role of culture Developing literacyDeveloping literacy High expectationsHigh expectations Effective assessmentEffective assessment
Effective AssessmentEffective Assessment
Regular feedback about student learning Regular feedback about student learning benefits students and teachersbenefits students and teachers
Current information about student Current information about student development can intervene effectivelydevelopment can intervene effectively
Student journals, written summaries of Student journals, written summaries of learning, and student-teacher learning, and student-teacher conferencesconferences
Regular formal graded assessments and Regular formal graded assessments and benchmark testingbenchmark testing
Effective AssessmentEffective Assessment
AnalyzeAchievement
Data
DetermineAchievement
Goals
AchievementImplementation
Effective AssessmentEffective Assessment
Explore some key assessment issues:Explore some key assessment issues:
AccountabilityAccountability Classroom PracticesClassroom Practices Using DataUsing Data Narrowing the GapNarrowing the Gap
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
Developing literacyDeveloping literacy High ExpectationsHigh Expectations Effective assessmentEffective assessment Active learningActive learning
Active LearningActive Learning
Develop thinking habits through open ended Develop thinking habits through open ended questions and student centered activities.questions and student centered activities.
Inquiry-based learning and hands-on active Inquiry-based learning and hands-on active learning lead to future success.learning lead to future success.
Students actively make observations, collect, Students actively make observations, collect, analyze, and synthesize information, and analyze, and synthesize information, and draw conclusions develop useful problem-draw conclusions develop useful problem-solving skills. solving skills.
Active LearningActive Learning
Think about how you might use active Think about how you might use active learning strategies in your classroom.learning strategies in your classroom.
Turn to a partner and discuss.Turn to a partner and discuss.
Share your ideas with the large group.Share your ideas with the large group.
Active Learning RiskActive Learning Risk
Active/Low RiskActive/Low RiskStructured small group discussionStructured small group discussion
DemonstrationsDemonstrations
Self-assessment activitiesSelf-assessment activities
Library lessonsLibrary lessons
Active/High RiskActive/High RiskRole playingRole playing
Small group presentationsSmall group presentations
Brainstorming activitiesBrainstorming activities
Unstructured small group discussionUnstructured small group discussion
Inactive/Lower RiskInactive/Lower RiskFilm for entire classFilm for entire class
Lecture presentation without discussionLecture presentation without discussion
Inactive/High RiskInactive/High RiskSubstitute without lesson plansSubstitute without lesson plans
Reading silently from textReading silently from text
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
Developing literacyDeveloping literacy High expectationsHigh expectations Effective assessmentEffective assessment Active learning strategiesActive learning strategies Critical thinkingCritical thinking
Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking
Build understanding with self-monitoringBuild understanding with self-monitoring Seek new understanding when knowledge is Seek new understanding when knowledge is
incompleteincomplete Interpret and analyze texts through Interpret and analyze texts through
dissectiondissection Use recalling and imagining; classifying and Use recalling and imagining; classifying and
generalizing; comparing and evaluating; generalizing; comparing and evaluating; analyzing and synthesizing; and deducing analyzing and synthesizing; and deducing and inferringand inferring
Develop critical thinking unique to each Develop critical thinking unique to each academic subjectacademic subject
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
Role of cultureRole of culture Developing literacyDeveloping literacy High expectationsHigh expectations Effective assessmentEffective assessment Active learningActive learning Critical thinking Critical thinking Student motivationStudent motivation
Student MotivationStudent Motivation
Students monitor their own learning and Students monitor their own learning and information seekinginformation seeking
Use prior knowledge as a basis for Use prior knowledge as a basis for understandingunderstanding
Use of self-selected learning materials Use of self-selected learning materials from diverse knowledge sources (i.e. from diverse knowledge sources (i.e. electronic or visual media)electronic or visual media)
Student MotivationStudent Motivation
Take a minute to come up with one Take a minute to come up with one question about what we have learned.question about what we have learned.
Then turn to your partner to see if you can Then turn to your partner to see if you can stump them with your question.stump them with your question.
Achievement FactorsAchievement Factors
Role of CultureRole of Culture Developing literacyDeveloping literacy High ExpectationsHigh Expectations Use assessment-based approachesUse assessment-based approaches Active learning strategiesActive learning strategies Increase student motivationIncrease student motivation Support critical thinkingSupport critical thinking Learn by understandingLearn by understanding
Learn by UnderstandingLearn by Understanding
Take a few minutes to compare notes with Take a few minutes to compare notes with a partner.a partner.
Identify and clarify take home messages.Identify and clarify take home messages.
Summarize the most important points.Summarize the most important points.
Learn by UnderstandingLearn by Understanding
Constructing relationships between ideasConstructing relationships between ideas Extending and applying academic Extending and applying academic
knowledgeknowledge Reflecting about experiencesReflecting about experiences Articulating knowledgeArticulating knowledge Making academic knowledge part of a Making academic knowledge part of a
community activitycommunity activity
Strategies to Strategies to Enhance Enhance Achievement Among Achievement Among Culturally Diverse Culturally Diverse [email protected]@coatesville.k12.pa.us