1
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
Sports are the integration of both body and mind. Games and sports have become very important
along with studies to bring about ‘All round Development of personalities of an individual’ —
physically fit, mentally sound, emotionally balanced and socially well adjusted.
Despite the stress and strain of competitive sports, a good sportsman shows a balance of
mind, coolness of temper and sincerity of behavior. He controls at least, his extemalised outlet of
emotions.
Bruce, C Ozjlvie, (1984) said, “The sports persons can be described as special breed of
persons who are emotionally stable, self assertive, self assumed, self disciplined, self relent and
able to handle emotional stress”.
Russian poet and sportsmen.Yevtushenko (1972) Described sports persons as “True
sports are always a duel, a duel with nature, with one’s own fear, with one’s own fatigue; a duel
in which body and mind are strengthened to develop one’s own personality and social
adjustment”. The sports, helps to discover and presume one’s self best, may means to overcome
the laws of nature and to do justice to her worthy opponents.
Another important role of sports competition may be sublimation of aggressive drive,
unhealthy instinct or the product of earlier commutative instinct which are byproduct of earlier
commutative frustration.
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1.1 ATTITUDE
‘Attitude’ has a very broad meaning besides physical; it also includes psychological and social
characteristics of the individual generally involve an emotional or affective component for liking
or disliking a cognitive component (beliefs) and behavioral component (tendencies to act toward
these items in various ways}
According to Fazio and Rospos Ewolden, 1994 and Tesser and Martin, 1996-“ Attitude
can be defined as lasting evaluations of virtually any and every aspect of the social world- issues,
ideas, persons, social groups and objects”)
Similarly, according to Oxford dictionary, “Attitude is the way of thinking or behaving’;
‘Attitude is the position of the body”.
It was found in an investigation that even though different individuals had preference for
different physical activities, yet a highly favorable attitude towards a physical education
programme was reported amongst freshman and juniors (Moyer, 1968}
Many studies had been conducted on the psychological characteristics 1 no study had
been made on attitude towards Life, Academic, Diet and Rest, as conducted by the researcher to
fill the gap in existing literature.
1.2 THE PROBLEM
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ATTITUDE OF SPORTS PERSONS (HANDBALL} AND
NON-SPORTS PERSONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMPETITION.
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1.3 DEFINITIONS OF IMPORTANT TERMS
(a) Comparative Study:-It is for comparing the groups of sportspersons (Basket Ball players) at
different levels of competitions and Non- Sports persons on their attitudes towards life,
academic, diet and rest.
(b) Non-Sports persons: - By non- sports persons, the research worker meant those students
who did not take part in any game or sport or took part in them casually and have never
participated even at district level competition.
(c) Sports persons: - By sports persons, the research worker meant those persons- Men or
Women, Boys or Girls who have participated at different levels of competition (district, state,
national). Researcher has taken Hand ball players for his research project.
(d) Attitude:- For the purpose of this investigation attitudes were considered to be positive or
negative feelings towards a psychological object or phenomenon.
(e) Various levels of participation in Handball:
In this study three levels of participation are taken into consideration.
(i) National level: - Those who have represented state in National Handball
championship.
(ii) State levels: - Those who have represented their districts in the State Handball
championship.
(iii) District levels: - Those who have represented their Schools or Colleges etc at
district Handball championship.
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1.4 OBJECTIVIES OF THE STUDY
1. To compare the Attitude of district and state level handball players
2. To examine the differences in attitude of district level and national level of handball
players.
3. To observe differences in attitude of state levels and national level of handball players.
4. To examine differences in attitude of sportspersons (handball players) and non-sports
persons.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
The study has its importance and values due to the following reasons: -
The investigator seeks to find out differences in attitudes amongst handball players at
three levels of performance (district, state and national level). This will give an experimental
evidence of change in attitude among the handball players with the development and
improvement in game and increase in their level of participation (i.e. district, state and national).
It also provides knowledge about the attitude of sportspersons and non-sports persons. This
knowledge will be useful and highly helpful for the coaches and physical education teachers to
know the role of attitude in bringing about the perfection in game.
1.6 DELIMITATIONS OF THE PROBLEM
The study is delimited in the following respects.
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1. The study will be conducted in the aFea of Punjab and confined to the sample drawn
from the population of the students of adolescent and adult age belonging to academic
session 2004-2005.
2. It will be confined to those sportspersons who have excelled in handball at least at district
levels.
3. It will be confined to psychological area of attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest.
4. It will be confined to different levels of handball players (district, state and national) of
both sexes (thirty male and thirty female).
5. The studies will be conducted at Punjabi University, Patiala (from January to May 2005).
1.7 HYPOTHESIS:
On the basis of review of related literature and discussions with experts in the field, the
investigator has formulated the following hypothesis.
a) The male handball players at different levels of participation will have different attitude
towards life, academic, diet and rest.
b) The female handball players at different levels of participation will have different
attitudes towards — life, academic, diet and rest.
c) There will be significant differences in attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest
between sportspersons and non -sportspersons.
d) There will be significant differences among male and female handball players at their
different level of participations (district, state and national).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The main purpose of this project is to find out the attitude of Hand Ball players at different levels
of competition (district, state and national) and to find out d differences between non-sports
persons and sports persons (Hand ball players). A close review of the literature showed that
several studies have been made on attitude f athletes or players participating in different physical
activities and games and differences between athletes and non- athletes were assessed by using
different techniques and methods. But no study is available in which the attitude of hand ball
players at three level of participation and performance was differentiated for the attitude towards
Life, Academic, Diet and Rest.
2. 1 STUDIES OF ATTITUDES:
Thune (1949) conducted the study on 100 YMCA male weight lifter and 100 other YMCA male
athletes (non-weight lifter) in an effort to determine group difference in attitude and disposition
of personality. He administered a personality inventory to both groups. The analysis of the data
indicated that the group having refining with weight lifting differentiated with respect to interest,
attitude and come personality characteristics from the rest of the members. The differentiating:
indicated that weight lifters were stronger then the other non-weight lifter in the attitudes. The
non-weightlifter were shying in nature and having lack of confidence.
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Moyer (1968) found in an investigation that even though different individuals had
different preferences for physical activities, yet a highly favorable attitude towards a physical
education programme was reported amongst freshmen and juniors as compare to senior student
Hinder and Floyd, (1971) concluded in their study that attitude towards physical
education of composite group of all athletes and found their attitudes were highly significant than
non-athletes.
Iv George, (2004) Investigated five sources that shape health in the British Virgin
Islands. They found that positive attitude towards health; diet, rest and life are the most
important health promoter sources in British.
Robert Bastien, (2004) They conducted study on five epistemological and
methodological paradigms, which effect health promotion. They concluded the attitude of
parents; friends and teachers largely affect students attitudes towards health, fitness, diet and rest.
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CHAPTER - II
DESIGN OF THE STUDY MATERIAL METHODS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The study was conducted at two phases i.e. groups formulation and testing. In the first phase the
sportspersons who had represented at different levels of participation were taken out i.e. at
district, state and national levels and then attitudes towards life, academic, rest and diet were
administered
3.2 SAMPLE:
The sampling was done in such a way that the sports persons, Handball player) and non-
sportspersons were included from the government and private institutions.
Different level of handball players were selected (i.e. district, state and national level) and each
level have ten- ten layers (male3O and female=30). In non-sportspersons twenty students were
taken (male= 10 and female
3.3 TOOLS: -
The following tool was used for the purpose of conducting this study:- ATTITUDE SCALE: To
assess the attitude of sportspersons and non sportspersons four attitudes scales were used to asses
their attitudes towards Life, Academic Diet and Rest.’
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The scales of life and academic were constructed by Dr.T.S.Sodhi and the scales of diet
and rest were constructed Dr.G.S.Kang.)
3.4 COLLECTION OF DATA:
The questionnaires were distributed among the players and were filled in the presence of the
investigator and arrangement was made that no one could cheat.
3.5 SCORING AND TABULATION:
The scoring of attitude scale was done with the help of the scoring key, bs allotting three marks
for the positive score on the item, one mark for the : score on the item and two marks for the
score on”?”. The total score of each student on each attitude scale was calculated on the last page
of the attitude scales.
TABULATION:
For the purpose of drawing scientific conclusions the data was tabulated in different tables. In
order to compare the groups of sportspersons — Handball players) of different levels and the
non-sportspersons, the groups with regard to every variable were compared i.e.
a) Between males
b) Between females
c) Between sportsmen with sportswomen
d) Between male sportsmen with non-sportsmen
e) Between sportswomen with non-sportswomen
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In case of each set of variables i.e. attitude towards life, academic, Diet and Rest, tables were
prepared to comparing sportspersons and non sportspersons according to there levels of
participation and sex. The tables showing the significance difference was prepared and used for
discussion.
3.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA:
After the collection of data different groups of sportspersoiis and non sportspersons were
compared statistically, t- value, mean and standard deviation of all the variables of both
sportspersons (handball players) and non-sportspersons groups were calculated separately.
All the groups of different levels of handball players and non sportspersons of both the sexes
were compared with each other. The male sportspersons of district, state and national levels were
compared with each other and in the same way women player were compared with non
sportspersons and also compared with each other and with sportspersons of different levels.
Standard deviation
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STANDARD ERROR between mean was calculated on the basis of the formula. For comparison
Garrett (1958) formula was used
S.F =ofJ1A
The significance of differences between the means “t” was also found
‘t’ test = —
The level of significance of ‘t’ was determined from the ‘t’ table given by Garrett (1958). The
Significance at .01 to .05 level of confidence was looked into for the purpose of the statistically
significance of differences.
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE — (ANOVA) (One way classification) was used for finding the
analysis and significant difference% between the attitude towards — life, academic, diet and rest
for all the level of sportspersons and non-sportsperson.
Source of
variation
Sum of
Sources
Degree of
Freedom
Mean Squares Tests
Between
Column
SSC V1=c-1 MSC=SSC/ c-1 F=MSC / MSE
With in column SSE V2-n-c MSE =SSE / n-
c
Total SST=SSC+SSE V= n-1
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CHAPTER IV -
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 ANALYSIS OF ATTITUDES:
The data pertaining to the comparison of attitudes of sports persons S (handball players) and
non-sportspersons, in different groups i.e. district, state and tiona1 level male players with each
other and same of female — national, state and district level players with each other. Male
players of different levels with female players of different levels, sports persons with non —
sportspersons were arranged on variables of attitude i.e. attitude towards life, academics, diet and
rest. In each sc S comparison of mean, standard deviation and significance of differences
between the means was worked out and the data was then tabulated in different tables.
ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
1. ATTITUDE TOWARDS LIFE:
The data tabulated in table 4.1 regarding the comparison of National men and non-sportsmen
depict significant differences. (t6.70>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared
National men were found having more developed attitude towards life ( = 39.20, 35.00)
respectively.
When the National women and non-sportswomen were compared a significant
differences was noticed (t =6.07>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared National
women were found having more developed attitude towards life ( = 38.00, 33.00) respectively.
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When the National men and National women were compared a significant differences
was noticed (t = 1.9 1>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared National men were
found having more positive attitude towards life ( = 39.20, 38.00) respectively.
The tables no. 4.1 depict significant differences between National men and state men (t
=3.19>0.05%). When the means of the groups were compared, national men were found having
more positive attitude towards life ( = 39.20, 37.20) respectively.
When the national women and state women players were compared significant
preferences was noticed (t = 3 64> 0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared
national women were found having more developed attitude towards lie. ( =38.00, 35.00)
respectively.
When national men were compared with district men a significant differences was
noticed (t = 40.79>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared:. Men were found
having more developed attitude towards life ( = 39.20. 36.20) respectively.
When national women were compared with district women a significant differences was
noticed (t = 6.076>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national women
having’ developed attitude towards life N = 38.00, 33.00) respectively.
The data tabulated in table 4.11 depict significant differences between male district level
and male state level players (t = 0.716>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared the
male state level w found having more positive attitude towards life ( =36.20, 37.20)
respectively.
When the female district level were compared with female state level 4 significant
differences was noticed (t = 2.90>005%). When the mean of the groups were compared the
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female state level were found having more developed attitude towards life ( = 33.00, 35.00)
respectively.
The data tabulated in table 4.11 depict significant differences between male district level
and female district level was noticed (t = 2.29>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were
compared the male district level wee developed attitude towards life ( = 36.20, 33.00)
respectively.
When the male state level were compared with female state level a significant differences
was noticed (t =2.167>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared the male state level
were found having move developed attitude towards life ( = 37.20, 35.00) respectively.
When the male district levels were compared with female state level a significant
differences was noticed (t = 0.86>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared the male
district level were found having more developed attitude towards life ( = 36.20, 35.00)
respectively.
When male state level were compared with female I district level a significant compared
the male state leve4we found having more developed attitude towards female ( = 37.20, 33.00)
respectively.
When non-sports men were compared with non-sports women a significant difference,
was noticed (t = 2.51>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared non-sports persons
were found having more positive attitude towards life ( = 35.00, 33.00) respectively.
When the non-sports women were compared with female district level a no significant
differences was noticed.
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When non-sports men were compared with male district level players significant
differences was noticed (t = 1 When the mean of the groups wee compared then it was found that
male district level have more developed attitude towards life ( = 35.00, 36.20) respectively.
2. ATTITUDE TOWARDS ACADEMIC:
The data tabulated in table 4.111 regarding the comparison of male district level and male state
level depict significant differences (t = 2.58>0.05%). When the mean of due groups were
compared male state level were found having more developed ( = 37.20, 38.40) respectively.
When female district level and female — state level were compared a significant
differences was noticed (t = 80.13>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared female
state level wee found having more developed attitudes towards academic ( = 33.80, 36.60)
respectively.
The data tabulated in table 4. Regarding the comparison of male district level and female
district level a significant differences was noticed (t = 7.31>0.05%). When the mean of the
groups were compared male district level were found having more developed attitude towards
academic ( = 37.20, 33.80) respectively.
When the male state level and female state level were compared a significant differences
was noticed (t = 5.83>0.05%). When the mean were compared then it was found that male state
level were more positive towards attitude of academic ( = 3 8.40, 36.60) respectively.
When male district level and female state level were compared a groups were compared,
male district level were found having more developed attitude towards academic. ( = 37.20,
36.60) respectively.
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When male state level and female district level were compared a significant differences
was noticed (t = 14.90>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared male state level
were found having more positive attitude towards academic ( = 38.40, 33.80) respectively.
When the non-sportsmen and non-sportswomen were compared a significant differences
was noticed (t = 7.25>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared non-sportsmen (
= 39.00, 36.60) respectively When the non-sports women and female — district level were
compared a significant differences was noticed (t= 7.72>0.05%).When the mean of the groups
were compared non sports were found having more developed attitude towards academic (
=36.60, 37.20) respectively.
The data tabulated in table (4.IV) regarding the comparison of national men and national
women depict a significant difference (t0.781>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were
compared national men were found having more positive attitude towards academic ( =40.00,
39.00) respectively.
When the national men and me state level were compared a significant differences was
noticed (t= 1.25>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national men were found
having more developed attitude towards academic ( = 40.00, 38.40) respectively.
When national women and female state level were compared a significant differences
was noticed (t=4.61>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national women were
found more positive attitude towards academic ( =39.00, 33.80) respectively.
When national men and non-sportsmen were compared a significant differences was
noticed (t=0.71 8>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national men were
found having more developed attitude towards academic. ( =39.00, 36.60) respectively.
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When national women and non-sportswomen were compared a significant differences
was noticed (t=2. 12>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national women
were found more developed attitude towards academic. 39 o.oo) respectively.
When national men and male district level were compared a significant differences was
noticed (t=1 .25>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared, national men were
found having more positive attitude towards academic ( =40.00, 38.40) respectively.
When national women and female district level were compared a significant differences
was noticed (t=r4.61>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national women
were found having more positive attitude towards academic ( =39.00,33.80) respectively.
3. ATTITUDES TOWARDS DIET:
The data tabulated in table 4 .V regarding the comparison of male district and male state level
depict significant differences among (t=0.372>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were
compared male level were found having more developed attitude towards
( =38.20, 38.80) respectively.
When female district level and female state significant differences were noticed
(t4.47>0.05%). groups were compared female state level were found attitude towards Diet (
=32.00, 34.00) respectively.
When male district level and female district significant differences were noticed
(t=3.85>0.05%). groups were compared male district level were found attitude towards Diet (
=38.20,32.00) respectively.
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The table No depict significant differences between male state level and female state
level (t = 2.59>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared the male state level were
found giving more positive attitude towards Diet ( = 38.80,34.00) respectively.
When the male district level and female state level were compared a significant
differences were noticed (t=2.60>0.05%). When the means of groups were compared male
district level were found having more developed attitude towards Diet ( =38.20,34.00)
respectively.
When the male state level and female district level were compared a level then state Diet
level were compared a When the mean of the having more developed level were compared a
When the mean of the having more developed compared of these groups male state level were
found having more positive attitude towards Diet ( =38.80,32.00) respectively.
When non-sports men and non-sportswomen were compared a significant differences
were noticed (t=0.725>0.05%). When the means were compared non-sportsmen were found
having more developed attitude towards Diet ( =33.80 respectively.
When non-sportswomen and female district level were compared a significant differences
were noticed (t=0.9>0.05%). When the mean of their groups were compared non-sportswomen
were found having more develop attitude towards Diet ( =32.60,32.00) respectively.
When non-sportsmen and male district level were compared a significant differences
were noticed (t=2.65>0.055). When the mean were compared groups of, district level were found
h developed attitude towards Diet ( =33.8O,38.20) respectively.
When national men and national women were compared a significant differences were
noticed (t=2.03>0.05%). When the mean of the groups were compared national men were found
having more positive attitude towards Diet ( =40.20,39.00) respectively.
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When national men and male state level were compared a significant differences were
noticed (t=2.37). When the means were compared men were found 4wah attitude towards Diet (
=40.20,38.80) respectively.
When national women and female state-level were compared a significant differences
were noticed (tr=8.87<0.05%). When the means of these groups were compared national women
were found positive attitude towards Diet. ( =39.00,34.00) respectively.
When national men and non-sportsmen were compared a significant differences were
noticed (t=l0.54>0.05%). When the mean of their groups were compared national men were
found having more develop attitude towards diet ( =40.20,33.80) respectively.
When national women and female state-level were compared a significant differences
were noticed (t8.87>0.05%). When the mean of their groups were corn pared national women
were found more positive attitude towards Diet. ( =39.00,34.00) respectively.
When national men and non-sportsmen were compared significant differences were
noticed (t= 10.84>0.05%). When the mean of their groups were compared national men were
found having more develop attitude towards diet ( =40.20,33.80) respectively.
The tables No.4VI depict significant differences between national women and non-
sportswomen (t’O.l 1>0.05%). When mean of their groups were compared national women were
foundhas4rig develop attitude towards Diet ( = 39.00,32.60) respectively.
When national men and male district level were compared significant differences were
noticed (t=3.38>O.05%). When the mean of there groups were compared, national men wee
found having more positive attitude towards Diet ( =40.20,38.20) respectively.
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When national women and female district level were compared significant differences
were noticed (v=12.42>0.05%). When the mean of there groups were compared national women
were found having more develop attitude towards Diet ( =39.00,32.00) respectively.
4. ATTITUDE TOWARDS REST:
The table No depict no significant differences between national men and national women when
compared between attitudes towards rest.
The table No.(4.VllJ) depict significant differences between national men and male state
level (t0.34>0.05%). When the mean of there groups were compared national men were found
having more develop attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,33.80) respectively.
When the national women and female state level were compared significant differences
were noticed (t=2.4 1>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared national women
were found having more develop attitude towards rest ( =34.20,31.80) respectively.
When the national men and non-sportsmen were compared significant differences were
noticed (t=3.49>0.05%). When the mean were compared of these groups, national men were
found having more develop attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,30.20) respectively.
When national women and non-sports women were compared significant differences
were noticed (t=4.02>0.05%). When the means of there groups were compared, national women
were found having more develop attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,30.20) respectively.
When national men and male district level were compared a significant differences were
noticed (t=2.09>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared national men were
found having more positive attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,31,80) respectively.
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When national women and female district level were compared significant differences
were noticed (t=2.61>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared national women
were found positive attitude towards Rest ( =34.20,31.60) respectively.
The table No.(4.VJII) depict significant differences between male district level and male
state level (t=2.20>0.05%). When mean of these groups were compared male state level were
found more develop attitude towards Rest ( =31.80,33.80) respectively.
When female district level and female state level were compared significant differences
were noticed (t=O. When the mean of these groups were compared female state level were found
more develop attitude towards rest ( =31.60,31.80) respectively
When male district level and female district level were compared significant differences
were noticed (t=0.22>0.05%). when the mean of these groups were compared male district level
were found more develop attitude towards Rest ( =31.80,31.60) respectively.
When male state level and female state level were compared significant differences were
noticed (t=2.20>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared male state level were
found having more positive attitude towards Rest ( =33.80,31.80) respectively.
When male district level and female state level were compared no significant differences
at attitude towards rest down noticed.
When male state level and female district level were compared male state level were
found having more positive attitude towards Rest ( =33 .80,31.60) respectively.
No significant differences were noticed between non-sportsmen and non-sportswomen when
compared for their attitude towards Rest. When non-sportswomen and female district level were
compared significant differences were noticed (t=3.22>0.05%). When these mean were
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compared female district level were found having more positive attitude towards Rest (
=30.20,31.60) respectively.
The table No. (4.VIII) depict significant differences between non- sportsmen and male
district level (t=3.68>0.05%). When the mean of these groups were compared male district level
were found having more positive attitude towards Rest ( =30.20,3 1.80) respectively.
4.2 DISCUSSION OF THE ATTITUSES:
The significant differences between the sportspersons (Handball) and non sportspersons,
amongst male sportsmen and between sportswomen and the higher means of sportspersons in all
these comparisons, did indicate that attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest was
comparatively more developed amongst sportspersons in all these comparisons, The more
developed attitudes towards life, academic, diet and rest might be due to the training, practice,
competition spirit, sportsmanship.
When analysis was made it was found that national men have more develop attitude
towards life then all other groups. There were significant differences between national men and
national women, national players (men and women) and state level players, national players and
district level players. There was a significant difference between non-sportsmen and non-sports
women. There was a significant difference between sports persons of different level of
participation i.e. district, state and national with non-sportspersons of both the sexes. When the
means were compared there depict significant differences and were found in favor of national
men who were having more develop attitude towards life.
The significantly more developed attitude of sports persons as compared to the non-sports
persons on their attitude towards life confirmed the findings of Rana (1981) who had concluded
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that along with other differences the sportspersons differed with non-sportspersons on attitude
towards life. These results of present investigation also confined the results of Dureko and Dalip
K (1986) that had compared the attitudes of sportsmen and non-sportsmen and found that they
differed on realism about life.
It was found that sportspersons (handball) and non- sportspersons have notification
differences at attitude towards academic. There were significant different were observed among
sportspersons (handball) at different level of participation i.e. district, state and national level,
when compared with each other both males and females).
The means of sportspersons and non-sportspersons were different when compared.
National men were found having more positive attitude towards academic when compared with
other groups i.e. state level, district level and non-sports persons respectively.
The statistically significant differences amongst the groups of sportspersons and non-
sportspersons, between male sportsmen and male non-sportsmen, between sportswomen and
non-sportswomen, between sports women and male- non sportsmen and the higher means of the
sportspersons in all these comparisons did indicate that attitude towards academic was
comparatively more developed amongst sports persons than amongst non- sportspersons.
The above results are supported by the study conducted by other researches also, Sharma
and Shuk (1986) who had compared the attitude of sportspersons and non-sportspersons found
that there are significant differences among them on their attitude towards academic
The statistically significant differences amongst the groups of sportspersons and non-
sportspersons between male sportsmen and male non-sportsmen, between sports women and
non-sports women, between sports women and male non- sportsmen, between sports women and
male non sportsmen and the higher means of i.e sportspersons in all these comparison did
24
indicate that attitude towards diet was comparatively more developed amongst sportspersons
than non sportspersons. It could be the result of their participation in competitions, practice of
sports and training that is why the sports persons might have developed more positive attitude
towards diet than those who did not take part in sports. Those who do not take part in mjr1s
became casual in their attitudes towards diet. It might be due to the fact that the bodily exercise
that involved in the participation of sports might have made then more conscious about their diet
and made their attitude more positively developed towards. The above results are supported by
the study conducted by other researchers also (Malvin and Soltani in 1979)
The statistically significant differences amongst the groups of sports persons and non-
sportspersons, between male sportsmen arid male non-sportsmen, between :n women and non-
sportswomen, between male sportsmen and non-sportswomen, between sports women and male
non- sportsmen and the higher means of the sports persons in all these comparisons did go to
indicate tat attitude towards rest was comparatively more developed amongst sports persons than
amongst non-sports persons. This might be due to the fact that sports persons take part in their
sports raining and practices and so they are more conscious about proper rest to get relief from
their fatigue.
There were not-significant differences amongst the group of national men and national
women. It could be due to their maturity of same level and their importance c rest. The means of
there groups were positive then other groups when compared. There were no significant
differences amongst the male — district level and female district level, also the non- sportsmen
and non- sportswomen. The result of the study of Webb (1969), fall in same line with the result
of the present study regarding the attitude towards rest.
25
4.3 CONCLUSIONS:
1. The attitude towards Life was more positive of sportspersons both men and women as
compared to that of non — sportspersons both men and women.
2. The attitude towards Life was more positive in national men then as compare to national
women. In both national men and women their attitude towards Life is more developed
than other groups. (Non sportspersons, state level players and district level players)..
3. There exists no difference in the attitude towards Life when comparison was made
between none — sportswomen and female district level players.
4. The attitude towards Academic is more positive in national groups as compared with
other ones. But non — sportsmen and non — sportswomen have greater score than that
of male district level and female district level respectively.
5. The attitude towards Diet is more positive in national groups as compared with other
groups. The group of non — sportswomen is more positive that of female district players
in attitude towards diet.
6. The attitude towards Rest is more positive among the national groups than that of other
groups (district level, state level players and non-sports persons).
7. There were no differences between the national men and national women towards the
attitude of Rest.
8. There was no difference between non — sportsmen and non — sportswomen towards
their attitude of Rest.
9. There was no difference between male district level and female state level towards the
attitude of Rest.
26
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.
5.1 Summary
While, in advanced countries of the world, the expansion of education is taking place both in
terms of quality and quantity; in lesser developed countries like India, it is taking place in
quantitative terms only and quality is either being ignored declining. The result was that ‘op
sided attitude and personality development was place. In fact, the process of education is
incomplete until all development of personality is not taking place. For this reason games and
sports are very important not only to develop the physique of the students but to help them in
their psychological and sociological development. All policies and commissions appointed by
the government of India, i.e. Secondary Education Commission, university Grants Commission,
Indian Education Commission, and Education Policy 1968) and New Education Policy of 1986
have placed much emphasis upon physical activities and pointed out its deficiencies. The result
is the development of National institutes of sports, sports authority of India, state directorates of
games and sports, district games and sports officers, appointments of guides and coaches in
schools and edges and development of play grounds and gymnasium at different places, for the
students. However, there remains a lot to be done in this regard, for building up strong for the
development of games and sports activities, it is essential that some be conducted to compare the
attitude of the students which are developed by six activities. The fact however remains that a
healthy mind can only be brought up in the body. Many aspects of all round development of the
individual will continue can neglect, if proper emphasis is not laid upon the physical activities of
the indents. The research worker decided to conduct an investigation which is as under: -
27
THE PROBLEM
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ATTITUDE OF SPORTS PERSONS (HAND
BALL) AND NON SPORTS PERSONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
COMPETITION.
OBJECTIVIES OF THE STUDY
1. To compare the Attitude of district and state level handball players
2. To examine the differences in attitude of district level and national level of handball
players.
3. To observe differences in attitude of state levels and national level of handball players.
4. To examine differences in attitude of sportspersons (handball players) and non-sports
persons.
DELIMITATIONS OF THE PROBLEM
The study is delimited in the following respects.
1. The study will be conducted in the area of Punjab and confined to the sample drawn from
the population of the students of adolescent and adult age belonging to academic session
2004-2005.
2. It will be confined to those sportspersons who have excelled in handball at least at district
levels.
3. It will be confined to psychological area of attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest.
4. It will be confined to different levels of handball players (district, state and national) of
both sexes (thirty male and thirty female).
5. The studies will be conducted at Punjabi University, Patiala (from January to May2005).
28
HYPOTHESIS:
On the basis of review of related literature and discussions with experts in the field, the
investigator has formulated the following hypothesis.
a) The male handball players at different levels of participation will have different attitude
towards life, academic, diet and rest.
b) The female handball players at different levels of participation will have different
attitudes towards — life, academic, diet and rest.
c) There will be significant differences in attitude towards life, academic, diet and rest
between sportspersons and non -sportspersons.
d) There will be significant differences among male and female handball players at their
different level of participations (district, state and national).
Method And Procedure:
SAMPLE
Stratified random sample method was used to select the sample from the area of Punjab. First of
all the institutions were selected where such players were l who had taken part in district, state
and national level (handball). The players were taken from the institutes where they stud was
taken from their teachers and the motive of this investigation was made clear to While matching
the students, the following categories of students were not selected.
1. Student who had lost their father or mother or brother.
2. 2 Students who were categorized as problems students by the class teacher or coaches.
3. Students in case of whom the family was very large i.e. having more than five children.
29
4. Students who belonged to the extreme type of families i.e. very rich with monthly income
of more than Rs. 15000/- and above and extremely poor with the monthly income of Rs.
1000/- and below.
5. Students who suffered intense health problems either personally or case of parents.
6. Students who lived either in very rich or extremely poor localities-slums.
7. Students having either of the stepparents or both.
The total samples were eighty in numbers in which sixty were sports person (basket ball
players) and twenty were non-sports persons. The non- sports persons were taken
TOOLS:
The following tool was used for the purpose of conducting this study: ATTITUDE SCALE: To
assess the attitude of sportspersons and non sportspersons four attitudes scales were used to asses
their attitudes towards Life, Academic Diet and Rest.
The attitudes scales that were used for research were constructed by Dr. G.S.Kang and
Dr. T.S. Sodhi. The scales of life and academic were constructed by Dr.T.S and the scales of diet
and rest were constructed by Dr.G.S.Kang.
The reliability of these scales of attitude towards Life, Academic, Diet and Rest were .62,
.63,61, .60 respectively.
The validity of these scales of attitude towards Life, Academic, Diet and Rest
were .64, .67, .62, .62 respectively.
30
Each attitude was further subdivided into sub-areas. Keeping in view the important
principles regarding the attitude statement, the following type of statement were deleted e.g. the
statement which could be interpreted in more than one way, statements irrelevant to these sub-
areas, statements likely to be endorsed by everyone, statements in compound sentences,
statements not covering sub-area of the attitude.
COLLECTION OF DATA:
Collection of data from different level of handball players (district, state and national) and non-
sportspersons were collected by the investigator himself before collecting the data, permission
was taken from the coaches and teachers and the time and place was fixed for collecting the data.
The help of coaches and the teachers were taken.
At the time of the administration of tools first of all instructions were readout and
explained to the students. The objective of the test was made clear to them. They were assured
that any information regarding their attitude would not be used for any other purpose except this
research work and would in no case be given to their teachers and parents. The questionnaires
were distributed among the players and were filled in the presence of the investigator and it was
assured that no one could cheat.
After the collection of filled questionnaires. by the players and non- players they were
allowed to go and were thanked for their cooperation. The questionnaires were arranged properly
and were placed in file.
31
STATISTICS USED:
To find out the significant differences between the groups‘t’ test was applied. Mean, standard
deviation and analysis of variances (one way classification) were applied The data was tabulated
in different tables. It was analyzed, discussed and scientific inferences were drawn from it.
5.2 CONCLUSION:
1. The attitude towards Life was more positive of sportspersons both men and women as
compared to that of non — sportspersons both men and women.
2. The attitude towards Life was more positive in national men then as compare to national
women. In both national men and women their attitude towards Life is more developed
than other groups. Non-sportspersons, state level players and district level players)..
3. There exists no difference in the attitude towards Life when comparison was made
between non — sportswomen and female district level players.
4. The attitude towards Academic is more positive in national groups as compared with
other on But non — sportsmen and non — sportswomen have greater score than that of
male district level and female district level respectively.
5. The attitude towards Diet is more positive in national groups as compared with other
groups. The group of non — sportswomen is more positive then that of female district
players in attitude towards diet.
6. The attitude towards Rest is more positive among the national groups thin that of other
groups (district level, state level players and non-sports persons).
32
7. There were no differences between the national men and national women towards the
attitude of Rest.
8. There was no difference between non — sportsmen and non — sportswomen towards
their attitude of Rest.
9. There was no difference between male district level and female state level towards the
attitude of Rest.
5.3 SUGGESTIONS:
1. Such studies need to be conducted on large number of institutions all over India on large
scale.
2. More studies with different psychological instruments need to be undertaken so as to
confirm the results of the present investigation.
3. Some studies need to be undertaken to find out the different attitudes of data of Punjab
and also other states.
4. There is ample scope to conduct some more studies with different techniques i.e.
observation, interview etc. so that a comprehensive view of the total picture should be
formulated.
5. There is a need to conduct some studies on the smaller children of primary level so that
proper games could be encouraged for them
6. There is a need to find out the attitude differences of different games i.e. hockey, football,
handball, etc. Which can be possible only if some comparative studies are undertaken on
their data?
33
7. There is a need that some longitudinal studies be conducted on the groups of the students
so that it may be observed that for how long these differences continue to be with the
sample.
8. It has been observed that there is a difference between the training level of the teachers
and those who have undergone better training cultivate better students. There is a need to
undertake some such studies also.
9. It will be worthwhile if some studies are conducted between urban and rural background
of the players and results highlighted in the literature.
10. There is an urgent need that some comparative studies be conducted in relation to the
facilities available with the different institutions and the results achieved by the
institution. ;
11. Some studies need to be undertaken to find out different variables of attitudes of
professional players and non-professional players.
34
CHAPTER VI
BIBLIOGRAPY
Arbil Wesley Burks (1966): “Gains in social adjustment of co-education classes and segregated
classes in physical education”; International Dissertation Abstract 27 Sept (66), 635 A.
Malvin, R. (1979): “Sports competition anxiety test”; Champion I 11: Human Kinetics
Publications.
Reeves, W.C. (1972): “Attitude change toward Physical education activity game at MESA
community college”; L 32:5508 A, 72.
Yev tushenko (1972):”Psychology of the junior swimmers”; New York: Macmillç
35
APPENDICES
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
ATTITUDE SCALE OF LIFE, ACADEMIC DIET, AND REST
1. Name 5.Age
2. Name of the Institution 6. Sex
3. Class 7. Date
4. Roll No. 8. Place
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Please read the statement carefully and then encircle any of the three alternatives given in front of it if Yes? And No.
2. Let us take an example: ‘Health is the gift of God’. If you agree with the statement your are to encircle Yes, if you do not agree with the statement you are to encircle No. If undecided encircle?
3. Please attempt the entire question.
4. There is no time limit to attempt the scales. You may take your own time. Normally people take 30 minutes to complete it.
5. Please fill it in without any fear and to the best of your knowledge.
6. The information contained in the form will be kept confidential and will not be used for any other purpose than this piece of Research.
7. If you, at any time, want to change the answer, please put a clear cross on the wrong answer and then encircle the right reply.
8. If by chance you are unable to understand the language, meaning of any item, you may ask the person administering the tool.
Supervised By,
JATINDER SINGH
Head of Physical and Sports
Public College Samana
Patiala.
36
QUESTIONNAREATTITUDE TOWARDS LIFE
1. Life is worth living and it must be fully lived
YES / NO
2. Inspite of failure and frustration we should be cheerful
YES / NO
3. I feel as if the whole world is unsympathetic
YES / NO
4. We should not pick up quarrels with a person whom we differ
YES / NO
5. I do not like to take the responsibilities for the welfare and safety of children and old.
YES / NO
6. I think vigorously only if it does well to me.
YES / NO
7. I must not tune my radio at high pitch as it may not disturb to my neighbors.
YES / NO
8. If any one commits a serious mistake he should be punished even if he feels sorry for it
YES / NO
9. It is pretty difficult for me to accept my mistakes.
YES / NO
10. I won’t get the maximum pleasure out of this life.
YES / NO
11. “Honesty is the best policy” may be a good motto but it will not work in real life.
YES / NO
12. Every one in the world should look after oneself only others will manage with themselves.
YES / NO
13. The best way to lead a successful life is to plan individual carrier without bothering for other.
YES / NO
14. If you bother too much for others will fall in your own achievements.
YES / NO
37
QUESTIONNAREATTITUDE TOWARDS ACADEMIC
1. Education merely a means of earning.
YES / NO
2. Every experience is education
YES / NO
3. Education develops only metal ability
YES / NO
4. Education is limited only to class room teaching.;
YES / NO
5. Education is life and life is education.
YES / NO
6. Education is the all round development of personality.
YES / NO
7. Every thing that influences human behavior and personality is education
YES / NO
8. Man without education is like an animal
YES / NO
9. Education is the development of good moral character
YES / NO
10. Education is the development of good moral character
YES / NO
11. Education is a life long process
YES / NO
12. Education emancipates of sound mind in a sound body.
YES / NO
13. Education makes us responsible towards parent’s neighbors, country etc.
YES / NO
14. Education is a process of individual adjustment.
YES / NO
38
QUESTIONNAREATTITUDE TOWARDS DIET
1. Balance diet is essential for good health
YES / NO
2. Rich food is necessary for sportsman.
YES / NO
3. Flavor and taste are more important than nourishment.
YES / NO
4. Fruits are the luxury
YES / NO
5. Heavy diet make the body ugly
YES / NO
6. The fatty food renders the body unfit.
YES / NO
7. One should take tasty food.
YES / NO
8. Growing children need rich diet.
YES / NO
9. The food should be taken at regular and fixed intervals.
YES / NO
10. Twice a day food is sufficient.
YES / NO
11. Taking of extra Vitamin and Tonic are necessary.
YES / NO
12. The use of appetites is a part of our diet.
YES / NO
13. The fried food is not good for health
YES / NO
14. Rich food is luxury
YES / NO
15. Spices make the food injurious for health
YES / NO
39
QUESTIONNAREATTITUDE TOWARDS REST
1. Rest is best for the health
YES / NO
2. Rest is necessary for those who indulge in physical activities.
YES / NO
3. One should take only that much of rest which keep one fit.
YES / NO
4. Rest is rust.
YES / NO
5. Rest increases efficiency
YES / NO
6. Rest helps to remove the toxins deposited in our body.
YES / NO
7. Too much of rest make the body lethargic.
YES / NO
8. Rest is necessary evil.
YES / NO
9. Sportsmen require rest to recover the lost energy.
YES / NO
10. Rest helps to preserve energy to be applied in physical activities.
YES / NO
11. The growth of body taken place when we are in rest.
YES / NO
12. Sleeping pills are good for having sound sleep.
YES / NO
13. Sound sleep is the only best type of health.
YES / NO
40
Table No. 4.1
National Boys Life Academic Diet RestSwaranjit Singh 41 43 43 31Jaspreet Singh 39 45 39 37Jasjot Singh 39 39 41 31Snehpal Singh 41 39 41 33Pawandeep Singh 37 37 39 31Srinivar Rao 39 43 39 37Sundeep Bose 37 39 39 35Avtar Singh 39 41 39 33Jaggan Nath 39 39 41 37Des Raj 41 35 41 37
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Swaranjit
Singh
Jasp
reet S
ingh
Jasjo
t Sing
h
Snehp
al Singh
Pawan
deep
Sing
h
Sriniva
r Rao
Sunde
ep Bos
e
Avtar S
ingh
Jagg
an Nath
Des R
aj
National Boys
Scor
es
Life Academic Diet Rest
41
Table 4.2
National Girls Life Academic Diet RestMukti 37 43 39 37Getu 39 39 41 31Varsha 39 41 39 33Vijyta 37 43 39 37Ramandeep 41 37 41 33Kiran 39 39 39 35Kamal 35 39 37 37Mandeep 39 37 39 35Amandeep 39 35 37 31Amanjeet 35 37 39 33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Mukti
Getu
Varsha
Vijyta
Raman
deep
Kiran
Kamal
Mande
ep
Amande
ep
Amanjeet
National Girls
Scor
es
Life Academic Diet Rest
42
Table 4.3
State Boys Life Academic Diet RestManavdeep 37 41 39 31Gurpreet 39 33 33 35Amandeep 37 35 31 35Ricky Walia 39 39 39 31Gurpreet 37 39 37 31Rahuldeep 41 37 4 31Gurmeet 35 43 45 35Hardeep 39 37 39 35Jaspal 33 43 39 39Anoop Kumar 35 37 43 35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Manav
deep
Gurpre
et
Amande
ep
Ricky W
alia
Gurpre
et
Rahuld
eep
Gurmee
t
Hardee
pJa
spal
Anoop
Kum
ar
State Boys
Scor
es
Life Academic Diet Rest
43
Table 4.4
State Girls Life Academic Diet RestInderjit 39 41 37 31Jatinder 35 39 35 31Neha 33 41 33 31Rekha 37 35 33 31Sharanjit 35 39 33 33Dimple 35 33 35 31Aruna 37 35 33 33Ramandeep 33 33 31 33Sukhmani 35 35 35 31Poonam 31 35 35 33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Inderj
it
Jatin
der
Neha
Rekha
Sharan
jit
Dimple
Aruna
Raman
deep
Sukhm
ani
Poona
m
State Girls
Scor
es
Life Academic Diet Rest
44
Table 4.5
District Boys Life Academic Diet RestRahul 31 43 39 33Udgeet 35 35 41 33Mangat 35 31 31 27Dharminder 39 41 37 31Manpreet 37 39 39 31Rakesh 37 41 37 33Harjinder 43 37 41 33Amandeep 37 43 43 31Baljeet 35 31 33 35Deshinder 33 31 41 31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Rahul
Udgee
t
Manga
t
Dharm
inder
Manpr
eet
Rakes
h
Harjin
der
Amande
ep
Baljee
t
Deshin
der
District Boys
Scor
es
Life Academic Diet Rest
45
Table 4.6
District Girls Life Academic Diet RestKomal 31 43 33 31Rajdeep 33 31 33 31Ramanveer 33 35 31 33Gurjeet 35 33 31 31Urvashi 31 31 33 33Mandeep 35 31 31 31SandeepKaranjeet 33 35 31 31Karamjeet 31 33 33 33Punam 35 35 31 31Money 33 31 33 31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Komal
Rajdeep
Ramanveer
Gurjee
t
Urvash
i
Mandee
p
Sande
epKara
njeet
Karamjee
t
Punam
Money
District Girls
Scor
es
Life Academic Diet Rest
46
Table 4.7
Non-Sports Woman Life Academic Diet RestKushwinder 33 43 33 39Surbhi 35 37 35 31Pardeep 31 37 31 31Sandhya 33 33 31 29Payal 33 33 33 31Rinku 33 33 33 31Sanju 33 33 31 29Samriti 31 37 31 31Kamlesh 35 37 35 31Rupali 33 43 33 29
05
101520253035404550
Non-Sports Women
Scor
es
Life Academic Diet Rest
47
Table 4.8
Non-Sports Men Life Academic Diet RestVivek 35 43 41 31Manoj 33 43 33 31Ravinder 33 37 33 29Rakesh 37 37 31 31Akshay 37 35 31 29Ravish 37 35 31 29Amit 37 37 31 31Preetam 33 37 33 29Supreet 33 43 33 31Navin 35 43 41 31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Vivek Manoj Ravinder Rakesh Akshay Ravish Amit Preetam Supreet Navin
Non-SportsMen
Scor
es
Life Academic Diet Rest
48
Analysis of Variance of District Girls (One way Classification)
Sources of variation
Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom
Means Squares
Tests
Between Column SSC = 452.1 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1
4-1 = 3 452.1 / 3=150.7 F=MSC/MSE
150.7/4.55=33.12
Within Column SSE=164 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c
40-4=36 164/36=4.55
Total SST=616.1 V=n-1
40-1=39
V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3
V2 = n-c = 36
V1 = 3, v2 = 36
F (0.05) = 2.23
Note:-
Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered
Conclusion:
Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 33.12 which is much more than the table
value therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the
attitude of the District Girls.
49
Analysis of Variance of District Boys (One way Classification)
Sources of variation
Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom
Means Squares
Tests
Between Column SSC = 238.7 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1
4-1 = 3 238.7 / 3=79.56 F=MSC/MSE
79.56/13.56=5.86
Within Column SSE=488.4 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c
40-4=36 488.4/36 = 13.56
Total SST= 727.1 V=n-1
40-1=39
V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3
V2 = n-c = 36
V1 = 3, v2 = 36
F (0.05) = 2.23
Note:-
Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered
Conclusion:
Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 5.86 which is much more than the table value
therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the
attitudes of the District Boys.
50
Analysis of Variance of State Girls (One way Classification)
Sources of variation
Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom
Means Squares
Tests
Between Column SSC = 211.1 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1
4 -1 = 3 211.1 / 3 = 70.33 F=MSC/MSE
70.33 / 4.72 = 14.90
Within Column SSE=170 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c
40-4=36 170 / 36 = 4.72
Total SST= 381.1 V=n-1
40-1=39
V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3
V2 = n-c = 36
V1 = 3, v2 = 36
F (0.05) = 2.23
Note:-
Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered
Conclusion:
Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 14.90 which is much more than the table value
therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the
attitudes of the State Girls.
51
Analysis of Variance of State Boys (One way Classification)
Sources of variation
Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom
Means Squares
Tests
Between Column SSC = 154.7 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1
4 -1 = 3 154.7 / 3 = 51.56 F=MSC/MSE
51.56 / 10.7 = 4.818
Within Column SSE=385.2 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c
40-4=36 385.2 / 36 = 10.7
Total SST= 539.9 V=n-1
40-1=39
V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3
V2 = n-c = 36
V1 = 3, v2 = 36
F (0.05) = 2.23
Note:-
Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered
Conclusion:
Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 4.818 which is much more than the table value
therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the
attitudes of the State Boys
52
Analysis of Variance of National Girls (One way Classification)
Sources of variation
Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom
Means Squares
Tests
Between Column SSC = 156.3 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1
4-1 = 3 156.3 / 3 F=MSC/MSE
52.1 52.1 / 4.5444
Within Column SSE= 163.6 V2 = n-c MSE=SSE/n-c 11.46566901
40 - 4=36 163.6 / 36
4.544444444
Total SST= 319.9 V=n-1
40 -1=39
V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3
V2 = n-c = 36
V1 = 3, v2 = 36
F (0.05) = 2.23
Note:-
Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered
Conclusion:
Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 11.46 which is much more than the table value
therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the
attitudes of the National Girls.
.
53
Analysis of Variance of National Boys (One way Classification)
Sources of variation
Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom
Means Squares Tests
Between Column SSC = 240.8 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1
4-1 = 3 240.8 / 3 = 80.266 F=MSC/MSE
80.266 / 4.2911
Within Column SSE=154.48 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c 18.7052271
40-4=36 154.48 / 36 = 4.2911
Total SST= 395.28 V=n-1
40-1=39
V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3
V2 = n-c = 36
V1 = 3, v2 = 36
F (0.05) = 2.23
Note:-
Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered
Conclusion:
Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 18.70 which is much more than the table value
therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the
attitudes of the National Boys.
54
Analysis of Variance of Non Sports Women (One way Classification)
Sources of variation
Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom
Means Squares
Tests
Between Column SSC = 209.2 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1
4-1 = 3 209.2 / 3 = 69.73 F=MSC/MSE
69.73 / 5.067 = 13.76
Within Column SSE=182.4 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c
40-4=36 182.4 / 36 = 5.067
Total SST= 491.6 V=n-1
40-1=39
V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3
V2 = n-c = 36
V1 = 3, v2 = 36
F (0.05) = 2.23
Note:-
Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered
Conclusion:
Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 13.76 which is much more than the table value
therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the
attitudes of the Non Sports Women.
55
Table No. 4.16Analysis of Variance of Non Sports Men (One way Classification)
Sources of variation
Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom
Means Squares
Tests
Between Column SSC = 394.8 V1 = c-1 MSC = SSC / c-1
4-1 = 3 394.8 / = 131.6 F=MSC/MSE
131.6 / 8.088 = 16.27
Within Column SSE=291.2 V2=n-c MSE=SSE/n-c
40-4=36 291.2 / 36 = 8.088
Total SST= 686.0 V=n-1
40-1=39
V1 = c-1 = 4-1 = 3
V2 = n-c = 36
V1 = 3, v2 = 36
F (0.05) = 2.23
Note:-
Table value at v1 and v2 are taken but in the table only v1=3 an v2=40 is considered
Conclusion:
Actual calculated value of the fisher test is 16.27 which is much more than the table value
therefore our proposal is rejected and there should be the significant difference between the
attitudes of the Non Sports Men.
56
Table No. 4.I
Comparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.
Sr.No Name of the
Group
Men σ S.E
σ / √2N
Name of the Group Mean σ S.E
σ / √2N
T-Test Group With
1. National men 39.2 1.4 0.313 National women 38 1.84 0.41 1.91 National men
2. National men 39.2 1.4 0.313 Male-State Level 37.2 3.12 0.507 3.19 National men
3. National women 38 1.84 0.41 Female-state Level 35 2.19 0.4896 3.645 National men
4. National men 39.2 1.4 0.313 Non-Sports men 35 1.78 0.398 6.708 National men
5. National women 38 1.84 0.41 Non-Sportswomen 33 1.26 0.281 6.076 National women
6. National men 39.2 1.4 0.313 Male-District Level 36.2 3.12 0.697 4.79 National men
7. National women 38 1.84 0.41 Female District level 33 1.54 0.344 6.076 National women
Note 1: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample
Note 2: the level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.
57
Table No. 4.II
Comparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.
Sr.No Name of the Group Men σ S.E
σ / √2N
Name of the Group Mean σ S.E
σ / √2N
T-Test Group With
1. Male District Level 36.2 3.12 0.697 Male-State Level 37.2 2.27 0.507 0.716 High State Level
2. Female District Level 33 1.54 0.344 Female-state Level 35 2.19 0.4896 2.9 Female State Level
3. Male District Level 36.2 3.12 0.697 Female District level 33 1.54 0.344 2.293 Male District Level
4. Male State Level 37.2 2.27 0.507 Female State Level 35 2.19 0.4896 2.167 Male State Level
5. Male District Level 36.2 3.12 0.697 Female State Level 35 2.19 0.4896 0.86 Male District Level
6. Male State Level 37.2 2.27 0.507 Female District Level 33 1.54 0.344 4.13 Male State Level
7. Non Sportsmen 35 1.78 0.398 Non Sports women 33 1.26 0.281 2.51 Non Sports men
8. Non Sports women 33 1.26 0.281 Female District Level 33 1.54 0.344 No difference No difference
9. Non sportsmen 35 1.78 0.398 Male District Level 36.25 3.12 0.697 1.5 Male District Level
Note 1: The level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.
Note 2: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample.
58
Table No. 4.III
Comparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.
Sr.No Name of the Group Men σ S.E
σ / √2N
Name of the Group Mean σ S.E
σ / √2N
T-Test Group With
1. Male District Level 37.2 4.68 1.04 Male-State Level 38.4 3.1 0.69 2.58 High State Level
2. Female District Level 33.8 3.48 0.77 Female-state Level 36.6 2.93 0.65 8.13 Female State Level
3. Male District Level 37.2 4.68 1.04 Female District level 33.8 3.48 0.77 7.31 Male District Level
4. Male State Level 38.4 3.1 0.69 Female State Level 36.6 2.93 0.65 5.83 Male State Level
5. Male District Level 37.2 4.68 1.04 Female State Level 36.6 2.93 0.65 1.29 Male District Level
6. Male State Level 38.4 3.1 0.69 Female District Level 33.8 3.48 0.77 14.907 Male State Level
7. Non Sportsmen 39 3.34 0.74 Non Sports women 36.6 3.66 0.81 7.25 Non Sports men
8. Non Sports women 36.6 3.66 0.81 Female District Level 33.87 3.48 0.77 7.729 No difference
9. Non sportsmen 39 3.34 0.74 Male District Level 37.2 4.68 1.04 5.43 Male District Level
Note 1: The level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.
Note 2: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample.
59
Table No. 4.IV
Comparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.
Sr.No Name of the
Group
Men σ S.E
σ / √2N
Name of the Group Mean σ S.E
σ / √2N
T-Test Group With
1. National men 40 2.86 0.639 National women 39 2.52 0.563 0.781 National men
2. National men 40 2.86 0.639 Male-State Level 38.4 3.1 0.693 1.25 National men
3. National women 39 2.52 0.563 Female-state Level 33.8 3.48 0.858 4.614 National men
4. National men 40 2.86 0.639 Non-Sports men 39 3.34 0.74 0.781 National men
5. National women 39 2.52 0.563 Non-Sportswomen 36.6 3.66 0.818 2.129 National women
6. National men 40 2.86 0.639 Male-District Level 38.4 3.1 0.693 1.25 National men
7. National women 39 2.52 0.563 Female District level 33.8 3.48 0.858 4.614 National women
Note 1: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample
Note 2: the level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.
60
Table No. 4.V
Comparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.
Sr.No Name of the Group Men σ S.E
σ / √2N
Name of the Group Mean σ S.E
σ / √2N
T-Test Group With
1. Male District Level 38.2 3.6 0.8 Male-State Level 38.8 4.14 0.925 0.372 High State Level
2. Female District Level 32 1 0.223 Female-state Level 34 1.61 0.36 4.472 Female State Level
3. Male District Level 38.2 3.6 0.8 Female District level 32 1 0.223 3.85 Male District Level
4. Male State Level 38.8 4.14 0.925 Female State Level 34 1.61 0.36 2.592 Male State Level
5. Male District Level 38.2 3.6 0.8 Female State Level 34 1.61 0.36 2.608 Male District Level
6. Male State Level 38.8 4.14 0.925 Female District Level 32 1 0.223 3.672 Male State Level
7. Non Sportsmen 33.8 3.7 0.82 Non Sports women 32.6 1.49 0.333 0.725 Non Sports men
8. Non Sports women 32.6 1.49 0.33 Female District Level 32 1 0.223 0.9 No difference
9. Non sportsmen 33.8 3.7 0.82 Male District Level 38.2 3.6 0.8 2.659 Male District Level
Note 1: The level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.
Note 2: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample.
61
Table No. 4.VIComparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.
Sr.No Name of the
Group
Men σ S.E
σ / √2N
Name of the Group Mean σ S.E
σ / √2N
T-Test Group With
1. National men 40.2 1.32 0.29 National women 39 1.26 0.28 2.0327 National men
2. National men 40.2 1.32 0.29 Male-State Level 38.8 4.14 0.92 2.371 National men
3. National women 39 1.26 0.28 Female-state Level 34 1.61 0.36 8.87 National men
4. National men 40.2 1.32 0.29 Non-Sports men 33.8 3.7 0.82 10.841 National men
5. National women 39 1.26 0.28 Non-Sportswomen 32.6 1.49 0.33 0.1135 National women
6. National men 40.2 1.32 0.29 Male-District Level 38.2 3.6 0.8 3.387 National men
7. National women 39 1.26 0.28 Female District level 32 1 0.22 12.42 National women
Note 1: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample
Note 2: the level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.
Table No. 4.VII
Comparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.
62
Sr.No Name of the
Group
Men σ S.E
σ / √2N
Name of the Group Mean σ S.E
σ / √2N
T-Test Group With
1. National men 34.2 2.56 0.57 National women 34.2 2.22 0.49 No difference National men
2. National men 34.2 2.56 0.57 Male-State Level 33.8 2.56 0.57 0.349 National men
3. National women 34.2 2.22 0.49 Female-state Level 31.8 0.97 0.21 2.417 National men
4. National men 34.2 2.56 0.57 Non-Sports men 30.2 0.97 0.21 3.493 National men
5. National women 34.2 2.22 0.49 Non-Sportswomen 30.2 0.97 0.21 4.028 National women
6. National men 34.2 2.56 0.57 Male-District Level 31.8 2.03 0.45 2.096 National men
7. National women 34.2 2.22 0.49 Female District
level
31.6 0.91 0.203 2.618 National women
Note 1: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample
Note 2: the level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.
Table No. 4.VIIIComparison of attitude Towards Life Among the sports person and Non-sportsperson at Different Levels of competition.
Sr.No Name of the Group Men σ S.E Name of the Group Mean σ S.E T-Test Group With
63
σ / √2N σ / √2N
1. Male District Level 31.8 2.03 0.453 Male-State Level 33.8 2.56 0.57 2.203 High State Level
2. Female District Level 31.6 0.91 0.203 Female-state Level 31.8 0.97 0.216 0.491 Female State Level
3. Male District Level 31.8 2.03 0.45 Female District level 31.6 0.91 0.203 0.22 Male District Level
4. Male State Level 33.8 2.56 0.57 Female State Level 31.8 0.97 0.216 2.203 Male State Level
5. Male District Level 31.8 2.03 0.45 Female State Level 31.8 0.97 0.216 No difference Male District Level
6. Male State Level 33.8 2.56 0.57 Female District Level 31.6 0.91 0.203 1.921 Male State Level
7. Non Sportsmen 30.2 0.97 0.216 Non Sports women 30.2 0.97 0.216 No difference Non Sports men
8. Non Sports women 30.2 0.97 0.216 Female District Level 31.6 0.91 0.203 3.227 No difference
9. Non sportsmen 30.2 0.97 0.216 Male District Level 31.8 2.03 0.5453 3.688 Male District Level
Note 1: The level of significance of the above comparison is taken as 5% level.
Note 2: The t- test is taken as taking the base of Sd of first sample.
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