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Spelling Rule and Mistakes
Elsadig Agabna
7/26/2019 Spelling Rule and Mistakes
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BASIC FACTS ABOUT SPELLING IN ENGLISH
!"ds in Englis# language $!%p!se !& at least !ne lette" ande'e"( )!"d %ust #a'e at least !ne '!)el* but S!%e )!"ds a"e+ust a '!)el ,I* a-.
A $!ns!nant blend is )#en )e put t)! !" t#"ee $!ns!nants ne/tt! ea$# !t#e"0 e.g. b"1 $l1
A $!ns!nant dig"ap# is )#en )e put t)! $!ns!nants ne/t t! ea$#!t#e" t! $"eate a s!und di2e"ent t! t#e sepa"ate $!ns!nants0 e.g.s#* t#* p#* $#.
A '!)el dig"ap# is )#en )e put t)! '!)els* !" a '!)el and a$!ns!nant* t!get#e" t! %ake a ne) '!)el s!und0 e.g. a"1 !(1 ea1
ai. A split '!)el dig"ap# is )#en t#e t)! '!)els in a dig"ap# a"e split
b( a $!ns!nant. T#e se$!nd '!)el is al)a(s 3e. ,T#is "ule used t!be $alled 4%agi$ e56- e.g. bake* )ine* p!le* tube* t#ese.
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Spelling "ules in Englis#
Englis# is a 'e"( di7$ult language t!spell $!""e$tl(. T#e"e a"e s!%e "ules*but t#e"e a"e nea"l( al)a(se/$epti!ns t! t#e%. Mu$# !& Englis#spelling #as t! be lea"ned !2 b(#ea"t* )#i$# is )#( s!%e pe!ple 8nd
it s! di7$ult.
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THE 4FLOSS95 RULE
T#is "ule is ab!ut )#en t! use d!uble :2* :ss* :ll* :;;!" single lette" .
It als! tells (!u )#en t! use 3t$# !" 3$#* and )#en t!use 3$k !" 3k.
I& a single s(llable )!"d #as a single '!)el* t#en (!us#!uld use t#e d!uble lette"s* :t$# !" :$k.
E/a%ples
sta2 %ass $all +a;; %at$# la$k
$li2 less bell 8;; &et$# )"e$k
$u2 #iss sill bu;; #it$# si$k
l!ss d!ll b!t$# l!$k
&uss bull #ut$# t"u$k
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H!)e'e"* i& a single:s(llable )!"d $!ntains a'!)el dig"ap#
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Als!* i& an!t#e" $!ns!nant $!%es a&te" asingle '!)el* be&!"e t#e 8nal $!ns!nant*
t#en t#e single lette"* !" 3$#* is used0
E/a%ples
gul& tense bel$# %ilk
sel& lapse 8l$# sulk
else gul$# bank
b"an$# )ink
sten$# "isk 8n$# dusk
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Adding Ing t! A )!"d
word is a one-syllable word and follows the consonant-vowel-consonant
(CVC) pattern, double the final consonant before adding the -ing.
dig = digging
mop = mopping
nap = nappingrun = running
pet = petting
This rule also applies to words that have two syllables and the second
syllable follows the CVC pattern and is also the accented (emphasied)
syllable.remit = remittance
refer = referred
concur = concurrent
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?O NOT ?OUBLE
t#e t &!" 'e"bs !& !ne s(llable )it# a d!uble'!)el !" a l!ng '!)el s!und ,e.g. t"eat @t"eating* t"eated1 g"eet @ g"eeting* g"eeted-
t#e " &!" 'e"bs !& !ne s(llable )#en t#e 8nal " isp"e$eded b( a d!uble '!)el ,e.g. &ea" @&ea"ing*&ea"ed-
t#e " &!" )!"ds !& %!"e t#an !ne s(llable* )#en
t#e st"ess &alls !n t#e 8"st s(llable ,e.g. p"!spe"@ p"!spe"ed* p"!spe"ing-
t#e l )#en it is p"e$eded b( a d!uble '!)el ,e.g.$!n$eal @ $!n$ealing* $!n$ealed-.
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#en adding -ing ,!" an( !t#e" su7/ t#at begins)it# a '!)el- t! a )!"d t#at ends in a silent e*d"!p t#e e be&!"e adding t#e -ing.
#!pe #!ping a$#e a$#ing &a%e &a%!us
gl!be gl!bal !2ense !2ensi'e
However* i& t#e su7/ begins )it# a $!ns!nant*su$# as -ful, (!u lea'e t#e 8nal e !n t#e base)!"d.
#!pe #!pe&ulspite spite&ul l!'e l!'eless
age ageless
But* i& t#e )!"d ends in -ce !" -ge and t#ein$!%ing '!)el is an a* o* !" u*(!u $ann!t !%itt#e silent e.
%anage %anageable $!u"age $!u"age!us
n!ti$e n!ti$eable
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?"!pping lette"s
Man( )!"ds d"!p a lette" )#en adding a su7/* but it is n!tal)a(s t#e 8nal lette" 0
A"gue a"gu%ent1 p"!$eed p"!$edu"e1 #u%!u" #u%!"!us1disaste" disast"!us1
"epeat "epetiti!n1 ad%iniste" ad%inist"ati!n
T#e"e is n! "eliable "ule $!'e"ing t#ese )!"ds* s! t#e( si%pl(#a'e t! be %e%!"ised.
. !"d endings su$# as ableible* antan$e1 enten$e
negligible* in$"edible* in'isible* sensible* ad%i"able* p"e'entable*suitable* dependable
attendan$e* ign!"an$e* nuisan$e* i%p!"tan$e senten$e*di2e"en$e *independen$e* intelligen$e
T#e"e is n! "eliable "ule $!'e"ing t#ese )!"ds* s! t#e( si%pl(#a'e t! be %e%!"ised.
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Silent lette"s
S!%e )!"ds in$lude lette"s )#i$# a"en!t p"!n!un$ed )#en t#e )!"d issp!ken.
ad'e"tise%ent* $a%paign* $!lu%n*debt* design* d!ubt* gauge* g#ett!*#ei"* kni&e* kn!)ledge* island*
%!"tgage* !&ten* pneu%ati$* "#(t#%*s!le%n* subtle
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I e* C
"ite i be&!"e e* e/$ept a&te" $
unless it sa(s aas in neig#b!" and )eig#.
e.g. a$#ie'e* belie'e* &"iend "e$ei'e* "e$eipt*
pe"$ei'e "ite iea&te" $ &!" )!"ds )it# a s#ens!und.
an$ient* e7$ient* su7$ient* $!ns$ien$e
"ite ei)#en t#e '!)els s!unds like an a as in
)eig# neig#b!u"* 'ein Exception0 !"ds like $!unte"&eit* eit#e"*
neit#e"* #eig#t* leisu"e* * &!"eign* s$ien$e*spe$ies* sei;e*
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Rule &!" Plu"al
s or es 0 Add es i& a )!"d ends in $#* s#* ss* / !" ; a"$# @ a"$#es* $las#@ $las#es* $lass @ $lasses*
b!/ @ b!/es* =ui; @ =ui;;es
Add es &!" %!st )!"ds ending in ! 0 t!%at! @ t!%at!es* #e"! @ #e"!es*g! @ g!es*
d! @ d!es* e$#! @ e$#!es0 !"ds like alt!s* du!s* pian!s* "adi!s* s!l!ss!p"an!s* studi!s* 'ide!s* t(p!s
4y to i or not
F!" )!"ds ending in ( p"e$eded b( a '!)el* keep t#e ( )#en adding s!" a su7/. $!n'e( @ $!n'e(s* e%pl!( @ e%pl!(e"
F!" )!"ds ending in (* "etain t#e ( )#en adding ing. t"( @ t"(ing* +usti&( @
+usti&(ing* $e"ti&( @ $e"ti&(ing* stud( @ stud(ing
F!" )!"ds ending in (* p"e$eded b( a $!ns!nant* $#ange t#e ( t! i be&!"ean( !t#e" su7/
t"( @ t"ied* +usti&( @ +usti8es* $e"ti&( @ $e"ti8able* %(sti&( @ %(sti8ed*lab!"at!"( @ lab!"at!"ies
E/$epti!ns0 !"ds like d"(ness* s#(ness
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?"!p #e 8nal 4e5
)#en t#e su7/ sta"ts )it# a '!)el.
sa'e sa'able* use usable
)#en t#e )!"d ends in dge.
+udge +udg%ent But i& t#e )!"d ends in $e !" ge ,e.g.
%anage @ %anageable* t"a$e @ t"a$eable-
)#en adding 3ing sa'e sa'ing* %anage %anaging*
t"a$e t"a$ing* e%e"ge e%e"ging
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Sh Sound
0 #en it !$$u"s be&!"e a su7/ t#at begins )it# a '!)el* it isspelled )it# a ti* si* !" ci.0 pa"tial $auti!us patient 'a$ati!nnut"iti!n =u!tient ine"tia su$ti!n pensi!n suspensi!n tensi!ne/pulsi!n spe$ial de8$ient suspi$i!n %usi$ian p#(si$ian !pti$ianele$t"i$ian
#en de$iding )#et#e" t! use -cian* -tion* !" -sion* "e%e%be"t#ese #elp&ul #ints. D -cian is al)a(s used )#en t#e )!"d "e&e"s t!a pe"s!n* and -tion and -sion a"e ne'e" used &!" pe!ple. %usi$ian*ele$t"i$ian* p#(si$ian
I& t#e "!!t )!"d ends in a/t/* t#en use -tion. $!%plete
$!%pleti!n 'a$ate 'a$ati!n D I& t#e "!!t )!"d ends in an s !" d* t#en use sion. supp"ess
supp"essi!n e/tend e/tensi!n
D I& t#e s!und !& t#e last s(llable is t#e #ea'( s!und/zhun/ andn!t t#e s!&t s!und/shun/* t#en use -sion. $!n&usi!n* 'isi!n*ad#esi!n
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. P"e8/es
Add p"e8/ t! "!!t
dis appea" disappea"
un usual unusual i% %!"tal i%%!"tal
dis app!int disapp!int
%is spent %isspent "e ele$t "e:ele$t ,!" "eele$t-
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. Su7/es Add su7/ t! "!!t
"eal l( "eall( %anage %ent %anage%ent like l( likel(
like ness likeness use &ul use&ul $a"e &ull( $a"e&ull(
sa&e t( sa&et( enti"e l( enti"el( i%%ediate l( i%%ediatel(
&!"%al l( &!"%all( usual l( usuall( )!!l l( )!!ll(
N!te0 I& "!!t ,desi"e- ends in '!)el and su7/ begins )it# a '!)el ,e-*d"!p t#e 8nal '!)el
!& t#e "!!t be&!"e adding t#e su7/ ,desi"able-. %!'e able %!'able
$!%bine ati!n $!%binati!n &a%e !us &a%!us s$a"$e it( s$a"$it(
l!se ing l!sing )"ite ing )"iting s#ine ing s#ining
!"ds ending in $e !" ge usuall( keep t#e e be&!"e a su7/ beginning)it# a !" ! in !"de"
t! "etain t#e s!&t s!und !& t#e $ !" g0
$#ange $#angeable ad'antage ad'antage!us kn!)ledgekn!)ledgeable $!u"age $!u"age!us se"'i$e se"'i$eable
Be&!"e su7/es beginning )it# i* t#e e is usuall( $#!pped0
&!"$e &!"$ing "edu$e "edu$ible 8nan$e 8nan$ial
E/$epti!ns0 age ageing singe singeing
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%d$ine... %ed $in al ... i a$ad%( ... a $ad J%i$ ... e
aut#" ... aut# K" it ( ... ! $ustd( ... $ust K di an ... !
neut"l ... neu t"l it ( ... a "e%d( ... "e% J di al ... e
N!) t"( t#ese 3 $#ange t! 8nd t#e $!""e$t '!)el &!"ea$# !& t#e &!ll!)ing0
pe"s!nl pe"s!n l it( si%il" si%il " it(
%etl %etl li$ !"gn !"gn i$
Hu%n #u%n it( legl legl it(
edit" edtK" ial tut" tutK" ial
pa"nt pa"Jnt al !"iginl !"iginl it(
$i'l $i'l ian idit idiKt i$
b"utl b"utl it( t!tl t!tl it(
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C!""!# T$%&' ! &!'
*#T&C+#*#ANT AND ENT ENDINGS, OR ANGE AND ENCE
.minent, occurrence, persvrance, relevant,
respondent
These endings sound virtually the same, and
theres no rule that will tell you which is
correct for a given word. ('ome words in fact
may go either way/ dependant or dependent,
dependence or dependence, descendant ordescendent.
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*#T&C+#*#A!"E AND I!"E
ENDINGS
accessi#le, compati#le, deducti#le, $alli#le,
indispensa#le, interrupti#le, permissi#le
0i1e ant and ent, t%ese sounds are indis&
tinguis%a#le to t%e ear, so you must memorie
the right spelling for each word. The more
common ending is a#le, so 'riters are more
li(el) to err '%en t%e ending s%ould #e i#le.some 'ords can go eit%er 'a)* +or eample,
etenda#le and etendi#le are #ot% correct.
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CONFUSION OER ?OUBLECONSONANTS
accommodate, Britannia, commitment, jackknifed, necessary,
occurrence, Philippines, threshold
!"ds )it# d!uble $!ns!nants tend t! be t"!ubles!%e. E""!"s
in$lude d!ubling t#e )"!ng lette"* )"!ngl( d!ubling %!"e t#an !ne
and d!ubling +ust !ne instead !& t)!. Its als! a $!%%!n %istake t!!%it t#e d!ubling alt!get#e" i& t#e )!"d is a $!%p!und )#e"e t#e
last lette" !& t#e 8"st pa"t and t#e 8"st lette" !& t#e se$!nd pa"t
#appen t! be t#e sa%e (jackknife, misspelling-although note
t#at s!%e $an g! eit#e" )a(* su$# as granddaddy!grandaddy)
C!n'e"sel(* )"ite"s s!%eti%es %istake a )!"d &!" a $!%p!und*and
d!uble a lette" t#at t#e( s#!uldnt (threshold is not a comination
!& thresh and hold)
absen$e
t
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a$$ept
a$$identall(
a$$!%%!date
a$$!%panied
a$$!%pan(ing
a$=uaintan$e
a$"!ss
ad'i$e
ad'ise
a2e$t
agg"essi'e
aisles
allege
all!$ate
all "ig#t
al!ng
all "ead( al"ead(
al"ig#t
al)a(s
a%ateu"
anal(se
ann!(ing
ans)e"
an/i!us
appa"atus
appea"an$e
applied
app!int%ent
app"e$iate
app"!a$#
app"!'e
a"$ti$
a"du!us
a"gu%ent a""ange%ent
a""i'al
as$ent
assistant
assistan$e
ast#%a
at#leti$s
at%!sp#e"e
att"a$t
a'e"age
a)a"eness
a)k)a"d
be#al&
bene8$ial
bene8t
bleeding
b"illiant beginning
belie&
belie'e
bi$($le
B"itain
bulletin
bu"eau
bu"ied
business
bus(
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$a&ete"ia
$an$el
$andles
$aptain
$a"b!n
$a"i$atu"e
$atal!gue
$auti!n
$e"tain
$#ai"s
$#a%pagne
$#angeable
$#a"a$te"
$#asing
$#au2eu"
$#e%ist"(
$#!!se
$li%bed
$!n8"%
$!%ing $!%%ittee
$!%%unities
$!%pelled
$!%pletel(
$!n$ei'e
$!ns$ien$e
$!ns$ienti!us
$!nsensus
$!n'enien$e
$!u"te!us
$!u"tes(
$"iti$is%
$alenda"
$a%paign
$apital
$e%ete"(
$l!t#es
$!a"se
$!lu%n
$!%petent
$!nsistent
$!"p!"ati!n $!u"se
de$ei'e
de$ided
de&eat
de'el!p
de'el!p%ent
di'ine
d!esn5t
de8nite
de8nitel(
de8niti!n
des$"ibe
des$"ipti!n
dese"t
desi"able
despai"
despe"ate
desse"t
de'!te
diagn!sis
di$tat!"
di2e"ent
disappea"
disapp!int
disapp"!'e
disast"!us
dis$ipline
dis$ussed
dis$"epan$(
dispute
distu"bed
di'ing
d!$t!"
d"ains
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eig#t# e=uipped
e%ba""ass
e%pt( entitled
en$!unte" endea'!u"
e=uip%ent
es$ape espe$iall( essential
estee%ed e'iden$e e/agge"ated
e/$eedingl( e/$epti!ns
e/$essi'e e/$lusi'e e/pe"ien$e
e/tensi!n
e/t"e%el(
e2e$t
e%p#asi;e e/$ellent
e/$ept
eligible &ait#&ull( &a%ilia" &as$inating
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identi8$ati!n i%agine
i%%ediatel( inaudible in$essant
in$line
inde8nite
indigesti!n
indi'idual instead
inte"$#angeable inte"ested inte"&e"e independent installed inte""upt
int"!du$e i""itated
issued
ite%i;ed its
its
+eal!us
+e)elle"(
kn!)ledge laid
lab!"at!"( leisu"e lengt# lib"a"( l!!se
l!se l!sing
%aga;ine
%aintenan$e %a""iage
%ate"ial %eant
%edi$ine
%e%!"( %et#!d %ilita"(
%ine"al %ini%u% %inute %at#e%ati$s %is$#ie'!us
%isspell %!"ning
%!"tgage
%is$ellane!us
%agni8$ent
%anu&a$tu"e"
natu"all(
ne$essa"( ni$kel nie$e nineteen ninet(
n!$tu"nal n!"t#e"n n!ti$e
n!ti$eable
nuisan$e
!$$asi!n !$$u""ed
!$$u""ing
!%itted
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!pini!n
!pp!"tunit(
!pp!site
!"iginal
paid
pa%p#let
pa"allel
pa"lia%ent
pasti%e
pe$ulia"
pe"&u%e
pe"#aps
pe"%anent
pe"suade
p#(si$al
p#(si$ian
pie$e
planned pleasant
plu%bing
pneu%!nia
p!is!n
p!ssess
p!stp!ne
p"a$ti$all(
p"epa"ed
p"in$ipal
p"in$iple
p"i'ilege
p"!$ess
p"!&essi!nal
p"!babl(
p"!dig(
p"!&ess!"
p"!8table
p"!nun$iati!n
p"!p"iet(
ps($#!l!g(
pu"$#ase
pu"p!se
=ua""el
=uiet
=uite
"ealit(
"eall(
"e$eipt
"e$ipe
"e$entl(
"e&e"en$e
"e&e""ed
"egula"
"elati'e
"elie&
"elie'e
"e%ained
"e%e%be"
"es!u"$es
"espe$t&ull(
"eali;e
"e$!gni;e
"e$!%%end
"e$!%%endati!n
"eliable
"eligi!us
"epetiti!n
"esp!nsible
"estau"ant
"eti$ent
"e&e""al
"e'e"se
"e'ie)
"#(t#%
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sa&et(
sand)i$#
sane
s$a"$e
Satu"da(
sa'ing
s$#edule
s$"ap
se$"eta"(
senten$e
sei;e
sepa"ate
se'e"al
s#e"i2
s#ining sin$e"el(
si%ila"
spee$#
sp!ntane!us
s!p#!%!"e
st"aig#t
stud(ing
su$$eed
su$$ess
su7$ient
supe"intendent
su"p"ise
su"el(
su"'eillan$e
subtle
sp!ntane!us
ta"i2
te%pe"a%ent
t#ei"
t#e"e
t#e(5"e
t#!"!ug#l(
t!
t!get#e"
t!!
t"aged(
t"ans&e""ed
t"ied
t"ies
t"ul(
Tuesda(
t(pi$al
t)!
te%pe"a%ent
until usuall(
'aluable
'egetable
'!luntee"
)eat#e"
ednesda(
)#et#e"
)#!se
)!%an
)"iting
)"itten