Station 4: Remote Sensing Sources of Imagery
2006 Wheat (Source: SWOOP 2006 Gov’t)
2010 Wheat then Soybeans (Source: SWOOP 2010 Gov’t)
• Orthophotography • 50cm resolution • Early spring • Leaf off • Natural Colour • Near Infrared
Earth Observation Satellites = Free (30m) or for purchase (20m down to sub-metre)
Soybeans Soybeans Bare Ground
Unmanned Aerial System (UAS):
August 21, 2015 Wheat Stubble & Red Clover
Red, Green, NIR Camera RGB (Natural Colour)
@ 5cm resolution
Sept 4, 2013 Sept 27, 2013 April 23, 2014
Station 4: Remote Sensing Fundamentals
http://www.nue.okstate.edu/GreenSeeker/NDVI-PartA-mayo.pdf
Leaf Pigment Cell Structure
Algebra:Vegetation Indices
missionscience.nasa.gov
Agronomic Question: What is causing the red clover to catch more vigorously in some areas & not in others?
Raw Image → Map Product → Management Decision
UAS eBee (August 21, 2015) Wheat Stubble & Red Clover
www.airinov.fr
Station 4: Remote Sensing Analysis “Map Making from the Images”
2014 Soybeans – Processed Image
In-season Analysis
Multi-Year Soybean Yield Map (2005/2013/2014)
Bare Ground Analysis – Spring 2010 - Wheat
Station 4: Plant Sensors – How do they work? Quantifying Plant Vigour using Light Reflectance
Chlorophyll +
Biomass +
Cell Structure =
NDVI
Reading over 100 times per second!
Common Application:
Real-Time VRA (Nitrogen)
• Benchmark (N-Rich) recommended to initiate field job.
• Using desired algorithm/formula, sensing system will administer product for the goal to reach the vegetation benchmark.
Emits Own Light Source:
Red LED + Near Infared
Station 4: Plant Sensors – Zone Maps
Identifying Visual Opportunities Beyond the Human Eye
Patterns of Change
Aug 2 Aug 15
Vegetative Contoured NDVI Zones: • Strong Asset for Pinpointing Issues (disease, deficiencies, etc.)
• Unbias In-Season Performance Record
Image source: http://adamchukpa.mcgill.ca/gwpss/Papers/GWPSS_2011_Lund.pdf
Wear Plate
Sapphire Window
Two Disks
Row Unit for Optical Measurements
Veris® OpticMapper Visible/Near Infrared
(vis/NIR) LEDs
R² = 0.49
0
10
20
30
0 10 20 30
Pre
dic
ted
SO
C (
g k
g-1
)
Measured SOC (g kg-1)
R² = 0.81
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pre
dic
ted
PM
eh
lich
-3(m
g k
g-1
)
Measured PMehlich-3 (mg kg-1)
R² = 0.81
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Pre
dic
ted
c
lay (
g k
g-1
)
Measured clay (g kg-1)
R² = 0.72
0
250
500
750
1000
0 250 500 750 1000
Pre
dic
ted
s
an
d (
g k
g-1
)
Measured sand (g kg-1)Veris® P4000 Hydraulic Motion
Platform
Power Generator
Sapphire Window
Sensing Probe
Visible/Near Infrared
Near Infrared
Enclosed Spectrometers 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
350 750 1150 1550 1950
Ab
so
rba
nc
e
Vis-NIR wavelengths (nm)
Vis-NIR Spectra
Digital Microscope
Microscope Enclosure
Raw Data (OpticMapper)
Soil Image (200x Magnification)
Aggregates Quartz
Machine Vision
Predicted sand (g/kg)
Me
as
ure
d s
an
d (
g/k
g)
Soil Sample
Incident Light
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Photo Detecting Array
Digital Data Communication
Display
Computer
• Ultraviolet (UV) • Visible (vis) • Infrared (IR) • Near Infrared (NIR) • Mid Infrared (mid-IR)
Diffuse Reflectance
Spectroscopy
Hui Huang et al. (2014) ASABE
Dhawale et al. (2014) ASABE
Dhawale et al. (2014) ASABE Dhawale et al. (2014) ASABE
Station 4: Optical Soil Sensing
Dhawale et al. (2013) CSBE
Void Space
ReferenceISE
Analyte
Indicator
Cations
• H+
• K+
• Na+
Anions
• NO3-
• HPO4-
• H2PO42-
ISE
Guard
Sensor Deployment Mechanism
Frame
Laptop Computer for Control System
Standard Hitch
Water
Soil Preparation Mechanism
GPS
On-the-spot Soil Analyser (OSA)
Station 4: Soil Potentiometry
An apparent electrical conductivity mapping unit comprised of 6 coulters
that provide two depths of investigation
A soil pH mapping unit that includes a soil
sampling mechanism with two ion-selective electrodes and a cleaning water
supply system
Veris® MSP
Ion Selective Electrode
Auger Water Tank
Ion Meter
Sample Rinsing Nozzles
Manual Probe
R2 = 0.80
SE = 0.22 pH
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Measured pH
Lab
ora
tory
pH
R² = 0.87
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
NO
3- ,
mg
kg
-1(L
ab
ora
tory
)
NO3-, mg kg-1 (Field)
Prepared soil Sample Surface
Deployed Sensors Between Disc Space
Spring Loaded Sensors During Measurement
Horizontal Stop Position of Blades
Mounting Bracket
Guard
Rotating discs
Cutting Blade
Station 4: Agricultural Geophysics
27-07-2013
ECa 0 – 3.18 m
ECa 0 – 1.55 m
ECa 0 – 1.03 m
ECa 0 – 0.54 m
Mapping Apparent Soil Electrical
Conductivity using Electromagnetic
Induction
Mapping Apparent Soil Electrical
Conductivity using Galvanic Contact
Resistivity
Ground Penetrating Radar
Gamma-ray Spectrometry
RTK-Elevation Mapping
May 8, 2004 September 4, 2013 September 27, 2013 April 24, 2014
Elevation Slope Aspect