1. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION PRESENTED BY DR SABA MANSOOR BY BRIG
(PROF) HEMANT KUMAR DEPTT OF COMM MEDICINE ,AJIMS,MANGALORE
2. 28/4/2015
3. 38/4/2015
4. Social Stratification Social stratification is a term used
in the social sciences to describe the relative social position of
persons in a given social group, category, geographical region or
other social unit. 48/4/2015
5. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION It derives from the Latin strtum
(plural strata; parallel, horizontal layers) referring to a given
societys categorization of its people into rankings of
socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, social
status, occupation and power 8/4/2015 5
6. Social Stratification Stratification is the division of
society into classes that have unequal amounts of wealth, power,
and prestige. In a stratified society, inequality is part of the
social structure and passes from one generation to the next. - Max
Weber 68/4/2015
7. Social Stratification A system by which a society ranks
categories of people in a hierarchy based on their access to scarce
resources.
8. Definition Arrangement of any social group or society into
hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power,
property, social evaluation and psychic gratification . Melvin M.
Tumin, 8/4/2015 8
9. HISTORY 98/4/2015
10. Social Stratification: Ancient Times Most ancient societies
could be divided into two large groups: The haves and the
have-nots. The haves, of course, were the upper classes, generally
consisting of rulers, nobles, and priests.The have-nots was made up
mostly of merchants, artisans, and peasants. In every ancient
civilization, there was a large slave class at the bottom of the
social structure 108/4/2015
11. ANCIENT EGYPT In ancient Egypt there were four social
classes. At the top was the royal family, along with a large number
of nobles and priests. Next class was of professional soldiers,
Middle class comprised of merchants, artisans, and scribes . Lastly
the peasants, who were mostly farmers. And at the bottom, of
course, were the slaves, many of whom had been brought to Egypt as
prisoners of war. 118/4/2015
12. CHINA China had nothing resembling a caste system. At the
top, below the ruler, was a class of great feudal lords who
governed the land in his name. Next came a class of knightly
gentry, or landowners, who served at court and fought in the armies
of the feudal lords. At the bottom were the peasants on whose labor
everyone relied. Merchants and artisans, were not recognized as
belonging to any class. There was no class of slaves.
128/4/2015
13. INDIA In early India, the society was divided into three
classes consisting of the rich and powerful, a middle class of
merchants and farmers, and a lower class of workers and slave.
Around 1500 BC Aryans moved into northern India from central Asia.
They came into India as , nomadic tribes led by warrior chieftains.
Over time, they settled down as rulers over the native Dravidians
and formed tribal kingdoms. This lasted till Maurya Empire till 320
BC 138/4/2015
14. India ... They gave re-birth to Urban Civilisation and
class and caste system. There were some 3,000 sub- castes, divided
into four classes. The first class consisted of Brahmans, or
priests, followed in order by the nobles and warriors (Kshatriyas),
the merchants, farmers, and traders (Vaishyas), and the Shudras.
148/4/2015
15. Contd... At the very bottom of Indian society was a group
not belonging to any caste. They were known as the untouchables and
performed jobs considered polluting, such as that of butchers or
street sweepers 158/4/2015
16. Global stratification 168/4/2015
17. Global stratification Is social stratification on a global
scale. Where social stratification draws attention to inequalities
between smaller groups of people, global stratification draws
attention to inequalities among all the countries. 178/4/2015
18. THREE-WORLD MODEL For a long time, Americans used three
categories to stratify nations: first, second, and third-world. The
First World included the U.S. and other capitalist nations .
Communist nations made up the Second World.Third World was everyone
else. So the categories were originally based on political
ideology. 188/4/2015
19. Global Stratification ...... Global stratification
categories today are high- , middle-, and low-income countries.
HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES Approximately 25% of the nations in the
world, hold most of the world's wealth. Three examples are the
United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan 198/4/2015
20. Contd... MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES - the largest proportion
of the world's nations - about 42% - falls into the middle-income
category have average income and a standard of living . India,
Egypt, and Mexico are examples of middle-income countries. LOW
INCOME COUNTRIES : This is third category is which constitute
people living with limited resorces e.g.Bangladesh,Pakistan,and
Afghanistan etc.. 208/4/2015
21. 1. Property associated with education, income and
occupation SOCIAL STRATIFICATION is based on Three major premises
2. POWER ability of one party to affect the behavior of another
party 3. PRESTIGE the distinction or reputation and how people are
subjectively evaluated by others 8/4/2015 21
22. PROPERTY (WEALTH) 8/4/2015 22Forbes
23. LIST OF COUNTRIES BY DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH. 8/4/2015
23
24. List of countries by distribution of wealth 24 1. United
States 25.4% 2. JAPAN 09.86% 3. CHINA 08.77% 4. U.K. 04.71 5.
GERMANY 04.65% 6. ITALY 04.34 7. INDIA 04.14% 8. FRANCE 03.49% 9.
RUSSIA 01.51%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_8/4/2015
25. List of countries by GDP (nominal)2013 Rank Country/Region
GDP (Millions of US$) World 72,689,734 1 United States 16,768,100 2
China 9,181,204 3 Japan 4,898,532 4 Germany 3,730,261 5 France
2,806,432 6 United Kingdom 2,678,455 7 Brazil 2,243,854 8 Italy
2,149,485 9 Russia 2,096,774 10 India 1,937,797 25
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29
8/4/2015
26. Richest Countries in the World in year 2014 RANK COUNTRY
Current International Dollar (GDP based on PPP per capita YEAR
2014) 1 Qatar 1,45,894.18 2 Luxembourg 90,332.89 3 Singapore
78,761.92 4 Brunei Darussalam 73,823.13 5 Kuwait 70,785.46 6 Norway
64,363.14 7 United Arab Emirates 63,180.83 8 Switzerland 53,976.60
9 United States 53,000.97 10 Hong Kong SAR 52,984.06 SOURCE World
Economic Outlook Database, October 2014 268/4/2015
27. Lowest Per capita 180 Korea, North 583 181 Mozambique 579
Zanzibar 565 182 Guinea 532 183 Gambia, The 512 184 Guinea-Bissau
510 185 Eritrea 507 186 Central African Republic 483 187 Madagascar
447 188 Niger 395 189 Liberia 356 190 Malawi 355 191 Ethiopia 354
192 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 286 193 Burundi 229 27
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita
142 India 1,509 8/4/2015
28. Richest Men in the World. Bill Gates Net Worth: $76 B
Source of wealth: Microsoft 2. Carlos Slim Helu & family Net
Worth: $72 B Source of wealth: telecom 3. Amancio Ortega Net Worth:
$64 B Source of wealth: retail Warren Buffett Net Worth: $58.2 B
Source of wealth: Berkshire Hathaway 5. Larry Ellison Net Worth:
$48 B Source of wealth: Oracle 6. Charles Koch Net Worth: $40 B
Source of wealth: diversified 6. David Koch Net Worth: $40 B Source
of wealth: diversified 40. Mukesh Ambani Net Worth: $18.6 B Source
of wealth: petrochemicals, oil & gas 28 61. Azim Premji Net
Worth: $15.3 B Source of wealth: software 122. Hinduja Brothers Net
Worth: $10 B Source of wealth: diversified 418 Anil Ambani $ 4B #19
in India Source Of Wealth- diversified 8/4/2015
29. PRESTIGE Defence Minister AK Antony is the poorest
minister, with personal assets worth Rs 1.8 lakh. The Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine 2010 was awarded to Robert G. Edwards
"for the development of in vitro fertilization". Meira Kumari, the
first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha on 3 June 2009 8/4/2015 29
30. POWER 8/4/2015 30 Coercion Authority
31. FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: 1. It is a
characteristic of society, not simply a reflection of individual
differences. 2. It persists over generations. 3. It is universal
but variable. 4. It involves not just inequality but beliefs.
8/4/2015 31
32. MAJOR SYSTEMS OF STRATIFICATION Historically, four basic
system of stratification can be distinguished: 1. slavery, 2.
caste, 3. Estates & 4. class. Slavery is an extreme form of
inequality, in which certain people are owned as property by
others. 8/4/2015 32
33. SLAVERY SYSTEM Reasons? 1) Birth 2) Consequence of
committing a crime 3) Military defeat 4) Indebtedness 5) Capture
and sale 8/4/2015 33
34. Slavery.. According to the British Anti-Slavery Society,
"Although there is no longer any state which recognizes any claim
by a person to a right of property over another, there are an
estimated 27 million people throughout the world, mainly children,
in conditions of slavery. 8/4/2015 34
35. CASTE A caste system is a social system in which ones
social status is given for life. Caste system is a closed system. A
person is born into a caste and remains there for life. 8/4/2015
35
36. Contd... India made it illegal to discriminate on the basis
of caste in 1949. Caste system remains strong in India though the
situation is changing . Caste also specifies the rituals people
perform i.e.marriages etc. The caste associations may establish
banks, schools, colleges, rest houses and hospitals in the name and
use in the field of politics. 8/4/2015 36
37. 378/4/2015
38. ESTATES Were part of European feudalism, but also existed
in many other traditional civilisations. 8/4/2015 38
39. Estate System The stratification system of medieval Europe,
consisting of three estates - a) Nobility the wealthy and powerful
families that ruled the country and owned the land. b) Clergy the
Roman Catholic Church was a political power at this time, owning
vast tracts of land and collecting taxes from commoners. c) Serfs
the commoners, including farmers, carpenters, harness makers, and
servants. 398/4/2015
40. CLASS SYSTEM 8/4/2015 40
41. Social class Segment of society whose members hold similar
amounts of resources and share values, norms and an identifiable
lifestyle. Ownership of wealth together with occupation are chief
bases of class differences. 418/4/2015
42. Classes differ from earlier forms of stratification in four
main respects 1. Class system are fluid. 2. Class positions are in
some part achieved. 3. Class is economically based. 4. Class system
are large scale and impersonal 8/4/2015 42
43. RACE biological attribution of a group of people
transmitted from one generation to another OTHER BASES OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION ETHNICITY a distinctive social identity based on
unique cultural traits - Majority Cultural Groups -Minority
Groups/Cultural Communities 8/4/2015 43
44. GENDER based on the personal traits and social positions
that members of a society attach to being male or female AGE/AGING
- can be examine according to 3 processes that affect people as
they grow older 3 Processes Biological Psychological Social
8/4/2015 44
45. DISENGAGEMENT THEORY states that older adults withdraw from
personal relationships, society and from their common social roles
ACTIVITY THEORY proposes that successful aging occurs when older
adults stay active and maintain social interactions SOCIAL
GERONTOLOGY 8/4/2015 45
46. Is the movement between or within social classes. Its of
two Types Horizontal mobility refers to movement within a social
class or stratum. Vertical mobility refers to the movement between
social classes or strata. SOCIAL MOBILITY 8/4/2015 46
47. Contd There are two kinds of vertical mobility:
Intragenerational mobility (within a persons lifetime)
Intergenerational mobility (several generations of one family)
478/4/2015
48. Individual effort Technological change Change in
merchandising patterns Increase in populations general educational
level Causes of Upward Mobility SOCIAL MOBILITY Personal factors
such as illness, divorce, or retirement Technological change
altering the demand for labor Overall economic health Causes of
Downward Mobility 8/4/2015 48
49. SOCIAL MOBILITY -???? Slavery System - possible Caste
System - impossible Estate System - low but possible Class System -
possible and frequently occurring 8/4/2015 49
50. THEORIES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 508/4/2015
51. For both the social categories Marx used the word class
which is defined in terms of the ownership and non ownership of the
means of production. Thus, class is a social group whose members
share a similar relationship to the means of production.
538/4/2015
52. Contd.. Marx believes that those who own the means of
production also exercises political and legal power- Ruling class.
Service class- it has to abide by the laws that the ruling class
creates to protect its interest. Marx says that the ideas prevalent
in a given society at a given point of time are in fact ideas of
dominant class. 8/4/2015 54
53. According to Marx, the last stage of class divided society
would be capitalism, where conflict would take place between ruling
and service class. Which would culminate in a society where there
would be no classes. This society is called the communist society.
8/4/2015 55
54. Communism FAILED! This was because of lack of help from
most people and increase in greed. (5 May 1818 14 March 1883) was a
German philosopher, sociologist , economic historian, journalist,
and revolutionary socialist who developed the socio-political
theory of Marxism 568/4/2015
55. MAX WEBERS THEORY Weber believes that besides class, there
are two other forms namely status and power. The individuals skills
determine his class, which is dependent upon the market. People who
have no ownership of property but have skills that are much needed
by the market have good chance to survive. 8/4/2015 57
56. INDICATORS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC POSITION 598/4/2015
57. 1. EDUCATION Education can be measured as a continuous
variable or categorical variable. Strong determinant of future
employment and income. The knowledge and skills attained through
education may affect a persons cognitive functioning. 8/4/2015
60
58. Contd... Strengths Education is comparatively easy to
measure in self administered questionnaires. Limitations The
meaning of educational level varies for different Cohorts.
Education outside the country of residence. 8/4/2015 61
59. 2. INCOME Most directly measures the material resources
component.The mechanisms through which income could affect health
are: Buying access to better quality material Allowing access to
services, which may improve health directly. Fostering self esteem
and social standing. 8/4/2015 62
60. limitations... Personal income is a sensitive issue and
people may be reluctant to provide such information. Do not share
all of their income with the rest of the household. income is
variable daily, weekly, or seasonally. 8/4/2015 63
61. OCCUPATION Occupation is strongly related to income Easier
access to better health care, access to education, and residential
facilities. Occupation may also reflect specific toxic
environmental or work task exposures such as physical demands
8/4/2015 64
62. Limitations........ Cannot be readily assigned to people
who are not currently employed. 8/4/2015 65
63. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND AMENITIES Strength They are
comparatively easy to collect 8/4/2015 66
64. Limitations These indicators may be specific to the
geographical context where they were developed and thus be
difficult to compare across studies. 8/4/2015 67
65. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE Several methods or scales have
been proposed for classifying different populations by
socioeconomic status in India. 1. Rahudkar scale 1960 2. B G prasad
1961 3. Udai Parikh scale 1964 4. Jalota Scale 1970 5. Pareek &
Kulshrestha scale 1972 6. Kuppuswamy scale 1976 7. Shrivastava
scale 1978. 8. Bharadwaj scale 2001 9. Hollingshed (USA) 8/4/2015
68
66. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS SCALE (RURAL) By Udai Pareek (1964)
This scale has nine parameters which assess the socio-economic
status of the individual:- 1. Caste 2. Occupation 3. Education 4.
Social participation 5. Land 6. House 7. Farm powers 8. Material
possession and 698/4/2015
67. Udai Pareek SES Scale(Rural) 1. Caste :Schedule Caste -1,
Lower caste -2 ,Artisan Caste -3 ,Agriculture 4, Prestige Caste
-5,Dominant Caste -6 2. Occupation: Labor=1, Caste occupation=2,
Business=3, inde-pendent profession=4, cultivation=5, Service=6 .
3. Education: Illiterate=0, Can read only=1, Can read and write=2,
Primary=3, Middle=4, High school=5, Graduate=6 . 4. Social
Participation: Mem-ber of one organization=1, Member of more than
one organization=2, Office holder=3, Wider public leader=6 5. Land:
0= no land, 1= < 1 acre, 2= 1-5 acres, 3= 5-10 acres, 4= 10-15
acres, 5= 15-20 acres, 6= >20 acres 6. House: No home=0, Hut=1,
Katcha house=2, Mixed house=3, Pucca house=4, Mansion=6 7. Farm
power: 1= no drought animal, 2= 1-2 drought animals, 4= 3-4 drought
animals or =1 prestige animal, 6= 5-6 drought animals or tractor 8.
Material Possession: Bullock-cart=1, Cycle=1, Radio=1, Chairs=1,
improved agricultural implements=2, Mobile Phone=4, Television= 3,
Refrigerators=8 9. Family: Type: Single=1, Joint=2, Extended= 3,
Size: Up to 5=2, Distinctive features=2 708/4/2015
68. Score The reliability of the scale was found to be very
high(r = 0.93). Total score Social class Above 43 Upper Class (I)
33-42 Upper Middle Class (II) 24-32 Middle Class (III) 13-23 Lower
Middle Class (IV) Below 13 Lower Class (V) 718/4/2015
69. The Hollingshead Four Factor SES Scale The Hollingshead
Four Factor Index of Socioeconomic Status is a survey designed to
measure social status of an individual based on four domains: a)
Marital status, b) Retired/employed status, c) Educational
attainment, d) Occupational prestige. 728/4/2015
70. 8/4/2015 73 Classification for 2013 Socio Economic Status:
Class BG Prasads Classification of 1961 Modified BG Prasads
Classification for 2015 1961 Jan 2015 I Rs 100 and above Rs>
5797 II Rs 50-99 Rs>2898-5797 III Rs 30-49 Rs 1932-2577 IV Rs
15-29 Rs 869-1546 V Below Rs 15 Below Rs 869 They have been
calculated as: New income value = 2.54 (old value 4.63 4.93).
All-India Average CPIfor Industrial Workers in Jan 2015= 254
71. Contd.. Strength Applicable to both rural and urban area.
Can be modified according to current CPI. Easy to measure.
Limitation Single indicator. Reluctance by the people to reveal.
Impractical today & has lower validity due to great variations
in CPI.8/4/2015 74
72. KUPPUSWAMY REVISED SCALE 2012 8/4/2015 75 (A) Education
Score 1 Professional or Honors 4 2 Graduate or Post Graduate 3 3
High school or Intermediate or Diploma 2 4 Illiterate or Primary
school 1 (B) Occupation Score 1 Legislators, Senior Offi cials, and
Managers 13 2 Professionals 11 3 Technicians and Associate
Professionals 9 4 Clerks 7 5 Service Workers /Shop/Market Sales
Workers 6 6 Skilled Agricultural and Fishery Workers 5 7 Craft and
Related Trades Workers 4 8 Plant and Machine Operators and
Assemblers 3
73. 8/4/2015 76 (C) Monthly family income Jan 2015 (INR) 7.
37338 6. >18669 37338 5. >14360 18669 4. >9573 14360 3.
>5657 9573 2. >1895 5657 1. 1895 Total Score Socioeconomic
class 2629 Upper (I) 1625 Upper Middle (II) 1115 Middle/Lower
middle (III) 510 Lower/Upper lower (IV)