Prepared for the 16th session of the Commission on Sustainable Development - May 2008
Status Report on Integrated Water Resources Management and Water Efficiency Plans
Report
UN Water is made up of the UN agencies, programmes and funds that have a
significant role in tackling global water concerns. It also includes major non-UN
partners who cooperate with them in advancing progress towards the water-
related goals of the Decade Water for Life and Millennium Declaration. It is the
official United Nations mechanism for follow-up of the water-related decisions
reached at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Millen-
nium Development Goals and supports Member States in their efforts to achieve
water and sanitation goals and targets. Its work encompasses all aspects of
freshwater, including surface and groundwater resources and the interface
between fresh and sea water.
How to cite: UN-Water (2008). Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans
for CSD16
Acknowledgements: This is a Report of UN-Water undertaken by its Task Force
on IWRM Monitoring and Reporting. Gordon Young, supported by Binay Shah
and Fred Kimaite, drafted the Report on behalf of the Task Force with direction,
comments and advice from the members and partners of UN-Water.
Drafting, publishing and printing of the Report was funded by contributions to
UN-Water from DFID.
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AfDB AfricanDevelopmentBank
CSD CommissiononSustainableDevelopment
DFID DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(UK)
EU EuropeanUnion
GWP GlobalWaterPartnership
IWRM IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
JPoI JohannesburgPlanofImplementation
MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
NGO Non-governmentalOrganization
OECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
PRSP PovertyReductionStrategyPaper
UN UnitedNations
UN-DESA UnitedNationsDepartmentforEconomicandSocialAffairs
UCC UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeCollaborativeCenter(Copenhagen)
UNESCO UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalProgramme
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
WHO WorldHealthOrganization
WSSD WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment
WWAP WorldWaterAssessmentProgramme
WWDR WorldWaterDevelopmentReport
Table of Contents
1.0 ExecutiveSummary 1
2.0 TheOverallSetting 3
2.1 Wateravailabilityinsufficientquantityandquality 3
2.2 Themanyusesofwater 3
2.3 Diversity 4
2.4 Fromfragmentedtointegratedmanagement 4
3.0 TheresponseoftheUnitedNationssystem 7
3.1 Theneedtosettargetsandtomonitorprogresstowardsachievingthosetargets 7
3.2 SurveyofprogressonIWRM 8
4.0 StatusofnationalIWRMplanningandimplementation 15
4.1 AnalysisoftheUN-WaterSurvey 15
4.2 ComparativeanalysisoftheUN-WaterSurveywiththoseofGWPandAfDB 17
4.3 ImplementationofIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlansandOutcomesofImplementation 20
4.4 ExamplesofongoingIWRMprocesses 22
4.5 Casestudiesfromselectedcountries 25
4.6 Thedevelopmentofindicators 29
5.0 Keylessonslearnedandfutureactions 31
6.0 ListofAnnexes 33
AppendixDiagramsshowingRegionalandSub-Regionalcomparisons 35
�
Managers,whether in thegovernmentorprivate sectors,
havetomakedifficultdecisionsonwaterallocation.More
and more they have to apportion diminishing supplies
between ever-increasing demands. Drivers such as demo-
graphic and climatic changes further increase the stress
on water resources. The traditional fragmented approach
isno longerviableandamoreholisticapproachtowater
managementisessential.
This is the rationale for the IntegratedWaterResourc-
es Management (IWRM) approach that has now been
accepted internationally as the way forward for efficient,
equitable and sustainable development and management
oftheworld’slimitedwaterresourcesandforcopingwith
conflictingdemands.
Countriesandregionshaveverydifferentphysicalchar-
acteristicsandareatverydifferentstagesineconomicand
socialdevelopment:hencethere isaneedforapproaches
tobetailoredtotheindividualcircumstanceofcountryand
localregion.
This Report, compiled by UN-Water, aims to illustrate
progressmadeonmeetingthetargetto“Develop integrat-
ed water resources management and water efficiency plans
by 2005, with support to developing countries, through
actions at all levels” agreedat theWorldSummitonSus-
tainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002,
throughtheJohannesburgPlanofImplementation(JPoI).
TheReportisbasedonasurveycovering104countries
ofwhich77aredevelopingorcountries in transitionand
27aredeveloped(OECDandEUmemberstates)Thesurvey
bringstogethertheresultsofquestionnairesbyUN-DESA,
andUNEP1 in2007. Several othermembersofUN-Water
and partner agencies have supported and contributed to
the Report including UNDP, UN Statistics, WHO, WWAP
andGWP.Thesurveyrecognisesthatcountriesusedifferent
terminology for theirwater resourcesmanagementplans.
Itprovidesthemostobjectiveandcomprehensiveoverview
ofthecurrentstatusofwaterresourcesmanagement.The
Report also includes information gathered by the more
informal surveys conducted earlier by the Global Water
PartnershipandtheAfricanDevelopmentBank.
� ThroughtheUNEPCollaboratingCentreinDHI,Copenhagen
Key conclusions:
Developed countries:Theyhaveadvancedonalmostall
majorissues,however,thereisstillmuchroomforfurther
improvement.
• Ofthe27countriesrespondingtotheUN-WaterSur-
veyonly6claimtohave fully implementednational
IWRMplans;afurther10ofthosecountriesclaimto
haveplansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
• The Report indicates that developed countries need
to improve on public awareness campaigns and on
gendermainstreaming.
Developing countries: There has been some recent
improvement in the IWRM planning process at national
levelbutmuchmoreneeds tobedoneto implement the
plans.
• Ofthe53countriesforwhichcomparisonwasmade
between the GWP and the UN-Water surveys (con-
ductedapproximately18monthsapart),thepercent-
age of countries having plans completed or under
implementationhasrisenfrom21%to38%.Onthis
measure the Americas have improved most - from
7%to43%;thecomparablechangesforAfricawere
from25%to38%andforAsiafrom27%to33%.
However,someofthechangemaybeduetodiffer-
encesinthequestionnaires.
• Africausually lagsbehindAsiaandtheAmericason
most issues,however it ismoreadvancedon stake-
holderparticipationandonsubsidiesandmicro-credit
programs;
• Asiaismoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformandyet
lagsbehindininstitutionalcoordination.
Case studies:Therearemanyillustrationsofthetangi-
blebenefitsof implementingplansthathaveadoptedthe
IWRM approach. There are examples at the national and
internationallevels;ofparticularsignificancearetheexam-
plesatthecommunityandprovinciallevelsforitisatthese
levelsthatsomanysocietalgainscanbemade.
Water efficiency: It is clear that many countries
consider that plans that follow an IWRM approach auto-
maticallyalsoincludewaterefficiencymeasures.Therewas
considerableambiguity intheresponsesconcerningwater
efficiencyinlargemeasurereflectingdiversesituations.Itis
recognised that takingactions thatmakewaterusemore
efficientisbeneficialforeconomicandsocialdevelopment
�.0 Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�
and,althoughmanycountriesindicatedthroughtheques-
tionnairesthatwaterefficiencymeasureswerenotrelevant
to theirparticular circumstances, it shouldnotbe implied
thatsuchmeasuresshouldnotbeconsiderednecessary.It
canbeconcludedfromthissurveythatmuchmoreeffort
needstobemadetoincorporateexplicitlywaterefficiency
measureswithintheframeworkofIWRM.
Development of indicators:Agreatdealofefforthas
goneintothedevelopmentofasetofindictorsthatmeet
therequirementsofbeingspecific,measurable,attainable,
relevant, realistic and timely but more work is required.
TheRoadmapping initiative,beingdevelopedconcurrently
with this Report and complementary to it, is intended to
help countries focus on the steps to be taken towards
better water management, drawing inspiration from the
IWRM principles and the plans and strategies that they
have prepared to help catalyze change. At regional and
global levels, the roadmapscouldserveasbenchmark for
monitoringprogressinimprovingwaterresourcesmanage-
ment. Indicators and monitoring could provide countries
withabetterassessmentoftheneedstoadvanceintheir
implementationofIWRM.
Recommendations:Thesurvey indicates thatmoreemphasis isneeded in the
followingareas:
• Countries,particularlythosethatarelaggingbehind,
need to prioritise the development of IWRM and
waterefficiencymeasures,withthehelpofsupport-
ingagencies;
• Countries need to prioritise the implementation of
policiesandplansoncetheyhavebeendeveloped;
• Countries should establish roadmaps and financing
strategiesfortheimplementationoftheirplanswith
ExternalSupportAgencies(includingtheUN,donors
andNGOs)providingsupporttocountries,basedon
demand;
• ExperiencesinimplementingIWRMshouldbeevalu-
ated, monitored and shared through global coordi-
nation mechanisms. This will require more work on
indicators and follow-up processes that do not add
anunduereportingburdenoncountries.
• TheUNWorldWaterAssessmentProgrammeandits
associatedWorldWaterDevelopmentReportsshould
continuetoprovideanup-to-dateglobaloverviewof
progressonimplementingtheIWRMapproach.
�
Water is a key driver of economic and social develop-ment while it also has a basic function in maintain-ing the integrity of the natural environment. How-ever water is only one of a number of vital natural resources and it is imperative that water issues are not considered in isolation.
2.1 Water availability in sufficient quantity and qualityTherearegreatdifferencesinwateravailabilityfromregion
toregion-fromtheextremesofdesertstotropicalforests.
Inadditionthere isvariabilityofsupply throughtimeasa
resultbothofseasonalvariationandinter-annualvariation.
All too often the magnitude of variability and the timing
anddurationofperiodsofhighandlowsupplyarenotpre-
dictable;thisequatestounreliabilityoftheresourcewhich
posesgreatchallengestowatermanagersinparticularand
to societies as a whole. Most developed countries have,
in large measure, artificially overcome natural variability
by supply-side infrastructure to assure reliable supply and
reduce risks, albeit at high cost and often with negative
impacts on the environment and sometimes on human
health and livelihoods. Many less developed countries,
andsomedevelopedcountries,arenowfindingthatsup-
ply-side solutions alone are not adequate to address the
everincreasingdemandsfromdemographic,economicand
climaticpressures;waste-water treatment,water recycling
anddemandmanagementmeasuresarebeingintroduced
tocounterthechallengesofinadequatesupply.Inaddition
toproblemsofwaterquantity therearealsoproblemsof
water quality. Pollution of water sources is posing major
problemsforwaterusersaswellasformaintainingnatural
ecosystems.
Inmanyregionstheavailabilityofwaterinbothquantity
andquality isbeingseverelyaffectedbyclimatevariability
andclimatechange,withmoreorlessprecipitationindif-
ferentregionsandmoreextremeweatherevents.Inmany
regions, too, demand is increasing as a result of popula-
tiongrowthandotherdemographicchanges(inparticular
urbanization)andagriculturalandindustrialexpansionfol-
lowing changes in consumptionandproductionpatterns.
As a result some regions arenow in aperpetual stateof
demandoutstrippingsupplyandinmanymoreregionsthat
is the caseat critical timesof the yearor in yearsof low
wateravailability.
2.2 the many uses for WaterWater for basic human needs and reducing absolute poverty is directly related to the availability and quality of
foodandtotheprevalenceofdisease.Clearlywaterisoffun-
damental importance for foodproduction, fordrinking, for
sanitationandforhygiene.Adequatewaterinbothquantity
andqualityunderpinshealthandbasicqualityoflife.
Water for social and economic development is
clearlylinkedtotheIWRMfocusonthethree‘E’s-namely:
equity,economicsandenvironment.Waterforsocialdevel-
opmentincludestheprovisionofeducationandhealthcare.
Withoutcleanwatersuppliesandgoodsanitationfacilities
inschoolsandhospitalssocialdevelopmentisstymied.And
for education - in schools without sanitation facilities - it
isgirlswho suffermostandare thereforedisadvantaged,
introducing an important gender element into the equa-
tion. Water is of fundamental importance for economic
developmentthroughenergyandindustrialproduction.Itis
neededformanyformsofenergyproduction-hydropower
and the water for cooling of thermal and nuclear power
stations.Andenergyinturnisneededforpumping,includ-
ingextractionofwaterfromundergroundaquifers.Water
isneededformanyindustriesandthoseindustries inturn
have effect, through pollution and abstraction, on water
quality that affects both downstream users and natural
ecosystems.Amajorwateruse isnon-foodagriculture, in
particular recentshifts towardsgrowingbiofuels.Thishas
significantimplicationsforwaterresourcesmanagement.
Water and natural ecosystems -Naturalecosystems
areof fundamental importance tohumanwell-beingand
development. Our concern must not remain focused on
humandevelopmentconsiderationsonlybutitmustplace
thehumanbeing,asanindividual,asamemberofacom-
munityandaspartofsocietyasawholeinanenvironmen-
talcontext,toachievewell-beingandharmonywithnature.
Thelossofbiodiversityandthedegradationofecosystems
meanalossofecosystemproductsandservicesandunder-
mine the habitat Planet Earth provides for humans. We
destroyordegradethesenaturalsystemsatourperil,and
so social and economic development and basic human
bettermentmustgohandinhandwithpreservationofthe
naturalenvironment.
Water security - floods, droughts, pollution spills into
our water systems is of growing importance. Not only, in
�.0 The overall setting
The overall setting
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�
many regions, is there an increase in the frequency and
intensity of floods, droughts and, with increasing industri-
alization,pollution spills,but,with increases inpopulation,
morepeoplearelivinginzonespronetodisasters.Also,with
increaseddemandforscarcerresourcesthereisanincreased
riskofconflictoverwater:itisalreadypartoftheequation
inmanyconflictssuchasDarfurandtheMiddleEast.Water
securityisalsointrinsicallylinkedtofoodsecurity.
2.3 diversityWhiletheworldcomprisesmanyverydifferentclimaticand
hydrological regions, which will be diversely impacted by
climate change, therearemanyotheraspectsofdiversity
whichaffectthewaysinwhichwaterismanaged.
�.�.� The importance of basin management within the context of diversity:There is agreement among many that water should be
managedwithinnaturalhydrologicalunits-theriverbasin,
lake basin or aquifer. However, geographic situations are
diverseandnaturalunitsseldomcoincidewithadministra-
tive units. Some countries, such as Sri Lanka, are single
nationalunits in thesense that thereareno international
landborderswithother countries. Indonesia is composed
of many separate islands each of which has many river
systems;administrativeunitsmay spanbothanumberof
islandsandalargenumberofriverbasins.Theseexamples
contrast with such international river basins such as the
Nilewiththechallengesassociatedwithsharingthewaters
betweenupstreamanddownstreamneighbours.Asimilar
situation can also be seen within many large countries
where rivers run through many states (Australia, China,
India and USA). In other circumstances, such as those of
theRioGrandeseparatingMexicofromtheUSA,themajor
riveritselfformstheboundarybetweennationstatespos-
ing challenges for management of the resource. Some
major aquifers also span national boundaries but as they
arehiddentheirmanagementisoftenneglected.
�.�.� Diversity in demographicsTherearemajorcontrastsindemographicsbetweendevel-
opedanddevelopingcountries.Manydevelopingcountries
haveveryyouthfulpopulationsvirtuallyguaranteeingrapid
population growth in the future; many developed coun-
triesby contrasthaveaginganddiminishingpopulations.
Simplegrowthordepletion innumbers is complicatedby
populationmovements.Urbanpopulationsare,ingeneral,
growing while rural populations are likely to grow at a
much smaller pace or in some places diminish. There are
also major migrations of population across international
borders, some permanent, some seasonal and some, in
thecaseoftourists,veryshortterm;suchpopulationshifts
intensifywatermanagementproblems.
�.�.� Diversity in governanceSocieties are organised in different ways from politically
centralised tohighlydispersed; in some societies, suchas
federal jurisdictions, responsibilities for management of
natural resources, includingwater,areprimarilyatprovin-
cialratherthanatnationallevel.Indeed,theavailabilityof
waterwasamajordriverofthewaygovernancestructures
developed.Currently, responsibilities forparticularaspects
ofwatermanagementoftenaredevolvedtothecommu-
nityleveleventhoughtheymayhaveinadequateresources
toundertaketheirresponsibilities-thisisoftenthecasefor
drinkingwatersupply,sanitationandhygiene.
Attitudes of societies towards stewardship of water
resourcesreflectculturalandreligiousbeliefsandtheydif-
fergreatly fromcountry to countryandoftenalsowithin
countries where populations are of diverse ethnic and
socialbackgrounds.Thesedifferencesarealsomanifested
in the effectiveness and efficiency of institutions and of
legislation. Financial resources and instruments so neces-
saryespeciallyincriticalcircumstancesareoftenlackingin
poorersocieties.
Itisnotonlygovernments,whethernational,provincial
or at lower levels of the municipality or community, that
have responsibility in water management. Very often the
privatesectorplaysvitalrolesintheprovisionofwaterserv-
ices.Inmanycountriespublic-privatepartnershipsarebeing
createdtobettermanagesupplies. Individualcitizens, too
have important roles toplay, especially at the community
level but all toooften citizensdonothave themeans to
expresstheirdemandsandconcerns.
Alltheseaspectsofgovernancearecritically important
and affect the ability of societies to address their water
challenges.
2.4 from fragmented to integrated managementAsageneralrule,inthepastwithsmallerpopulations,less
intense economic activity and with less affluent societies
demandingmuchlesswater,supplyoftheresourcewasusu-
allymuchgreaterthandemandforit.Insuchcircumstances
waterforagriculture,forindustry,fordomesticandallother
uses could be managed separately there being sufficient
watertoaccommodateallneedsandtherebeinglittlecom-
petitionbetweenusesandbetweenusers.Moreover,water
usebyhumansdidnotundulyimpingeonthenaturalenvi-
ronmentandecosystemsasitdoestoday.Thusitwascom-
mon(andstilliscommon)thatwithingovernmentsatboth
nationalandsub-nationallevelsseparateministrieswouldbe
setinplaceforeachuseforwhichwaterwasneeded.
�
As populations have grown, as food production has
increased,aseconomicactivityhasdevelopedandassocie-
tieshavebecomemoreaffluent,sodemandforwaterhas
burgeoned.Climatechangeaddsyetmorepressureonour
limitedwaterresources.Inverymanyplacesdemandhasfar
outstrippedsupply-thismaybeparticularlysoinseasons
whensupplymaybeseverelylimitedorinyearsofdrought,
orattimeswhendemandisparticularlyhigh,forexample
whenthereisgreatdemandforwaterforirrigation.
Thus managers, whether in the government the private sector or local communities have to make dif-ficult decisions on water allocation. They find them-selves in countries and regions that have very differ-ent physical characteristics and are at very different stages in economic and social development: hence there is a need for approaches to be tailored to the individual circumstance of country and local region. More and more often managers have to appor-
tion diminishing supplies between ever-increasing demands taking into account the weaker voices of the poor and of the natural environment. The traditional fragmented or purely sectoral approach is no longer viable and a more holistic approach is essential.
This is the rationale for the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach that has now been accepted internationally as the way for-ward for efficient and sustainable development and management of the world’s limited water resources and for coping with conflicting demands. The most widely accepted definition of IWRM is that given by the Global Water Partnership: “IWRM is defined as a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resourc-es, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without com-promising the sustainability of vital ecosystems”.
The overall setting
�
3.1 the need to set targets and to monitor progress toWards achieving those targetsThere is a well recognized need to undertake compre-
hensive and objective assessments of the state of global
freshwater resources, theuses towhich the resourcesare
put, the challenges associated with the resource and the
abilityofnationsandsocietiestocopewiththechallenges
thatwatermanagersmustaddress.Tothisend,intheyear
2000,theUnitedNationssystemcreatedtheWorldWater
Assessment Programme (WWAP) with UNESCO leading
theProgrammebyhosting itsSecretariat.TheWWAPhas
producedtwoWorldWaterDevelopmentReports(WWDRs)
in 2003 and 2006. This process will continue to produce
WWDRs every three years and thus provide a reporting
mechanism to record the changes taking place in the
resourceitselfandchangingmanagementchallenges.
It is also well recognized that there is a need to set
targets towards which the world must strive if the many
water-relatedchallengesaretoberesolved.Thus,in2000,
headsofStateadoptedtheMillenniumDeclarationonthe
basisofwhichtheUN institutedtheMillenniumDevelop-
mentGoals(MDGs).Itcanbearguedthat,toagreateror
lesser degree, all the MDGs are water-related; with Goal
onerelatedtogrowthandtheothersrelatedtohealthor
social issues. As a follow-up to the MDGs it was further
agreedattheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment
(WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002, through the Johannes-
burgPlanofImplementation(JPoI),to“Developintegrated
water resources management and water efficiency plans
by 2005, with support to developing countries, through
actionsatalllevels”;thistargetiselaboratedinAnnex1.
Therewasfurtherdiscussionon IWRMandwatereffi-
ciencyplansattheCSD12andCSD132meetingswitha
decisionthatatCSD16in2008thereshouldbeanassess-
mentofprogressmadetowardsmeetingthetarget.
Comprehensiveandsystematicmonitoringofallaspects
ofwaterresourcesandtheirmanagementinanintegrated
fashion is undertaken by UN-Water through the WWAP;
the series of WWDRs provide a reporting mechanism for
theUNsystem.
� InadditiontotheIWRMtarget,asetofpolicyactionswasadopted
duringtheCSD�3meetingandUNDESArecentlyembarkedonastudy
toassesstheimplementationoftheseactions.Fordetailssee:
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd�3/csd�3_decision_unedited.pdf.
InassociationwiththeJPoIanIWRMRoadmappingInitiative
hasbeenstarted,facilitatedbytheGovernmentofDenmarkin
collaborationwithUN-Water,theGlobalWaterPartnershipand
representatives of governments. This initiative recognises the
needforcountriestosetout“Roadmaps”thatlayoutaseries
ofactionstobeundertakentoapplyanintegratedapproach
towaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementandtohelp
meettheMDGs.Itrecognizesthatdifferentcountrieswillneed
asetofactionssuitedtotheirparticularneedsandthattime
schedules for implementation would differ from country to
countrydependingonspecificcountrycircumstances.Inother
wordssolutionsmustbe“tailor-made”orthat“noonesizefits
all”.TheRoadmappingInitiativeisbeingdevelopedasasepa-
ratebutcomplementaryinitiativetothecurrentReport.
Creation of the UN-Water Task Force on IWRM Monitoring and ReportingIn2006aTaskForceonIWRMMonitoringandReporting(TF)
was created by UN-Water, with members drawn from UN-
Wateragenciesandfrompartnerorganizations,withtheman-
date,inter alia,ofproducingthecurrentStatus Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD�6(TheReport).
The Report has been undertaken by UN-Water. The
analyseswithintheReportdrawprimarilyonthequestion-
naires undertaken by UN-DESA and UNEP (through the
UNEP Collaborating Center), during 2007 and supported
by inputsfromothermembersandpartnersofUN-Water,
includingUNDP,UNStatistics,WWAPandGWP.Theques-
tionnairesareincludedinAnnexes2,3and4.
The Report also includes information gathered by the
moreinformalsurveysconductedbytheGlobalWaterPart-
nership3(GWP)andtheAfricanDevelopmentBank(AfDB).
SeeAnnexes5and6forquestionnaires.
For the purpose of the Report countries have been
dividedintotwogroups:
• Group 1 “developing” and “countries with econo-
miesintransition”(asdefinedbyUNStatistics)and
• Group 2 “developed” (those belonging to either
OECDortheEuropeanUnion).
Regionsandsub-regionsareasdefinedbyUNStatistics.
Withintheanalysesmoreemphasisisplacedonthecoun-
trieswiththegreatestneeds,i.e.thoseinGroup1.
3 GWP,February�006,SettingtheStageforChange.
�.0 The response of the United Nations system
The response of the United Nations system
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�
3.2 survey of progress on iWrm
Table 1:countries responding to the un-Water survey (104 in total) and the surveys undertaken by gWp and the afdb
Country UN-Water Survey GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey* Least Developed Countries Response
(2) Countries in transition Y relates to the DESA 1=plan in placequestionnaire 2=plans in preparation
X relates to the UNEP 3=only initial steps takenquestionnaire
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
AFRICA
East Africa
Burundi* 3
Djibouti* 3
Eritrea* Y 2
Ethiopia* 2
Kenya 2 X
Malawi* Y 2
Mauritius X 2
Mozambique* X 2
Rwanda* 3 X
Seychelles Y
Tanzania* X 2
Uganda* Y 1
Zambia* X 2
Zimbabwe X 1
Central Africa
Angola* X 3
Cameroon 2 X
CentralAfricanRep* 3 X
Chad* 3
Congo 3
DRCongo* X 3 X
Northern Africa
Algeria X 3
Egypt Y 2 X
Libya X 3
Morocco X 2
Sudan* 2
Tunisia Y 2 X
�
Southern Africa
Botswana X 2
Lesotho* Y 3
Namibia Y 1
SouthAfrica X 1
Swaziland X 2
Western Africa
Benin* 2 X
BurkinaFaso* Y 1 X
CapeVerde* Y 3 X
Coted’Ivoire X X
Ghana Y 2
Guinea* Y X
Liberia* Y X
Mali* 2
Mauritania* X 2 X
Niger* X
Nigeria 2
Senegal* 2 X
SierraLeone* Y
Togo* Y X
AMERICAS
Caribbean
Anguilla X
AntiguaandBarbuda X
Bahamas X
Barbados Y 2
Cuba Y
Dominica X
Grenada X
Jamaica Y 2
Montserrat X
SaintKittsandNevis Y
SaintLucia X
TrinidadandTobago 2
The response of the United Nations system
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�0
Central America
Belize X 2
CostaRica Y 2
ElSalvador X 2
Guatemala Y 3
Honduras X 3
Nicaragua X 2
Panama X 2
South America
Argentina Y 2
Bolivia X 3
Brazil X 1
Chile X 2
Colombia Y 2
Ecuador X
Paraguay X 3
Peru X 2
Uruguay X 2
Venezuela X 3
ASIA
Central Asia
Kazakhstan(2) Y 1
Kyrgyzstan(2) Y 2
Tajikistan(2) Y 2
Turkmenistan(2) Y 2
Uzbekistan(2) Y 2
Eastern Asia
China Y 1
Southern Asia
Bangladesh* 1
India 2
Nepal* 2
Pakistan 2
SriLanka Y*** 3
��
South-Eastern Asia
Cambodia* Y 3
Indonesia X 2
LaoPeople’sDR* X 2
Malaysia 2
Myanmar* 3
Philippines Y 2
Thailand X 1
VietNam Y 3
Western Asia
Armenia(2) Y 1
Azerbaijan(2) Y 3
Georgia(2) Y 3
Jordan Y
SyrianArabRepublic Y
OCEANIA
Melanesia
Fiji 2
SolomonIslands* 3
Micronesia
Kiribati* 2
Polynesia
Samoa* 1
Tuvalu* 3
EUROPE
Southern Europe
Croatia(2) Y
Serbia(2) Y
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Asia
Japan Y
RepublicofKorea Y
Turkey Y
Northern America
USA Y
The response of the United Nations system
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
Central America
Mexico Y
Eastern Europe
Cyprus Y
Bulgaria 2
CzechRepublic Y 1
Hungary Y 1
Poland 1
Romania Y 1
Slovakia 1
Northern Europe
Denmark Y
Estonia Y 1
Finland Y
Ireland Y
Latvia Y 1
Lithuania 2
Norway Y
Sweden Y
Greece Y
Malta Y
Portugal Y
Slovenia 2
Spain Y
Western Europe
Austria Y
France Y
Germany Y
Netherlands Y
Switzerland Y
Oceania
Australia Y 1
NewZealand Y
*** Sri lanka is not included in the analysis as it did not respond to the official UN-DeSa questionnaire even though it did respond to a trial run for the questionnaire.
��
Table 2:summary statistics for country surveys
Region and Sub-region UN-Water Survey 2007 GWP 2006 Survey AfDB Survey
AFRICA
EasternAfrica 9 13 2
MiddleAfrica 2 6 3
NorthernAfrica 5 6 2
SouthernAfrica 5 5 0
WesternAfrica 9 8 10
Totals 30 38 17
AMERICAS
Caribbean 11 3
CentralAmerica 7 7
SouthernAmerica 10 9
Totals 28 19
ASIA
CentralAsia 5 5
EasternAsia 1 1
SouthernAsia 0 5
South-EasternAsia 6 8
WesternAsia 5 3
Totals 17 22
EUROPE
EasternEurope 0 0
SouthernEurope 2 0
Totals 2 0
OCEANIA 0 5
Total developing countries 77 84
developedcountries 27 11
Grand total 104 95
The response of the United Nations system
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
Commentsonthesurveys:
Generalcomments:
• The questionnaires were addressed to governments
at the national level. Therefore they do not reflect
responsibilities for management at sub-national lev-
els. The case studies in Section 4.5, below, demon-
stratethatmanymanagementdecisionsaremadeat
theprovincialandcommunitylevels.
• TheGWPandAfDBsurveysweremoreinformaland
areusefulastheyreflecttheviewsofadifferentset
of stakeholdersand thereforeprovideanalternative
perspective.
TheUN-DESAquestionnaire:
• 27developedcountriesand39developingcountries
(including countries with economies in transition)
responded. Of the 39 developing countries that
responded,7respondedthroughUNEP(BurkinaFaso,
CapeVerde,Guinea,Liberia,SierraLeone,Togoand
Uganda).
• Atotalof65questionswereposedtobeanswered
in multiple choice fashion; a further 8 questions
allowedwrittenanswerstoelaborateinmoredetail.
The responses to the65questionsare found in the
Database(Annex8),Worksheet2:ResponsestoUN-
DESA questionnaire; the responses to the 8 written
answersmaybeaccesseddirectly throughthesame
Worksheet for specific countries or may be found
separatelyinWorksheet4(TextResponses).
• Therearemanycaseswherecountries, inanswering
thequestionnaire,havetickedmorethanoneboxon
the same line. In such a case UN-DESA, in making
the initial compilationof the responses, has elected
to select just one answer as the most reasonable
choice.
• Many countries have chosen not to answer all the
questions.Thesummarystatisticssimplyignorethese
omissions.
TheUNEPquestionnaire:
• Atotalof58countriesrespondedtotheUNEPques-
tionnaire; the complete setof responses is found in
theDatabase (Annex8)Worksheet 3: Responses to
UNEPquestionnaire.
• For17countriesthereareresponsestoboththeUN-
DESA and the UNEP questionnaires; this allows an
inter-comparisonof responseswhich is important in
assessingtheircompatibility.Theinformationforthe
inter-comparisonisfoundintheDatabase(Annex8)
Worksheet5:DESA-UNEPcomparison.
MergingoftheUN-DESAandUNEPquestionnaires:
• Theinformationforthe39developingcountrieswith-
intheUN-DESAquestionnairehasbeensupplement-
ed for 38 additional countries by partial responses
fromsimilarquestionsintheUNEPquestionnaire.Of
the65questionsposedbyUN-DESA26hadexactor
very similar counterparts in theUNEPquestionnaire.
Overall the answers to the UNEP questionnaire are
slightly lowerthantheanswerstotheUN-DESA(for
18questionstheyarelowerandfor7questionsthey
arehigher).
• Thesummarystatisticshavebeenpreparedfromthe
responsesfrom77developingcountriesplusrespons-
esfrom27developedcountries.
• There are contrasts in the responses from different
regions.ApartfromapartialresponsefromSriLanka,
therearenoresponsesatallfromSouthAsia-amajor
gapinthesurvey.Incontrastthereisacompleteset
ofresponsesfromCentralAsia.
TheGWPSurvey:
• Thissurveycovered95countries,84developingand
11developed.For59ofthesecountriesdatafromthe
UN-Water Survey are also available allowing a valu-
able inter-comparison between these informal and
officialsurveyselaboratedinSection4.2.
TheAfDBSurvey:
• Thissurveycovered17countriesinAfrica;thesurvey
questionswereadirectsub-setoftheUNEPquestion-
naire.Thissurvey isusedtosupplementtheother3
surveyswithintheAfricancontext.
��
4.1 analysis of the un-Water surveyCare must be taken in the analysis of the questionnaires
sentoutbyUN-DESAandUNEPforthefollowingreasons:
• Itmustberecognizedthatmanyoftheverypoorest
countries were unable to respond to the question-
naires through lackof capacity todo so; conversely
a larger proportion of developed countries than
developing countries did respond to the survey. In
thissensethesurveyisbiasedtowardscountriesmore
capableofgivingresponses.
• Some regions of the world, particularly South Asia,
areunder-representedasresponsesfrommanyofthe
countries concerned were not forthcoming - in this
sensethereisregionalbias.
• Insurveysofthistypethereisalwaysroomfordiffer-
ing interpretationof themeaningof questions as a
result of cultural and linguistic diversity; indeed this
mayresultinmore“optimistic”interpretationofsitu-
ationandstatusbysomecountriesthanbyothers.
• This survey was aimed primarily at national govern-
ments.Inmanycountriesresponsibilityandauthority
forwatermanagement,especially infederal jurisdic-
�.0 Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
tions,issubordinatedtosub-nationallevels;converse-
ly some national governments must manage their
waterwithinabroadercontextof internationalriver
basinsorofregionaljurisdictions,forexampleinthe
caseoftheEUwheretheEuropeanFrameworkDirec-
tive becomes more important than purely national
plansandpolicies.
• Severalofthequestionsarenotrelevanttoallcoun-
tries;forexampletransboundarywaterissuesmaynot
be relevant to small island countries, humid regions
maynotbeconcernedwithquestionsofaridityand
land-locked countries are unlikely to be concerned
withdesalination.
Despitethesecaveatsitisstillpossibletodiscernoverall
trends and to draw a number of broad conclusions from
thesurvey.
Comparative resultsbetweenmajor countrygroupings
and between regions and sub-regions are presented in
Tables3aand3b.Diagramsshowingthesecomparisonsare
providedintheAppendix.
Table 3a:comparison of developed countries with africa, the americas and asia
Main National Instruments and other National/Federal Strategies that may contribute to promoting IWRM
• Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedonmainnationalinstruments• AsiaandtheAmericasmoreadvancedonnationaldevelopmentplansandnationalenvironmental
actionplanswithIWRMcomponents• OfdevelopingcountriesAfricaleastadvancedwithpovertyreductionstrategieswithWRM
components
Water Resources Development
• Developedcountriesmoreadvancedonmostissues,but,asexpected,notforrain-waterharvesting• AsiamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsforWRassessment
Water Resources Management
• Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvancedexceptinthelessrelevantareasofcombatingdesertificationandirrigatedagriculture
• DevelopingregionsverysimilarexcepttheAmericasmoreadvancedinprogramsandpoliciesforwatershedmanagement,groundwatermanagementanddrainageandirrigation;Asiamoreadvancedinlegislativemechanismstocontrolpollution
Water Use • Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced• Africaconsistentlylessadvancedthanotherregions
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination
• Developedcountriessignificantlymoreadvanced• AsiamoreadvancedthantheAmericaswhichinturnaremoreadvancedthanAfricaonallissues
exceptmonitoringandreportingtheimpactsofIWRMreformswhereAfricaismoreadvanced
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment
• DevelopedregionssignificantlymoreadvancedonallissuesexceptPro-poorpolicieswhicharedesignatednotrelevantbymanydevelopedcountries
• Similarresponsesfromdevelopingregionswithsomeinterestingcontrasts-egAsiamoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformsyetbehindoninstitutionalcoordinationmechanisms
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�6
Stakeholder Participation • Developedcountriesmoreadvancedexceptonprogramsforgendermainstreamingandonpublicawarenesscampaigns
• AfricamoreadvancedthanotherdevelopingregionsonallissuesexceptlowerthanAsiaonmechanismstoresolvetransboundarywaterissues
Financing • Developedregionsslightlymoreadvanced• OfthedevelopingregionsAsiabehindonstrategiesformobilizingfinancialresourcesandon
normsandproceduresforfinancialsustainability;Africasignificantlymoreadvancedonsubsidiesandmicro-creditprograms
Table 3b:sub-regional comparisons
Africa Americas Asia
MainNationalInstrumentsandotherfederalstrategiesthatmaycontributetopromotingIWRM
CountriesofNAfricascoresignificantlyhigheronmainnationalinstrumentswhilecountriesofSAfricascorehigheronplanswithIWRMcomponentsandonsustainabledevelopmentstrategies
MajordifferencesbetweenCaribbeancountriesandcountriesofSAmerica-Caribbeanmuchhigheronmainnationalinstruments;SAmericamuchhigheronotherplanscontributingtoIWRM
WAsia:generallylowscoresallround.SEAsiahighonnational/federalIWRMandwaterefficiencyplansincontrasttoCentralAsia
Waterresourcesdevelopment Note:severalissues(egdesalinationandcoastalfogharvesting)notrelevanttomanycountries-otherwiseverysimilarresponses
SimilarresponsesexceptforCaribbeancountrieswhichrankhighforassessment,regulatorynormsandbasinstudiesbutlowonrecycling
HereadefiniteconsistenthierarchyofresponsesfromChinawithhighestscoresthroughSEAsia,WAsiatoCentralAsia
Waterresourcesmanagement VerysimilarresponsesoverallexceptforNAfricawhich,aswouldbeexpectedinaridenvironments,hashigherscoresongroundwater,desertificationandirrigationissues
Aconsistenthierarchyofscores-Caribbeanbeingconsistentlyhighest(except,asexpected,insharedmanagementofresources);CentralAmericasbeingconsistentlylowest
AconsistenthierarchyofresponseswithEandSEAsiahavinghighscoresandCentralAsiahavinglowscores
Wateruse NorthernAfricaconsistentlyhigherscoresthanotherAfricanregionswhichdisplaysimilarresponses
CaribbeancountrieshavesignificantlyhigherscoresthanotherregionsoftheAmericas
EandSEAsiaconsistentlyhigherthanCentralandWAsia
Monitoring,informationmanagementanddissemination
NAfricaconsistentlyhigherscoresthanotherAfricanregionswhichdisplaysimilarresponses
Caribbeanhighestonmostmeasures
CentralAsiagenerallyhaslowestscores
Capacitybuildingandenablingenvironment
Similarresponses-NAfricahighestonsomeresponses
Caribbeangenerallyhighest EandSEAsiagenerallywithhighestscores
Stakeholderparticipation NAfricagenerallyhighest,EAfricalowest
CentralAmericagenerallylowscores.
EandSEAsiagenerallyhigh;CentralAsialower
Financing NAfricagenerallyhigherscores;notmanydifferencesforotherAfricanregions
SAmericagenerallywithhighestscoresexceptforCaribbeanwithgradualcost-recoverymechanismsandstrategies
SEAsiagenerallywiththehighestscores
��
4.2 comparative analysis of the un-Water survey With those of gWp and afdbThepurposeofthiscomparisonofsurveyswastoattempt
to assess progress towards putting IWRM plans in place.
TheGWPSurveywascarriedoutabout18monthsbefore
theUN-WaterSurvey, thereforeonly small changesmight
beexpectedasthisisarelativelyshorttimeperiod.
The GWP Survey was carried out at the end of 2005
specificallytoassesstheextenttowhichtheWSSDtarget
had been met. Thus it focused on the creation of IWRM
plans and did not assess the extent of implementation
of plans. The GWP Survey evaluated 95 countries (11 of
which were developed countries having high scores) and
concludedthat:
• 20 countries (21%) had plans/strategies in place or
aprocesswell underway, and that incorporated the
mainelementsofanIWRMapproach.
• 50countries(53%)wereintheprocessofpreparing
nationalstrategiesorplansbutrequirefurtherwork
toliveuptotherequirementsofanIWRMapproach.
• 25countries(26%)hadtakenonlyinitialstepsinthe
processtowardspreparingnationalstrategiesorplans
andhadnotyetfullyembracedtherequirementsof
anIWRMapproach.
59 countries (Africa-24; Americas-14; Asia-15; Devel-
opedcountries-6)arecoveredbyboth theGWPandUN-
Water Surveys. Although the questionnaires used for the
GWPSurveyandUN-WaterSurveyarenotcompletelycom-
parableandusedifferentterminologytheyaresufficiently
similartoenablegeneralcomparisonstobemade.
Tomakeacomparativeanalysisofresultsfortheinfor-
mal GWP Survey and the official UN-Water Survey, the
order of the original GWP Survey classification has been
reversed so that responses are ranked in ascendingorder
fromleasttomostadvanced.
Table 4:the ranking for the gWp and un-Water surveys
UN Water Survey GWP Survey (order reversed) Comments
1.Notrelevant1.Countriesthathavetakenonlyinitialstepsintheprocesstowards
preparingnationalstrategies/plansandhavenotyetfullyembracedtherequirementsofanIWRMapproach
2.Underconsideration2.Countriesthatareintheprocessofpreparingnationalstrategies/
plansbutrequirefurtherworktoliveuptotherequirementsofanIWRMapproach;
3.Inplacebutnotyetimplemented
3.Countriesthathaveplans/strategiesinplace,oraprocesswellunderway,andthatincorporatethemainelementsofanIWRMapproach.
Forcomparisonpurposesallthosecountriesincludedincategories3,4and5oftheUN-Watersurveyalsosatisfycategory3oftheGWPsurvey.
4.Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented
Notassessed
5.Fullyimplemented Notassessed
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
Table 5:summary statistics for gWp and un-Water surveys
RegionNumber
ofcountries
GWPcategory
3
GWPcategory
2
GWPcategory
1
UN-Watercategory
3
UN-Watercategory
2
UN-Watercategory
1
% % % % % %
EAfrica 8 2 6 0 3 5 0
CentralAfrica 2 0 0 2 0 2 0
NAfrica 5 0 3 2 2 3 0
SAfrica 5 2 2 1 2 3 0
WAfrica 4 2 2 0 2 2 0
Africa total 24 6 25.0 13 54.2 5 20.8 9 37.5 15 62.5 0 0.0
Caribbean 2 0 2 0 2 0 0
CentralAmericas 5 0 3 2 1 4 0
SAmerica 7 1 4 2 3 4 0
Americas total 14 1 7.1 9 64.3 4 28.6 6 42.9 8 57.1 0 0.0
CentralAsia 5 1 4 0 0 1 4
EAsia 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
SEAsia 6 1 3 2 4 2 0
WAsia 3 1 0 2 0 1 2
Asia total 15 4 26.7 7 46.7 4 26.7 5 33.3 4 26.7 6 40.0
Developing countries total 53 11 20.8 29 54.7 13 24.5 20 37.7 27 50.9 6 11.3
Developed countries 6 6 100 0 0 6 100 0 0
Themajorconclusionsfromtheselistingsareasfollows:
• Developedcountries:
For the six countries considered in this comparison
there are no significant differences between the
surveys;asagroupthedevelopedcountriesarewell
advancedintheprocessofincorporatingIWRMprin-
ciples intotheirnationalplansandmostarewellon
theirwaytoimplementthoseplans.
• Developing countries and countries with economies
intransition:
For the 53 countries considered in this comparison
therearemodestbutsignificantimprovementsinthe
summarystatistics:
In22countriestheUN-WaterSurveyshowsahigher
levelofprogressthantheGWPSurvey;
Whilein7countriesthereseemstohavebeenalower
levelofprogress(6ofthesebeinginAsia);
In 24 countries there has been little measurable
change;
ItisintheAmericasthatthegreatestoverallprogress
hasbeenmade.
��
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Africa
0
1
2
3Eritrea (Y)
Malawi (Y)Mauritius (X)
Mozambique (X)Tanzania (X)
Uganda (Y)
Zambia (X)
Zimbabwe (X)
Angola (X)DR Congo (X)
Algeria (X)Egypt (Y)
Libya (X)Morocco (X)
Tunisia (Y)Botswana (X)Lesotho (Y)
Namibia (Y)
South Africa (X)
Swaziland (X)
Burkina Faso (Y)Cape Verde (Y)
Ghana (Y)Mauritania (X)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin
preparationorinplaceinAngola,DRCongo,
AlgeriaandLibya
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansinplacein
Lesotho
Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans
completedand/orunderimplementationin
Tanzania,EgyptandTunisia
Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation
inNamibia
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Americas
Barbados (Y)
Jamaica (Y)
Belize (X)
Costa Rica (Y)
Guatemala (Y)
Honduras (X)
Nicaragua (X)Argentina (Y)
Bolivia (X)
Brazil (X)
Chile (X)
Colombia (Y)
Peru (X)
Venezuela (X)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
0
1
2
3 Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplansin
preparationorinplaceinBolivia,Guatemala,
HondurasandVenezuela
Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans
completedand/orunderimplementationinCosta
Rica,Colombia,Peru,BarbadosandJamaica
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Asia
Kazakhstan (Y)
Kyrgyzstan (Y)
Tajikistan (Y)
Turkmenistan (Y)
Uzbekistan (Y)
China (Y)
Cambodia (Y)
Indonesia (X)Lao People's DR (X)
Philippines (Y)
Thailand (X)
Viet Nam (Y)
Armenia (Y)
Azerbaijan (Y)
Georgia (Y)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
0
1
2
3
Progressfromonlyinitialstepstoplanscompleted
and/orunderimplementationinCambodiaand
Vietnam
Progressfromplansinpreparationtoplans
completedand/orunderimplementationinLao
People’sRepublicandPhilippines
Declinefromplansinplacetoonlyinpreparation
inThailand,KazakhstanandArmenia;fromin
preparationtonostepstakeninKyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan
GWP UN - Water Comparison for Developed Countries
Czech Republic (Y)
Hungary (Y)
Romania (Y)
Estonia (Y)
Latvia (Y)
Australia (Y)
GWP 2006 survey UN-Water Survey
0
1
2
3
Alldevelopedcountriesstaticormakingprogress
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�0
Given the relatively short time between the surveys it
wouldbeexpectedthatonlysomemodestprogresswould
bemadeandthisisconfirmedbythesefigures.Inindividual
cases theGWPorUNWater Surveymaybemoreor less
optimistic.Forexample,GWPresultsseemoverlyoptimistic
forCentralAsia. TheUN-Water resultsmayalsobemore
optimistic as theyare completedbyofficialswhomaybe
inclinedtogiveamorepositiveresult.Also,thequestion-
nairesmaynotbesufficientlyrobusttocapturenuancesin
understanding by different cultures and language groups
andinterpretationofthequestionsmaywellbesubjectto
individualbiasofthosefilingtheanswers.
Nevertheless,theresultsaresufficientlysimilaroverallto
concludethattheresultsfromthetwosurveysarecompa-
rableandindicatesomeprogresssince2005.
The AfDB undertook an additional survey in 2007; it
covered17African countries. Sixof these countrieswere
notcoveredbytheUN-WaterSurveybutwereincludedin
theGWPSurvey:Benin,Cameroon,CentralAfricanRepub-
lic,Kenya,RwandaandSenegal.Allthesecountriesfallinto
theGWPcategoriesofeitherbeingintheveryinitialstages
ofdevelopingnationalplansortheplanshaveyettoprop-
erly incorporate IWRM principles. The UN-Water Survey
showsnosignificantprogressmadeinthesecountries.
4.3 implementation of iWrm and Water efficiency plans and the outcomes of implementationThe purpose of this section is to attempt to assess the
extent to which countries have been able to go beyond
simplyhavingplansinplacetothestageofimplementing
those plans and the extent to which tangible outcomes
have been forthcoming. This section ties in directly with
section4.4onexamplesofongoing IWRMprocessesand
withsection4.5oncasestudies.
Table 6 presents responses to the UN-Water Survey
on the questions of the extent to which countries have
implemented IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlans. It focuses
onthosecountriesthathaveplansinplaceandwhichare
eitherpartiallyorfullyimplemented.
Table 6:summary statistics for un-Water survey for iWrm and Water efficiency plans
RegionNumber
of countries
National/Federal IWRM plan or equivalent strategic plan document
National/Federal Water efficiency plan
level 1-3 level 4 level 5 level 1-3 level 4 level 5
Developed countries: 27 2 10 6 10 9 3
Developing countries:
EAfrica 9 0 3 0 6 1 0
CentralAfrica 2 0 0 0 2 0 0
NAfrica 5 0 1 1 3 1 1
SAfrica 5 0 2 0 3 0 0
WAfrica 9 0 2 0 3 1 0
Africa total 30 0 8 1 17 3 1
Caribbean 11 5 3 0 6 2 0
CentralAmerica 7 2 0 0 6 0 0
SAmerica 10 3 2 0 9 1 0
Americastotal 28 10 5 0 21 3 0
CentralAsia 5 4 0 0 3 0 0
EAsia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
SEAsia 6 0 2 1 2 3 0
WAsia 5 2 1 0 2 1 0
Asiatotal 17 6 3 1 7 4 0
SEurope 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
Totaldevelopingcountries 77 16 17 2 46 10 1
Notes: level 1-3: No entry, not in place or irrelevant level 4: In place and partially implemented level 5: Fully implemented
��
A total of 104 countries are analysed (77 developing;
27developed).
Developed countries:
• 10 of the 27 countries (37%) have national IWRM
plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther6
countries(22%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented;
• LessprogresshasbeenmadeinimplementingNation-
al water efficiency plans - 9 (33%) have plans in
placeandpartiallyimplementedand3(11%)havea
planfullyimplemented;37%ofdevelopedcountries
consideredwaterefficiencyplansnotrelevanttotheir
circumstancesorchosenottoanswerthequestion.
Developing countries:
• 17 of the 77 countries (22%) have national IWRM
plansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented;afurther2
countries(3%)havetheseplansfullyimplemented;
• Far less progress has been made in implementing
Nationalwaterefficiencyplans-only10(13%)have
plans inplaceandpartially implementedandonly1
has a plan fully implemented; 60% of developing
countries considered water efficiency plans not rel-
evanttotheircircumstancesorchosenottoanswer
thequestion.
A total of 64 countries (37 developing and 27 devel-
oped) provided text responses to the UN-DESA question-
naire.Asimpleanalysisfortheresponsestoquestions6,8b
and8cispresentedinTable7.Theresultsshouldbetaken
asmerelyindicativeoftheextentofimplementationofthe
IWRM approach and of results achieved. Many countries
provideddetailedlistsofactionstakenandresultsachieved;
manyotherprovidedonlyskeletalinformation.However,the
amountof informationgivendoesnotnecessarilyproperly
reflectreality.Somecountriesoptedtogivenoresponsesto
questions-butthisdoesnotmeanthatnoactionsactually
have been taken; some countries have simply stated that
noassessmentofoutcomeshasbeenmade-again,thisis
unlikelytomeanthatnobenefitshaveaccrued.
Despitethesecaveatsthereisgoodindicationthatthe
IWRMapproach is being incorporated intonationalplans
andstrategiesandthattangiblebenefitsareeitherevident
orarelikelytoberealisedinthenearfuture.
Table 7:responses to questions 6, 8b and 8c of the un-desa questionnaire
Question6:Ifyourcountryisinthestageofimplementation,indicatespecific
actionsundertaken
Question8b:Whatarethemainwater
managementmeasuresundertaken?
Question8c:Whataretheresultsachieved?
Developingcountries(37)
Severalspecificactionstaken
11 Severalmeasurestaken 10* Goodresultsachieved 7*
Someactionstaken 23 Somemeasurestaken 21 Someresultsachieved 19
Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 4
Noresponse 3 Noresponse 5 Noresponse 7
Developedcountries(27)
Severalspecificactionstaken
25 Severalmeasurestaken 20 Goodresultsachieved 10
Someactionstaken 1 Somemeasurestaken 6 Someresultsachieved 13
Noactionstaken Nomeasurestaken 1 Noresultsachieved 2
Noresponse 1 Noresponse Noresponse 2
*) See annex 8 Database, Worksheet 4 for more details on measures undertaken and results achieved.
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
4.4 examples of ongoing iWrm processesTable 8 provides examples of developing countries that
havefoundIWRMausefulframeworkformanagementof
waterresourcesandhaveincludeditasapivotalconcept.
Theconcepthasbeen included inkeyGovernmentdocu-
ments that guide and regulate theuse, conservation and
protectionofanation’swater resourcesand implementa-
tionat local level isongoing.The table isnotexhaustive:
In addition to what is documented here, there are many
ongoing and planned IWRM programmes; as well as
numerous national and regional IWRM partnerships and
initiativesrelatedtotransboundarywaters.
Table 8:evidence of adoption and use of the iWrm approach
Eritrea• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementandWaterEfficiencyPlan(IWRM/WE)-MinistryofLandWater&
Environment(draft2007)
Malawi
• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofIrrigationandWaterDevelopment(2005)• WaterResourcesActNo.15of1969withlateramendments.GovernmentofMalawi• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement/WaterEfficiency(IWRM/WE)PlanforMalawi-MinistryofIrrigation
andWaterDevelopment(draft2007)
Mozambique• GovernmentofMozambique-WaterAct,LeideAguas,16/913August(1991)• IWRMPlan-DireccaoNacionaldeAguas,MinistryofPublicWorksandHousing(draft2007)
Seychelles• WaterRegulations-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(1988)• WaterSupplyDevelopmentPlan-PublicUtilitiesCorporation(2005)• WaterPolicy-PublicUtilitiesCorporation
Tanzania
• NationalWaterSectorDevelopmentProgramme2006-2025-MinistryofWater(2006)• IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofWater(2004)• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater(2002)• NationalWaterLawbasedonrevisedWaterActno.42of1974-GovernmentofTanzania(draft2007)
Uganda
• ANationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWater,LandsandEnvironment(1999)• NationalWaterActionPlan-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(1994)• WaterResourcesManagementReformStrategy-WaterResourcesManagementDepartment(2005)• NationalWaterQualityManagementStrategy-MinistryofWaterandEnvironment(2006)
Zambia
• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2006)• TheRevisedNationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)• WaterResourcesManagementBill-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(draft2007)• NationalDevelopmentPlan-MinistryofEnergyandWaterDevelopment(2007)
Angola • IWRM&WaterEfficiencyRoadmap-MinistryofWater&Energy(draft2007)
Algeria• NationalPlanforWater-MinistryofWaterResources(2003)• NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofAlgeria(2005)• ActionPlanforimplementationofanIWRMFramework-MinistryofWaterResources(draft2006-7)
Egypt • NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofWaterResourcesandIrrigation(2004)
Morocco
• MasterPlansofIntegratedWaterResourcesDevelopmentforRiverBasins-MinistryofLand,WaterandEnvironment(2001)
• NationalWaterPlan-MinistryofLand,WaterandEnvironment(2006)• Decreeno2-05-1594-DevelopmentandRevisionofMasterPlans&NationalPlansforIntegratedWater
ResourcesManagement-GovernmentofMorocco
Tunisia
• TheWaterCode(Lawno.16)-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1975)• WaterMasterPlanfortheNorthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1970)• WaterMasterPlanfortheCentreofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1977)• WaterMasterPlanfortheSouthofTunisia-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1983)• WaterResourcesMobilizationStrategies-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1990)• WaterConservationStrategy-MinistryofAgricultureandWaterResources(1995)
Botswana • IWRMStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofMinerals,EnergyandWaterResources(2006)
��
Lesotho• RoadmaptocompletingintegratedwaterresourcesmanagementandwaterefficiencyplanninginLesotho
-MinistryofNaturalResources,WaterCommission(April2007)
Namibia
• NationalWaterPolicyWhitePaper-GovernmentofNamibia(2000)• WaterResourcesManagementAct-GovernmentofNamibia(2004)• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagementStrategyandActionPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,WaterandRural
Development(2006)
Swaziland• WaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnergy(draft2007)• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-WaterResourcesBranch(draft2007)• WaterAct(2003)-GovernmentofSwaziland
BurkinaFaso
• DecreeNo.2003-220:ActionPlanforIWRMinBurkinaFaso(PAGIRE)-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&FishingResources(2003)
• BurkinaFasoWaterVision-MinistryofAgriculture,Hydraulics&FishingResources(2000)• WaterLawNo.002-2001-GovernmentofBurkinaFaso(2001)
Coted’Ivoire • IWRMRoadmap2007-2015-MinistryofEnvironment,Water&Forestry(2007)
Ghana• IWRMComponentSupportprogramme(2004-2008)-WaterResourcesCommission(2004)• WaterResourcesPolicy-WaterResourcesCommission(draft2007)
Liberia• LiberiaIWRMRoadmap-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofLands,MinesandEnergy(draft2007)
Mauritania• IWRMActionPlan-NationalCouncilforWater(2007)• NationalDevelopmentPolicyforWater&Energy-MinistriesofWater,Energy&Environment(1998)• NationalWaterAct(Article3)-GovernmentofMauritania(2005)
Togo• NationalWaterPolicy-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)• NationalWaterLaw-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)• IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateofWaterandSewerage(draft2007)
Barbados
• NationalWaterResourcesManagementandDevelopmentPolicy-GovernmentofBarbados(Draft,2002)• NationalWaterLaw-GovernmentofBarbados• MarinePollutionControlAct-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)• EmergencyDroughtManagementPlan-GovernmentofBarbados(1998)• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
Cuba
• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)• NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofScience,TechnologyandEnvironment(2000)• WaterConservation&EfficientUseStrategy-MinistryofScience,Technology&Environment(2005)• NationalEnvironmentalManagementStrategy-GovernmentofCuba(2007)
Grenada• SimultaneouspreparationofIWRMRoadmapandNationalWaterPolicy-WaterPolicySteeringCommittee
(April2007)
Jamaica
• WaterResourcesAct-GovernmentofJamaica(1995)• NationalWaterPolicy,StrategyandActionPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1999)• NationalWaterResourcesDevelopmentMasterPlan-GovernmentofJamaica(1990)• NationalIWRMFramework-WaterResourcesAuthority(2001)
CostaRica• NationalStrategyforIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)• NationalIWRMActionPlan-GovernmentofCostaRica(2006)• NationalWaterLaw(No.14585)-GovernmentofCostaRica(draft2006)
Guatemala
• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2004)• NationalWaterLaw(Initiative3118)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(2005)• PlanfortheSustainableUseandManagementofWaterResources(Initiative3419)-MinistryofEnvironment
andNaturalResources(2005)• NationalLawfortheProtectionofRiverBasins(Initiative3317)-MinistryofEnvironmentandNatural
Resources(2006)• NationalIWRMPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006)• NationalIWRMStrategy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2006)• EnvironmentandNaturalResourcesProtectionandConservationPolicy-GovernmentofGuatemala(2007)
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
Honduras • IWRMActionPlan-HonduranWaterPlatform(2006)
Nicaragua• GeneralLawonNationalWaters-GovernmentofNicaragua(2007)• EnvironmentalActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1994)• IWRMActionPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(1996)
Argentina • IWRMRoadmap-Sub-secretariatofWaterResources(2007)
Brazil• NationalWaterPolicy(LawNo.9433)-GovernmentofBrazil(1997)• NationalWaterResourcesPlan-MinistryofEnvironment(SRH/MMA),NationalWaterCouncil(CNRH)&
NationalWaterAgency(ANA)(2007)
Colombia • NationalDevelopmentPlan2006-10-NationalPlanningDepartment(2006)
Kazakhstan
• WaterCode-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2003)• DraftNationalIWRMandWEPlanforKazakhstan(2005)• IWRMNationalRoadmapincludingproposedprojectoutlines-Speed-upoftheIWRM2005objectives
implementationinCentralAsia-GovernmentofKazakhstan(2006)
China
• NationalWaterLaw-(2002)• WaterPollutionPreventionandControlLaw-(1996)• NationalFloodControlLaw-(1997)• NationalWaterandSoilConservationLaw-(1991)• IWRMPlan-Planningprocessinitiatedin2002andstillongoing.
Cambodia• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM2005)andRoadmapsinCambodia-DepartmentofWater
ResourcesManagementandConservation(2006)• WaterLaw-RoyalGovernmentofCambodia(Sept2006)
Indonesia• NationalWaterLawNo.7/2004-GovernmentofIndonesia(2004)• IWRMRoadmap-DirectorateGeneralWaterResourcesofMinistryofPublicWorks(2006)
LaoPDR• PolicyonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(draft2000)• TheLawonWaterandWaterResources-GovernmentofLaoPDR(1996)• IWRMNationalRoadmap-WaterResourcesCoordinationCommitteeSecretariat(2006)
Malaysia
• 9thMalaysiaPlan-EconomicPlanningUnit-PrimeMinister’sDepartment(2006)• NationalStudyfortheEffectiveImplementationofIWRMinMalaysia-MinistryofNaturalResourcesand
Environment(2006)• OurVisionforWaterinthe21stCentury-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)
Philippines• MediumTermPhilippineDevelopmentPlan(2004-2010)-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)• CleanWaterAct-GovernmentofPhilippines(2004)• IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)PlanFramework-NationalWaterResourcesBoard(2007)
Thailand• NationalWaterLaw/Code-Government.ofThailand(draft2007)• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment(2000)• IWRMNationalRoadmap-DepartmentofWaterResources(2007)
Vietnam
• LawonWaterResources-GovernmentofVietnam(1998)• NationalWaterResourcesStrategy-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)• NationalStrategyonRuralCleanWaterSupplyandSanitation-GovernmentofVietnam(2000)• NationalStrategicProgrammeofActiononDesertificationControl-GovernmentofVietnam(2006)• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
Armenia• WaterCode-GovernmentofArmenia(2002)• NationalWaterPolicy-GovernmentofArmenia(2005)• NationalWaterProgramme-GovernmentofArmenia(draft2007)
Azerbaijan
• LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconAmeliorationandIrrigation-AzerbaijanRepublic(1996)• WaterCodeofAzerbaijanRepublic-AzerbaijanRepublic(1997)• LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconWaterSupplyandWaterDrainageSystem-AzerbaijanRepublic(1999)• LawofAzerbaijanRepubliconMunicipalityWaterResourcesManagement-AzerbaijanRepublic(2001)• NationalProgramofDevelopmentofAmeliorationandWaterResourcesManagementofAzerbaijan(2007
-2015)-AzerbaijanRepublic(2006)
��
Jordan• NationalWaterPolicy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation• NationalWaterStrategy-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2003)• NationalWaterMasterPlan-MinistryofWaterandIrrigation(2004)
Syria• NationalwaterPolicy-GovernmentofSyria• NationalWaterLaw(No.31)-GovernmentofSyria(2005)• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Inplacebutpartiallyimplemented
Croatia
• WaterAct(OG107/95,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement• WaterManagementFinancingAct(OG107/95,19/96,88/98,150/05)-MinistryofAgriculture,Forestryand
WaterManagement• NationalEnvironmentalStrategywithembodiedNationalActionPlan(NEAP)(OG46/02)-Ministryof
Agriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement• IWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlan-Underconsideration
Serbia
• NationalWaterPolicy• NationalWaterLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(1991)• EnvironmentalprotectionLaw-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2004)• WaterResourcesManagementMasterPlan-MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandWaterManagement(2002)
4.5 case studies from selected countriesItisinstructivetocitespecificexamplesoftheimplementa-
tionoftheIWRMapproachandthebenefitstherebytobe
derived. While the UN-Water Survey was aimed primarily
at the national level, countries sharing river basins must
alsoconsidertransboundaryimplicationsandincludethem
in theirplanning; converselymanyactionsmustbe taken
at sub-national and at very local levels to manage water
wisely.Theexamplesbelowcoverarangeofcircumstance
andareillustrativeofthediversityofsituationwithamulti-
plicityofbeneficialoutcomes.
IWRMinactionatthelocallevel,aswellasnationaland
internationallevel,isillustratedindetail inmorethan200
case studies within the Global Water Partnership’s IWRM
ToolBox: http://www.gwptoolbox.org. The second WWDR
“Water a Shared Responsibility” from 2006 also includes
various case studies illustrating progress on IWRM, see
http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2
China - Provincial level:LiaoRiverBasinManagement
• Issues: The province of Liaoning with a 41 mill
population has seen a rapid development resulting
inwatershortagesandseverewaterpollution.Inthe
1980swateruseefficiencywasverylowbothwithin
urban/industrialareasandirrigation.Waterpollution
wasrampant.Nofishcouldbefoundin70%ofthe
streams and ecosystem productive functions had
ceasedin60%ofthestreams.Citizenswereignorant
ofwaterconservationissues.Urbanwastewaterwas
dischargeduntreatedintostreamsandinsomecases
infiltrated into thegroundwateraquifers.Deforesta-
tiontookplaceintheupperpartsofthecatchments.
• IWRM Actions: Establishment of an institutional
framework comprising LiaoningCleanerWater Proj-
ectOffice,LiaoRiverBasinCoordinationCommission,
EU-Liaoning Water Resource Planning Project Office
under which an IWRM Planning Project was devel-
oped. Under this project a water resources assess-
mentwascarriedout,areformofthepolicyforwater
exploitation and utilization was made, water prices
adjusted, a monitoring network established and
capacitybuildingwithinIWRMmade.Inaddition,the
cleanerwaterprojectwascreatingwastewaterinfra-
structure, low production/high pollution production
wasdiscouraged,pollutionpreventionandcontrolof
Liao River Basin was planned and reforestation was
implemented.
• Tangible impacts: Reduction of pollution loads by
60%andqualityofriverwaterconsiderablyimproved.
Upstream-downstream conflicts were reduced and
deforestationpracticeshalted.Drinkingwaterwithin
thebasinwassafeguardedandecosystemsinseveral
riverstretcheswererestored.Groundwaterpollution
wasreducedandpublicawarenessofdemandman-
agementandpollutionriskswasraised.
Source:EULiaoningIntegratedEnvironmentalProgram
-ChiefofEUPartyAlanEdwards-MWHEnvironmental
Engineering
Columbia - Local level:ConservingLaCochaLagoon
• Issues: LaCochaLagoonissituatedinthehighAndes
inColombiawith the largestwetland systemof the
Andes.Theforestsofthebasinareexploitedforchar-
coalproductionbeingthecauseofsoilerosion,lossof
fertility,fasterrunoffandgreatlyreducedbiodiversity.
Anotherissueistheplannedconstructionofamajor
damsystemtodivertwaterfromtheAmazonasBasin
tothePacificsideoftheAndes.Inundationof3000
haofgrasslandandthreateningofthelivelihoodsof
localfamiliesareamongthenegativeimpacts.
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�6
• IWRM Actions: Partnership established between the
NetworkofPrivateNatureReserves,Peasants’Devel-
opmentAssociationandvariouscommunityorganiza-
tionwithfacilitationfromWWF.Promotionofgreater
participation in decision-making processes. Private
forestreserveswithsustainableusewereencouraged
as well as ecotourism. A Lake Defense Committee
was formedandplans forestablishmentofofficially
protected areas to complement the private reserves
weremade.
• Tangible Impacts: 387 poor families doubled their
incomeandfoodrequirementsaremetonsite.Threats
toLaCochaLagoonandsurroundingwetlandswere
reduced and the Lake Defence Committee worked
with Ministry of Environment towards a declaration
of the area as a Ramsar Site. The dam system plans
were shelved as Ministry of Environment refused an
environmental licensebasedonabalancingbetween
downstreambenefitsandenvironmentalcosts.
Source: IWRM ToolBox, Case # 225 - www.gwptool-
box.org
Morocco - National level:Managementof scarcewater
resourcesandpilotsonpollutioncontrol
• Issues: Scarcewaterresourcescombinedwitharapid
population increase, urbanization and industrializa-
tion makes water a contentious issue with 42% of
theruralpopulationlackingaccesstopotabledrink-
ing water. Agriculture uses 92% of the country’s
dwindlingwater resources.Largevariations inwater
resources in timeand spacemake sustainableman-
agementofwater resourcesakey issue.Challenges
includetheimplementationofawaterreformdecen-
tralizing financial and planning authority for water
resources tonine river basin agencies tobe created
incrementally.
• IWRM Actions: Improvement of institutions and
policies for water resources management following
IWRM principles. Best practices in water resources
management developed and disseminated. Non-
governmental participation in water resources man-
agement increased. Pilots were undertaken among
others within wastewater. Actions were undertaken
facilitatedbyUSAID.
• Tangible impacts: Soussa -Massa River Basin Agency
established and operating according to IWRM prin-
ciples.Multi- agencycooperationandparticipationof
private water user associations in management deci-
sions takes place. National and regional institutional
responsibilities have been defined and consolidated.
Procedures for allocation of water were established
together with technical capacities to allocate and
monitor water quantity and quality and mechanisms
forcommunicationbetweensectorsandagencies.Pilot
projectswereundertakeninFez,AlAttaouiaandDraga
and included construction of innovative wastewater
treatmentplants.InNakhla,watershedsoillosswassig-
nificantlyreducedthroughsoilconservationmeasures.
Source: USAIDWaterTeam-CaseStudy in Integrated
Water Resources Management. USAID/Morocco SO2
Close-OutReport.
Fergana Valley - International level: Improving water
accessibilitythroughIWRM
• Issues: Once the most fertile valley in Central Asia,
Fergana valley with its approx 10 mill inhabitants is
now subject to high soil salinization and crops no
longer suffice to feed the population. State bound-
aries between Uzbekistan, Kyrgistan and Tajikistan
make tranboundary management problematic and
causeconstantinternalandinterstatedisputes.More
than60%of the inhabitantsdonothaveaccess to
safedrinkingwaterandbasic sanitation resulting in
widespread water-borne diseases in the rural areas.
Irrigation infrastructure is inadequateand thewater
useisinefficient.
• IWRM Actions: Improved management of water
resources based on IWRM principles emphasizing
higher efficiency and more equity. IWRM capacity
buildingwithin riverbasinmanagementamongriver
commissions,provinces,municipalities,companiesand
wateruserassociations.Demonstrationofbottom-up
approachesandincreasesinyieldsandwaterproduc-
tivitybyup to30%.SwissAgency forDevelopment
and Cooperation assisted the Interstate Commission
forWaterCoordinationintheimplementation.
• Tangible impacts:Partnershipbetweenallwaterman-
agement actors across Fergana Valley. Safe drinking
water provided to 28 villages with a population of
80,000 people and 320 ecological sanitation toilets
havebeenconstructedonacost-sharingbasis.Water-
borne diseases have decreased by more than 60%
on average and infant mortality has been almost
eradicatedinallvillagesdespiteprevailingpoverty.28
WaterCommitteeshavebeencreatedoperatingand
maintainingwatersystemsefficientlywithmorethan
30%participationbywomen.Expansionofimproved
irrigationpracticesaswellasinnovativesolutionsfor
irrigation canal management and sustainable water
userassociationsinadditiontosustainablefinancing
atcanal,wateruserassociationandfarmlevel.
Source: SDC inCentralAsia - IWRM.www.swisscoop.
uz/en/Home/Regional_Activities/Integrated_Water_
Resources_Management
��
Sri Lanka - National level: IWRMandWaterEfficiency
Plan
• Issues:Inadequatedevelopedwaterresourcestomeet
thedemands;frequentwaterrelateddisasters(floods,
droughts etc associated with climatic changes); low
wateruseefficiency;delay in implementingNational
WaterResourcesPolicydue topoliticizationofbasic
policyissues.
• IWRM actions: A baseline assessment of water
resourceswasmadeunderSriLankaNationalWater
DevelopmentReport(SLNWDR)preparedforWWAP.
To address the inadequacy of water development,
several diversion and storage projects have been
initiated. Some were completed recently. A disas-
ter management plan and institutional setup have
beenimplementedtoo.Sectoralwateruseefficiency
improvement plans are implemented. A National
WaterDevelopmentReporthasbeenpreparedunder
WWAP and it is planned to update this every 3
years.
• Tangible impacts: A considerable number of people
living in water scarce areas of the country have
benefited through diversions and storage facilities.
To bridge the water demand/availability gap, sev-
eralprojectsareplannedandimplemented.Ongoing
MenikGangaProjectandWeliOyaDiversionProject
are nearing completion. Studies on the impact are
continuing.Inthecaseofirrigationsector,severalirri-
gationschemeshaveimprovedtheirwaterproductiv-
ity.Similarimprovementsareexperiencedindrinking
water sector. The disaster management institutional
setupcontributedtomitigatetheimpactsandprovide
warningforrecentfloods.TheSLNWDRhascreated
anawarenessofwaterrelatedchallengesamongthe
keystakeholders.
Source: Adapted from WWDR number 2 http://www.
unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2
USA - State level:NYCityWaterSupplyasapartner in
Watershedmanagement
• Issues: Faced with deteriorating input water quality
NYCityhadthechoiceofbuildinganewwatersup-
ply treatment plant at a cost of USD 6,000 million
or taking comprehensive measures to improve and
protectthequalityofthesourcewaterintheCroton
and Catskill/Delaware watersheds totalling approx.
5000km2deliveringwaterforover9millpeople in
NewYorkCity.Dualgoalsofprotectingwaterquality
andpreservingeconomicviabilityofwatershedcom-
munitiesweresetout.
• IWRM Actions:Developmentofpartnershipsbetween
NYCity,NYState,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,
watershedcounties,townsandvillagesenvironmen-
talandpublic interestgroups.Programsweredevel-
oped tobalanceagriculture,urbanand ruralwaste-
waterandstormdrainageinfrastructure,environment
and the quality of water in the 19 reservoirs and 3
controlled lakes. A watershed agricultural program
was supplemented by land acquisition, watershed
regulations,environmentalandeconomicpartnership
programs,wastewatertreatmentplantupgradesand
protectionmeasuresatreservoirs.
• Tangible impacts: More than 350 farms within the
watershed have embarked on implementation of
bestmanagementpracticesreducingpollutionloads,
acquisitionof280km2landforprotection,enforce-
mentofeffectivewatershedregulations,remediation
of 2000 failing septic systems, upgrading of waste-
watertreatmentplantswithtertiarytreatment.More
than50%reductionincoliformbacteria,totalphos-
phorus and several other major contaminants were
achieved.NYCitywater supplywasexempted from
filtration,thepopulationofthewatershedsenjoysan
improvedenvironmentalqualityandatotalsavingof
USD4,400millionwasrealized.
Source: New York City, Department of Environmental
Protection,BureauofWaterSupply:“2006Watershed
ProtectionProgram.SummaryandAssessment”.www.
ci.nyc.ny.us/html/dep/html/watershed.html
Kazakhstan - National level: Management of scarce
waterresourcesandpollutioncontrol
• Issues:Thereareplentyofwater-ecologicalproblems
servingasobstacle,ofwhichthemostacuteonesare
growingwaterdeficit;Pollutionofopenandunder-
ground waters; Enormous over-norm water losses;
Exacerbationoftheproblemofqualitydrinkingwater
supply to population; Problems of interstate water
apportioning;andDeteriorationofthetechnicalstate
ofthedams,waterworksfacilitiesandotherinstalla-
tions.Actually,thesituationwithwatermanagement
istensethroughouttheterritoryoftherepublicand
the environmental ill-being has overtaken all major
riverbasinsofthecountry.
• IWRM actions: In accordance with the Water Code
of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Water Resource
CommitteeoftheMinistryofAgricultureisassigned
tomanage,regulatetheuseandtoprotectthewater
resources,includingrenewablewaterresources.With
thepurposeofimprovingthemanagementofwater
resources and introduction of international practice,
theCommittee,asof June2004,hasbeencarrying
out the development of Integrated Water Resource
and Water Efficiency Management Plan (IWRM).
Legalandorganizational conditions for transition to
integrated water resource management have also
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
been established. Basin Councils - basis for IWRM
Plan implementation - have been established to
increasetheinvolvementofinterestedpartiesinwater
resourcesmanagement.
• Tangible impacts: The necessary legal framework,
namely Water Code, Land Code and Forestry Code
(2003), The Law “On Sanitary-Epidemic Security of
Population” (2003) isestablished inKazakhstan.For
the implementation of the IWRM Plan, River Basin
Organizations,namelyBasinCouncils arebeing cre-
ated. In the sense of territorial division, the basin
councilshavebeencreated in8hydrographicbasins
ofKazakhstanaswellasinseparatewaterobjects.
Source: The Plan of Integrated Management of Water
Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A.Y. Nikolay-
enko and A.K. Kenshimov
Mozambique/Zimbabwe - Transboundary level: The
PungweRiverProject
• Issues:Duringspringtideand lowriverflows,saline
water intrusion extends upstream of Pungwe River
mouth,whichhasanegativeimpactsonsugarcane
farminganddomesticwaterforBeiraCityinMozam-
bique.TheeffectsofgoldminingactivitiesinthePun-
gwebasindominatethewaterqualityandincreased
sedimentconcentrationsofthesurfacewaterofthe
PungweRiver.Thegoldminingactivities in the river
basinaremainlypoverty-driven,i.e.itisasubsistence
activity. The suspended sediments make the water
unsuitablefordrinking,washingand irrigation,bury
theaquatic fauna,preventphotosynthesis andhave
effects on the fish population. Miners use mercury
in the gold mining process causing elevated con-
centrationsofmercury in the suspended sediments.
Alsootherheavymetals,e.g.leadandcadmium,are
bound to the suspended sediments since they exist
naturallyinthesoils.Floodscausefrequentproblems
inthelowerpartsofthePungweRiverbasin.Wide-
spreadpovertyandcompetingdemandsforavailable
waterresourceswithinandbetweenthecountries.
IWRM actions: The Pungwe Project commenced in
February2002andincludedthreephases,viz:Phase1
-MonographPhase,Phase2-ScenarioDevelopment
Phase,andPhase3-JointIWRMStrategyPhase.Dur-
ingthemonographphasea largeeffortwasdirected
towardsimprovingtheknowledgebaseforthedevel-
opment of thewater resources of thebasin through
a number of sector studies. The scenarios for water
resourcesdevelopmentwereelaboratedinthePhase2.
Thedevelopmentscenariosincludedanumberofproj-
ectsandstudies,includinge.g.possibilitiesofmedium-
largedamsonthePungweRiveroritstributaries,flood
warning system, local groundwater assessments and
measuresforimprovedsurfacewaterquality.InPhase
3implementationplansfortheprojectsadoptedbythe
stakeholdersofthePungweRiverbasinwereelaborated
andtheJointIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
WaterStrategyformulated.Inparallelthedevelopment
ofaclimatechangeadaptationstrategyforthebasin
hascommenced.Localassessmentofclimatechange
impactsweremadebyfeedingGCMscenarios intoa
regionalhigherresolutionclimatemodelsandlinkingit
tothehydrologicalmodelsofthebasin.
• Tangible Impacts: Sector studies conducted by the
Projectdescribethepresentsituationinthebasinwith
regardstowaterresources,environmentandpollution,
waterdemand,infrastructureandsocio-economy.River
basin organisations have been strengthened, water
permitting and revenue collection operationalized
and stakeholder participation increased through the
establishmentofabasincommittee.Afiveyear joint
program between the Governments of Mozambique
and Zimbabwe has commenced to strengthen the
capacityofkeybasinIWRMinstitutions-Tostrengthen
and expand stakeholder participation in Integrated
Water Resources Management in the Pungwe Basin;
Toensureappropriate,efficient,effectiveandsustain-
abletechnicalsystemsandcapacitiesforthecollection,
monitoring,managementandcommunicationofwater
resources data; Tomobilise resources for sustainable,
poverty-oriented, water-related development invest-
ments inthePungweBasinthroughestablishmentof
aPungweBasinPre-InvestmentFacilityandlaunching
ofthePungweBasinInitiative.Inaddition,sevenCriti-
cal Development Projects have been developed with
their own specific objectives. Large-scale investments
suchasmajorhydraulicinfrastructureisanticipatedto
befundedthroughothersourcesmobilisedthrougha
PungweBasinInvestmentFacility.TheJointIntegrated
Water Resources Management Strategy for the Pun-
gweRiverBasinPungwehasbeenabletomaterialise
thevisionofabroadandsustainablesocio-economic
developmentwithoutenvironmentalharm.
Source:www.pungweriver.net
Chile - National level: Impactonwaterandenvironment
duetomacro-economicandsocialdevelopmentpolicies
• Issues:Chile’smacro-economicgrowthpoliciesboost-
ed exports, but a sharp rise in demand for water
wasalsoevident.Muchof thisdemandoccurred in
relatively water-poor basins, where it was driven by
market forces or the availability of other inputs or
resources,andnotbythearea’swaterendowments.
Thishasledtogrowingcompetitionforwaterinsome
basins. Policy makers and water planners therefore
needtobeawarethat ifeconomicpoliciescontinue
��
to encourage water-dependent exports, then ever-
greater quantities of water will need to be found.
Development has placed additional pressure on the
environment in general, and on water resources in
particular.Over the twodecades theuseofwells in
agriculturehasincreasedsixfold,theuseofwellsfor
drinkingwaterfourfold,and,duringthelastdecade,
40aquifershavebeenclosedtonewconcessions.
• IWRM actions: Improvements inwater-useefficiency
have been considerable, especially in those areas
linked to exports. Cleaner production practices
triggered by globalization have also benefited the
environment. Increased private-sector investment in
sanitationhasbeen encouragedbyChile’s focuson
maintaining its macro-economic equilibrium. This
hasboostedthedevelopmentofChile’ssewerage,as
wellas itswatersupplysector.Newwaterandenvi-
ronmentallawsandregulationshavealsobeenputin
place. In2005, reformof the country’sWaterCode
sought to establish a more stable balance between
thepublicinterestandtherightsofprivateindividu-
als and among social and productive demands and
environmentalconsiderations.
• Tangible impacts:Working inwater-scarceareashas
increased the prices of water rights and forced the
mining sector to increase the efficiency of itswater
usethreefoldoverthelast20years,whilewateruse
inwoodpulpproductionhasfallenby70%perton
produced. Macro-economic policies to improve cost
recovery have caused household water consump-
tiontofallby10%,inreactiontoa38%increasein
domesticwatersupply.Somesectors(suchasmining,
agriculture and wood pulp production) have gone
beyond national requirements and agreed to clean
productionprogramsacceptedglobally.Thepercent-
age of sewage treated in Chile leapt from 17% in
1997 to 81% in 2005, and by 2010 almost all the
country’ssewageislikelytobetreated.
Source: Water and Sustainable Development: Lessons
fromChile,PolicybriefpreparedbySandyWilliamsand
SarahCarrigerunderthedirectionoftheGWPTechnical
Committee.
Uganda - National level: IWRM and Water Efficiency Plan
• Issues:Inthe1990’sdeterioratingqualityandquantity
ofwaterresourcesduetopoorlandusepracticesand
inadequatelyregulateduseofwateranddischargeof
wastewater.Inadequatelegalandinstitutionalframe-
workforWRM.Reforminthelightofdecentralization
goals.Increasedstakeholders’involvementinWRMat
bothnationalandlocallevelsisrequired.
• IWRM actions:TheNationalWaterResourcesManage-
mentStrategyisbeingimplementedatbothnational
andlocallevels.Institutionalarrangementsatnational
level involvinga12memberhigh levelWaterPolicy
Committee is being revitalized and the Department
ofWaterResourcesManagementhasbeenelevated
toaDirectorateintheMinistryofWatertostrengthen
thepositionofwaterresourcesmanagement.Atlocal
level,catchmentmanagementorganizationsinvolving
aCatchmentAdvisoryCommittee,CatchmentSecre-
tariat,StakeholderForumandWaterUserCommittee
arebeingpilotedinonecatchmentbeforerolloutto
awiderpartofthecountryin2008.
• Strengtheningwaterresourcesmanagementframe-work involving water resources assessment andmonitoring networks and regulation of use andpollution of water resources through continuedimplementationofawaterpermitssystem
• Improvement of the enabling legal and institu-tional framework for WRM at both national andlocallevels
• Decentralisationofmanagementofwaterresourc-estocatchmentmanagementzones.
• Tangible impacts:Anenablinglegalandinstitutional
framework for WRM is in place; Water resources
assessment and monitoring networks and a water
permits system are fully operational and Piloting of
decentralisation of WRM to catchments is almost
completeandrollouttoawiderpartofthecountry
willbedonein2008
Source: Adapted from WWDR number 2 http://www.
unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2
4.6 the development of indicatorsThere is a recognizedneed todevelopa setof indicators
which would characterize the status of implementation
of the IWRMapproachwithincountries.Therehavebeen
many attempts to produce indicators which would ade-
quatelyencompassdiversesituationsandtheverydifferent
time scales at which implementation is taking place. The
process is highly complicated and challenging. Moreover,
thishastobeconsideredinthelightofestablishedreport-
ingmechanisms,e.g.UN-Statistics,andavoidaddingoner-
ousreportingdemandsonnationalgovernments.
UN-Water,hasundertakenamajorinitiativethroughthe
World Water Assessment Programme to develop a com-
prehensivesetofindicators-summaryofprogressisdocu-
mentedintheSecondWorldWaterDevelopmentReport.
To further develop suitable indicators UN-Water has
established a Task Force on Indicators, Monitoring and
Reporting.Manyindicatorsalreadyexisttomeasuresocial
Status of national IWRM planning and implementation
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�0
progress and the aim is to add value to these and not
reinventthewheel.Asummaryofprogressmadetodate
bythemanyagenciesandorganizationsinvolvedhasbeen
produced by UNEP-UCC and is found in Annex 7. The
Roadmappinginitiative,beingdevelopedconcurrentlywith
thisReportandcomplementary to it, laysouta timetable
overthenextsevenyearsforthedevelopmentofanachiev-
ablesetofindicatorsincludingthosespecificallyrelatedto
IWRM,seehttp://www.unwater.org.
��
The UN-Water Survey provides the best and most objec-
tivecomprehensiveoverviewofthecurrentstatusofwater
resources management. Care must be exercised in inter-
pretingtheresultsforthefollowingreasons:
• Manyoftheverypoorestofcountrieswerenotable
tocompletethesurveys-inthissensetheresultsare
biased;
• Therewasonlyonepartial responsefromtheSouth
AsiaregionandtheEastAsiaregionwasonlyrepre-
sentedbyChina-thisisamajorshort-comingofthe
dataset;
• It is not certain that questions were interpreted in
exactly the samewaybydifferent countries; indeed
theremaybebias inthat the leastdevelopedcoun-
triesmaymakeunreasonablypositive interpretations
oftheirachievementswhilemoredevelopedcountries
mayhavebeenmoreself-criticalintheiranswers;
• FromthecomparisonofanswersfromtheUN-DESA
and UNEP questionnaires for those countries that
completedbothitisclearthatinmanycountriesdif-
ferentanswersmaybegiventoverysimilarquestions
indicating differing interpretations between govern-
mentdepartmentsorbetweenindividualswithinthe
samedepartment;
• Several of the questions are simply not relevant to
particularcountries;forexampletransboundaryissues
areofnorelevancetocountriesthatshareno inter-
nationalborders,countriesinnon-aridregionsarenot
concernedwithdesertification,land-lockedcountries
areusuallynotconcernedwithdesalinationetc.
Despitetheseshort-comings,manyofwhicharealmost
inevitable given the complexity of circumstances, useful
conclusions can be reached especially when comparing
regionsandsub-regions:
Key conclusions:Developed countries:Theyhaveadvancedonalmost
allmajor issues,however,there isstillmuchroomforfur-
therimprovement.
• Ofthe27countriesrespondingtotheUN-WaterSur-
veyonly6claimtohave fully implementednational
IWRMplans;afurther10ofthosecountriesclaimto
haveplansinplaceandpartiallyimplemented.
• The Report indicates that developed countries need
to improve on public awareness campaigns and on
gendermainstreaming.
Developing countries: There has been some recent
improvementintheIWRMplanningprocessatnationallevel
butmuchmoreneedstobedonetoimplementtheplans.
• Ofthe53countriesforwhichcomparisonwasmade
between the GWP and the UN-Water surveys (con-
ductedapproximately18monthsapart),thepercent-
age of countries having plans completed or under
implementationhasrisenfrom21%to38%.Onthis
measure the Americas have improved most - from
7%to43%;thecomparablechangesforAfricawere
from25%to38%andforAsiafrom27%to33%.
However,someofthechangemaybeduetodiffer-
encesinthequestionnaires.
• Africausually lagsbehindAsiaandtheAmericason
most issues,however it ismoreadvancedon stake-
holderparticipationandonsubsidiesandmicro-credit
programs;
• Asiaismoreadvancedoninstitutionalreformandyet
lagsbehindininstitutionalcoordination.
Case studies:Therearemanyillustrationsofthetangi-
blebenefitsof implementingplansthathaveadoptedthe
IWRM approach. There are examples at the national and
internationallevels;ofparticularsignificancearetheexam-
plesatthecommunityandprovinciallevelsforitisatthese
levelsthatsomanysocietalgainscanbemade.
Water efficiency: It is clear that many countries
consider that plans that follow an IWRM approach auto-
maticallyalsoincludewaterefficiencymeasures.Therewas
considerableambiguity intheresponsesconcerningwater
efficiencyinlargemeasurereflectingdiversesituations.Itis
recognised that takingactions thatmakewaterusemore
efficientisbeneficialforeconomicandsocialdevelopment
and,althoughmanycountriesindicatedthroughtheques-
tionnairesthatwaterefficiencymeasureswerenotrelevant
to theirparticular circumstances, it shouldnotbe implied
thatsuchmeasuresshouldnotbeconsiderednecessary.It
canbeconcludedfromthissurveythatmuchmoreeffort
needstobemadetoincorporateexplicitlywaterefficiency
measureswithintheframeworkofIWRM.
Development of indicators:Agreatdealofefforthas
goneintothedevelopmentofasetofindictorsthatmeet
therequirementsofbeingspecific,measurable,attainable,
relevant, realistic and timely but more work is required.
TheRoadmapping initiative,beingdevelopedconcurrently
�.0 Key lessons learned and future actions
Key lessons learned and future actions
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
with this Report and complementary to it, is intended to
help countries focus on the steps to be taken towards
better water management, drawing inspiration from the
IWRM principles and the plans and strategies that they
have prepared to help catalyze change. At regional and
global levels, the roadmapscouldserveasbenchmark for
monitoringprogressinimprovingwaterresourcesmanage-
ment. Indicators and monitoring could provide countries
withabetterassessmentoftheneedstoadvanceintheir
implementationofIWRM.
Recommendations: Thesurvey indicates thatmoreemphasis isneeded in the
followingareas:
• Countries,particularlythosethatarelaggingbehind,
need to prioritise the development of IWRM and
waterefficiencymeasures,withthehelpofsupport-
ingagencies;
• Countries need to prioritise the implementation of
policiesandplansoncetheyhavebeendeveloped;
• Countries should establish roadmaps and financing
strategiesfortheimplementationoftheirplanswith
ExternalSupportAgencies(includingtheUN,donors
andNGOs)providingsupporttocountries,basedon
demand;
• ExperiencesinimplementingIWRMshouldbeevalu-
ated, monitored and shared through global coordi-
nation mechanisms. This will require more work on
indicators and follow-up processes that do not add
anunduereportingburdenoncountries.
• TheUNWorldWaterAssessmentProgrammeandits
associatedWorldWaterDevelopmentReportsshould
continuetoprovideanup-to-dateglobaloverviewof
progressonimplementingtheIWRMapproach.
��
Annexes are to be found on the UN-Water website at:
http://www.unwater.org/
Annex1 GuidingNoteandIWRMQuestionnaireSentto
Countries to seek information on Implementa-
tionofIWRMandWaterEfficiencyPlansasPart
ofTheirReportingtoCSD-16
Annex2 CoverlettersfromUN-DESAregardingUN-DESA
Questionnaire
Annex3 QuestionnairefromUN-DESA
Annex4 QuestionnairefromUNEP-CollaboratingCentre
Annex5 QuestionnairefromGWP
Annex6 QuestionnairefromAfricanDevelopmentBank
Annex7 IndicatordevelopmentforIWRMbyUNEP-Col-
laboratingCentre
Annex8 Databasecomprisingthefollowingworksheets:
• Responsesummaryforallsurveys
• ResponsestoUN-WaterSurvey
• ResponsestoUNEPquestionnaire
• TextresponsestoUNDESAquestionnaire
• UNDESA-UNEPcomparison
• GWPandUN-Watercomparison
6.0 List of Annexes
List of Annexes
��
1 comparison of developed countries With the regions of africa, the americas and asia
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - All Regions
012345
Water Policy
National/Federal Water Law
National/FederalIWRM Plan
National/Federal Water Efficiency Plan
Poverty Reduction Strategywith WRM Component
National Development Plan with WRM Component
National Sustainable Development Strategy
National Env. Action Plan with WRM Component
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Main National Instruments and other National/Federal Strategies that may contribute to promoting IWRM - Summary Statistics for all Regions
Developedcountriessignificantly
moreadvancedonmainnational
instruments
AsiaandtheAmericasmoreadvanced
onnationaldevelopmentplansand
nationalenvironmentalactionplans
withIWRMcomponent
OfdevelopingcountriesAfricaleast
advancedwithpovertyreduction
strategieswithWRMcomponent
Water Resources Development - All Regions
012345
Assessment of Water Resources
Regulatory Norms and Guidelines for Sust. Devt.
Basin Studies for Water Resources Management
Desalination of Seawater
Rainwater Harvesting Programs
Water Harvesting from coastal fogs
Water Supply Augmentation Programs
Programs for Recycling and reuse and water
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for all Regions
Developedcountriesmoreadvanced
onmostissues,but,asexpected,not
forrain-waterharvesting
Asiamoreadvancedthanother
developingregionsforWRassessment
Water Resources Management-Summary Statistics for All Regions
012345
Programs and Policies for Watershed
Program for improving efficiency ofwater Infrastructure
Progms on Catchment protection
Groundwater Management Program
Program/Policies to reverseEcosystem Degradation
Programs for Flood Control
Programs to combat Desertification
Policies for efficient allocation of water resourcesMechanisms to control pollution
Demand mgt. measures to Improve water use efficiency
Drainage and irrigatedAgriculture Development
Conjunctive use of Surface And Groundwater
Norms & Guidelines for EIAs
Programs for joint management of shared water resources
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for all Regions
Developedcountriessignificantlymore
advancedexceptinthelessrelevant
areasofcombatingdesertificationand
irrigatedagriculture
Developingregionsverysimilarexcept
theAmericasmoreadvancedin
programsandpoliciesforwatershed
management,groundwater
managementanddrainageand
irrigation;Asiamoreadvancedin
legislativemechanismstocontrol
pollution
Appendix Diagrams showing Regional and Sub-Regional comparisons
Appendix
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�6
Water Use-Summary Statistics for All Regions
012345
Water Demand
Programs and Policies for managing Agricultural water use
Programs & Policies formanaging Municipal water use
Programs & Policies for Managing Industrial water use
Programs and Policies for managing other water uses
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Water Use - Summary Statistics for all Regions
Developedcountriessignificantlymore
advanced
Africaconsistentlylessadvancedthan
otherregions
Monitoring, Information Management & Dissemination - All Regions
012345
Functional Hydrological and Hydro-meteorological networks
Standard Procedures forData Collection, Processing and Analysis
Reliable IWRM Management Information System
Programs for Information Exchange & Knowledge Sharing
Monitoring and Reporting On the impacts of IWRM Reforms
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Summary Statistics for all Regions
Developedcountriessignificantlymore
advanced
Asiamoreadvancedthanthe
Americaswhichinturnaremore
advancedthanAfricaonallissues
exceptmonitoringandreporting
theimpactsofIWRMreformswhere
Africaismoreadvanced
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - All Regions
012345
Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs
Capacity Building
Establishment of River Basin Mgt. Institutions
Institutional Reforms
Institutional Coordination
Linkage of IWRM to other Economic Sectors
Assessment of IWRM Research Needs and Gaps
Mechanisms to Enforce Water Legislation
Programs for provision of Extension Services
Technology Transfer Programmes
Pro-poor Policies & Programs in the Water Sector
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary Statistics for all Regions
Developedregionssignificantlymore
advancedonallissuesexceptPro-poor
policieswhicharedesignatednot
relevantbymanydevelopedcountries
Similarresponsesfromdeveloping
regionswithsomeinteresting
contrasts-egAsiamoreadvancedon
institutionalreformsyetbehindon
institutionalcoordinationmechanisms
��
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for all Regions
0123
45
Processes for Stakeholder Participation
Decentralized Water Resources ManagementStructures
Programs for Gender Mainstreaming
Public Awareness Campaigns
Mechanisms to discuss & resolve TransboundaryWater Resources issues
Partnerships for Water Resources Management
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for all Regions
Developedcountriesmoreadvanced
exceptonprogramsforgender
mainstreamingandonpublic
awarenesscampaigns
Africamoreadvancedthanother
developingregionsonallissuesexcept
lowerthanAsiaonmechanismsto
resolvetransboundarywaterissues
Financing - Summary Statistics for all Regions
012345
Water Sector Investment Plan
Strategy for Mobilization of Financial Resources
Norms and Procedures forFinancial Sustainability
Gradual Cost Recovery Mechanisms/ProgressiveTariff Structures
Subsidies/Micro credit Programs
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Financing - Summary Statistics for all Regions
Developedregionsslightlymore
advanced
OfthedevelopingregionsAsia
behindonstrategiesformobilizing
financialresourcesandonnormsand
proceduresforfinancialsustainability;
Africasignificantlymoreadvancedon
subsidiesandmicro-creditprograms
Appendix
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
2 regional analyses and inter-comparisons for africa, the americas and asia
�.� Main National Instruments and other National/Federal Strategies that may contribute to promoting IWRM
Main National Instruments & other Strategies - Africa Region
012345
Water Policy
National Water Law
National IWRM Plan
Water Efficiency Plan
Poverty Reduction Strategy with WRM Component
National Development Plan with WRM Component
National Sustainable Development Strategy
National Environment Action Plan with WRM Component
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Summary Statistics for Africa
CountriesofNAfricascore
significantlyhigheronmainnational
instrumentswhilecountriesofS
Africascorehigheronplanswith
IWRMcomponentsandonsustainable
developmentstrategies
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5Water Policy
National Water Law
National IWRM Plan
Water Efficiency Plan
Poverty Reduction Strategy with WRM Component
National Environment Action Plan with WRM Component
National Sustainable Development Strategy
National Development Plan with WRM Component
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Summary Statistics for Americas
MajordifferencesbetweenCaribbean
countriesandcountriesofSAmerica
-Caribbeanmuchhigheronmain
nationalinstruments;SAmericamuch
higheronotherplanscontributingto
IWRM
0
1
2
3
4
5
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
National Water Law
National IWRM Plan
Water Efficiency Plan
Poverty Reduction Strategy with WRM Component
Water Policy
National Environment Action Plan with WRM Component
National Sustainable Development Strategy
National Development Plan with WRM Component
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Asia
Main National Instruments and other Strategies - Summary Statistics for Asia
WAsia:generallylowscoresallround
SEAsiahighonnational/federal
IWRMandwaterefficiencyplansin
contrasttoCentralAsia
Note:countriesofSAsianot
representedatall;forEAsiaonly
Chinarepresented
��
�.� Water Resources Development
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Africa
012345
Assessment of Water Resources
Regulatory Norms&Guidelines For Sustainable Development
Basin Studies for water Resources Management
Desalination of Seawater
Rainwater Harvesting Programs
Water Harvesting from Coastal Fogs
Water Supply Augmentation Programs
Programs for Recycling And reuse of water
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Africa
Note:severalissues(egdesalination
andcoastalfogharvesting)not
relevanttomanycountries-otherwise
verysimilarresponses
012345
Rainwater Harvesting Programs
Water Harvesting from Coastal fogs
Water Supply Augmentation Programs
Programs for Recycling And reuse of water
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Americas
Assessment of Water Resources
Regulatory Norms&Guidelines For Sustainable Development
Basin Studies for Water Resources Management
Desalination of Seawater
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Americas
Similarresponsesexceptfor
Caribbeancountrieswhichrankhigh
forassessment,regulatorynormsand
basinstudiesbutlowonrecycling
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
45
Assessment of Water Resources
Regulatory Norms and Guidelines for Sustainable Development
Basin Studies for Water Resources Management
Desalination of Seawater
Rainwater Harvesting Programs
Water Harvesting fromCoastal Fogs
Water Supply Augmentation Programs
Programs for Recycling And reuse of water
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
Water Resources Development - Summary Statistics for Asia
Hereadefiniteconsistenthierarchy
ofresponsesfromChinawithhighest
scoresthroughSEAsia,WAsiato
CentralAsiawithlowestscores
Appendix
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16�0
�.� Water Resources Management
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Africa
01
2
3
45
Programs and Policies for Watershed Mgt.Program for improving efficiencyof water infrastructure
Programs & Policies onCatchment Protection
Groundwater Mgt. Program
Program/Policies to reverse ecosystem degradation
Flood Control Policies &Progms
Programs to combat desertification
Policies for efficient allocation of water resources
Mechanisms to control pollution
Demand mgt. measures to improve water efficiency
Drainage and irrigated Agriculture Development
Conjunctive use of Surface & Groundwater
Norms & Guidelines for EIAs
Programs for joint managementof shared water resources
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Africa
Verysimilarresponsesoverallexcept
forNAfricawhich,aswouldbe
expectedinaridenvironments,
hashigherscoresongroundwater,
desertificationandirrigationissues
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Americas
0123
45
Programs & Policies for Watershed Mgt.
Program for improving efficiency of water infrastructure
Programs & Policies on Catchment Protection
Groundwater Mgt. Program
Program to reverse Ecosystem degradation
Programs for Flood Control
Programs to combat desertification
Policies for efficient allocation of water resourcesMechanisms to control pollution
Demand mgt. measures to improve water use efficiency
Drainage & irrigated Agriculture Devt.
Conjunctive use of Surface & Groundwater
Norms & Guidelines for EIAs
Programs for joint mgt. of shared water resources
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Americas
Aconsistenthierarchyofscores-
Caribbeanbeingconsistentlyhighest
(except,asexpected,inshared
managementofresources);Central
Americasbeingconsistentlylowest
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
45
Programs & Policies for Watershed Management
Program for improving efficiency of water infrastructure
Programs & Policies on Catchment Protection
Groundwater Mgt. Program
Program/Policies to reverse ecosystem degradation
Flood Control Programs
Programs to combat desertification
Policies for efficient allocation of water resources
Mechanisms to control pollution
Demand mgt. measures to improve water use efficiency
Drainage & irrigated Agriculture Devt.
Conjunctive use of surface and Groundwater
Norms & Guidelines for EIAs
Programs for joint mgt. ofShared water resources
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
Water Resources Management - Summary Statistics for Asia
Aconsistenthierarchyofresponses
withEandSEAsiahavinghighscores
andCentralAsiahavinglowscores
��
�.� Water Use
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Africa
012345
Water Demand Surveys
Programs for ManagingAgricultural water use
Programs for Managing Municipal water use
Programs for Managing Industrial water use
Programs for Managing Other water uses
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Africa
NorthernAfricaconsistentlyhigher
scoresthanotherAfricanregions
whichdisplaysimilarresponses
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5Water Demand Surveys
Programs for ManagingAgricultural water use
Programs for ManagingMunicipal water use
Programs for ManagingIndustrial water use
Programs for ManagingOther water uses
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Americas
Caribbeancountrieshavesignificantly
higherscoresthanotherregionsof
theAmericas
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5Water Demand Surveys
Programs for managingAgricultural water use
Programs for managingMunicipal water use
Programs for managingIndustrial water use
Programs for managingOther water uses
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
Water Use - Summary Statistics for Asia
EastandSouthEastAsiaconsistently
higherthanCentralandWestAsia
Appendix
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
�.� Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Africa
01
234
5Functional Hydrological & Hydro -meteorological networks
Standard Procedures For Data Collection, Processing and Analysis
Reliable IWRM Management Information System
Programs for Information Exchange & Knowledge Sharing
Monitoring & Reporting on the impacts of IWRM Reforms
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Summary Statistics for Africa
NAfricaconsistentlyhigherscores
thanotherAfricanregionswhich
displaysimilarresponses
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5Functional Hydrological & Hydro-meteorological networks
Standard Procedures For Data Collection,Processing & Analysis
Reliable IWRM Management Information System
Programs for Information Exchange & Knowledge Sharing
Monitoring and Reporting on IWRM Reform Impacts
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Summary Statistics for Americas
Caribbeanhighestonmostmeasures
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5Functional Hydrological & Hydro-meteorological networks
Standard Procedures for Data Collection, Processing and Analysis
Reliable IWRM Management Information System
Programs for Information Exchange & Knowledge Sharing
Monitoring & Reporting On the impacts of IWRMReforms
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
Monitoring, Information Management and Dissemination - Summary Statistics for Asia
CentralAsiagenerallyhaslowest
scores
��
�.6 Capacity Building and Enabling Environment
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary for Africa
0123
45
Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs
Capacity Building Programs
Establishment of River Basin Management Institutions
Institutional Reforms
Institutional Coordination Mechanisms
Linkage of IWRM to other Economic Sectors
Assessment of IWRM Research Needs and Gaps
Mechanisms to Enforce Water Legislation
Programs for provision Of Extension services
Technology TransferPrograms
Pro-poor Policies & Programsin the water sector
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary Statistics for Africa
Similarresponses-NAfricahigheston
someresponses
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Americas
01
2
3
4
5Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs
Capacity Building Programs
Establishment of River Basin Management Institutions
Institutional Reforms
Institutional Coordination Mechanisms
Linkage of IWRM to other Economic Sectors
Assessment of IWRM Research Needs and Gaps
Mechanisms to Enforce Water Legislation
Programs for provision Of Extension Services
Technology Transfer Programs
Pro-poor Policies and programs in the water sector
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary Statistics for Americas
Caribbeangenerallyhighest
0
1
2
3
4
5
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary for Asia
Assessment of Water Sector Capacity Building Needs
Capacity Building Programs
Establishment of River Basin Management Institutions
Institutional Reforms
Institutional Coordination Mechanisms
Linkage of IWRM to other Economic Sectors
Assessment of IWRM Research Needs and Gaps
Mechanisms to Enforce Water Legislation
Programs for provision Of Extension Services
Technology TransferPrograms
Pro-poor Policies and Programs in the water sector
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
Capacity Building and Enabling Environment - Summary Statistics for Asia
EandSEAsiagenerallywithhighest
scores,CentralAsiawithlowest
Appendix
Status Report on IWRM and Water Efficiency Plans for CSD16��
�.� Stakeholder Participation
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Africa
0
1
2
3
4
5Processes for Stakeholder Participation
Decentralized Water Resources ManagementStructures
Programs for Gender Mainstreaming
Public Awareness Campaigns
Mechanisms to discussTrans-boundary issues
Partnerships for Water Resources Management
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Africa
NAfricagenerallyhighest,EAfrica
lowest
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
0
12
3
4
5
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Americas
Processes for Stakeholder Participation
Decentralized Water Resources Management Structures
Programs for Gender Mainstreaming
Public Awareness Campaigns
Mechanisms to discussTrans-boundary issues
Partnerships for Water Resources Management
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Americas
CentralAmericagenerallylowscores.
Transboundaryanddecentralized
managementstructuresnotso
relevantforCaribbeancountries
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Asia
0
1
2
3
4
5Processes for Stakeholder Participation
Decentralized Water Resources ManagementStructures
Programs for Gender Mainstreaming
Public Awareness Campaigns
Mechanisms to discuss Transboundary issues
Partnerships for Water Resources Management
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
Stakeholder Participation - Summary Statistics for Asia
EandSEAsiagenerallyhigh;Central
Asialowest
Note:lowscoresinChinafor
decentralizedmanagementstructures
��
�.� Financing
Financing - Summary Statistics for Africa
012345
Water Sector Investment Plan
Strategy for Mobilization Of Financial Resources
Norms and Procedures for Financial Sustainability
Gradual Cost Recovery Mechanisms/ProgressiveTariff Structures
Subsidies/MicroCredit Programs
Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa All Africa
Financing - Summary Statistics for Africa
NAfricagenerallyhigherscores;not
manydifferencesforotherAfrican
regions
0
1
2
3
4
5
Caribbean Central America Southern America All Americas
Financing - Summary Statistics for Americas
Water Sector Investment Plan
Strategy for Mobilization of Financial Resources
Norms and Procedures for Financial Sustainability
Gradual Cost RecoveryMechanisms/ProgressiveTariff Structures
Subsidies/MicroCredit Programs
Financing - Summary Statistics for Americas
SAmericagenerallywithhighest
scoresexceptforCaribbeanwith
gradualcost-recoverymechanismsand
strategies
Financing - Summary Statistics for Asia
01
2
3
4
5Water Sector Investment Plan
Strategy for Mobilization Of Financial Resources
Norms and Procedures for Financial Sustainability
Gradual Cost RecoveryMechanisms/ProgressiveTariff Structures
Subsidies/MicroCredit Programs
Central Asia Eastern Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia All Asia
Financing - Summary Statistics for Asia
SEAsiagenerallyhighest;CentralAsia
lowest
Appendix