Social CognitionSocial CognitionSocial CognitionSocial CognitionSeptember 16th, 2009 : Lecture 2September 16th, 2009 : Lecture 2
Social Cognition : OverviewSocial Cognition : Overview
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Lecture 2Lecture 2Lecture 2Lecture 2
Social Cognition : OverviewSocial Cognition : Overview
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Lecture 2Lecture 2Lecture 2Lecture 2
Social CognitionSocial CognitionSocial CognitionSocial Cognition
➡ Thinking about social objectsThinking about social objects
Social CognitionSocial CognitionSocial CognitionSocial Cognition
➡ Thinking about Thinking about social objectssocial objects
Social ObjectSocial ObjectSocial ObjectSocial Object
➡ A physical object A physical object that has the ability that has the ability to engage in social to engage in social cognitioncognition
Social ObjectSocial ObjectSocial ObjectSocial Object
➡ A physical object A physical object that has the ability that has the ability to engage in social to engage in social cognitioncognition
Social CognitionSocial CognitionSocial CognitionSocial Cognition
➡ ThinkingThinking about social objects about social objects
Social Cognition : OverviewSocial Cognition : Overview
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Lecture 2Lecture 2Lecture 2Lecture 2
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
ThinkingThinking
Automatic cognitionAutomatic cognition
Controlled cognitionControlled cognition
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Cognition:Cognition:
PerceptionPerception
Processing / EncodingProcessing / Encoding
Storage / Knowledge RepresentationStorage / Knowledge Representation
Retrieval / ApplicationRetrieval / Application
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Cognition:Cognition:
PerceptionPerception
Processing / EncodingProcessing / Encoding
Storage / Knowledge RepresentationStorage / Knowledge Representation
Retrieval / ApplicationRetrieval / Application
PerceptionPerceptionPerceptionPerception
➡ Becoming aware of something through the Becoming aware of something through the sensessenses
Pre-attentive ProcessesPre-attentive ProcessesPre-attentive ProcessesPre-attentive Processes
➡ Rapid processing of complex sceneRapid processing of complex scene
Rapid =Rapid = less than 250 ms less than 250 ms
ComplexComplex = large, multi-element display of = large, multi-element display of informationinformation
Gaze DetectionGaze DetectionGaze DetectionGaze Detection
Doi & Ueda (2007); von Grünau & Anston (1995)Doi & Ueda (2007); von Grünau & Anston (1995)
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Cognition:Cognition:
PerceptionPerception
Processing / EncodingProcessing / Encoding
Storage / Knowledge RepresentationStorage / Knowledge Representation
Retrieval / ApplicationRetrieval / Application
Processing InformationProcessing InformationProcessing InformationProcessing Information
EncodingEncoding
➡ Selecting information from the environment Selecting information from the environment and storing it in memoryand storing it in memory
Simons & Chabris (1999)Simons & Chabris (1999)
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
SchemasSchemasSchemasSchemas
Mental structures used to organize knowledge Mental structures used to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or about the social world around themes or subjectssubjects
Efficient processingEfficient processing
Guide attention and memoryGuide attention and memory
Bias against schema incongruent informationBias against schema incongruent information
Self-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling Prophecy
How does attractiveness shape our How does attractiveness shape our interactions?interactions?
Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)
Self-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling Prophecy
Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)
Method:Method:
1.1. Develop Stimuli:Develop Stimuli:
1.1. 20 females pose for pictures20 females pose for pictures
2.2. 20 males rate pictures on attractiveness20 males rate pictures on attractiveness
3.3. 4 attractive & 4 unattractive pictures kept4 attractive & 4 unattractive pictures kept
Self-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling Prophecy
Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)
Method:Method:
2. Schedule male and female participants in pairs2. Schedule male and female participants in pairs
1.1. Males given either attractive picture or Males given either attractive picture or unattractive pictureunattractive picture
2.2. They talk for 10 minutes over the phoneThey talk for 10 minutes over the phone
3.3. Conversations are recordedConversations are recorded
Self-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling Prophecy
Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)
Method:Method:
3. Participants rate each other and the 3. Participants rate each other and the conversationconversation
4. Female judges later listened to the 4. Female judges later listened to the conversations and rated the womenconversations and rated the women
1. Judges never met or saw the women1. Judges never met or saw the women
2. Judges were unaware of picture exchange2. Judges were unaware of picture exchange
Self-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling ProphecySelf-fulfilling Prophecy
Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)
Results: Both men and female judges thought:Results: Both men and female judges thought:
Unsociable, awkward, Sociable, Poised, Unsociable, awkward, Sociable, Poised,
Serious HumorousSerious Humorous
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Cognition:Cognition:
PerceptionPerception
Processing / EncodingProcessing / Encoding
Storage / Knowledge RepresentationStorage / Knowledge Representation
Retrieval / ApplicationRetrieval / Application
Semantic NetworkSemantic NetworkSemantic NetworkSemantic Network
Prototype Theory of CategorizationPrototype Theory of Categorization
Objects are classified based on similarity to Objects are classified based on similarity to a prototypea prototype
Rosch (1973) Rosch (1973)
Semantic NetworkSemantic NetworkSemantic NetworkSemantic Network➡ Related concepts are stored closely together Related concepts are stored closely together
in memoryin memory
Bird
Canary
Robin
Ostrich
FeathersFeathers
FlyingFlying
WingsWings
Animals
DogDog
HorseHorse
FurryFurry
CuteCute
Semantic NetworkSemantic NetworkSemantic NetworkSemantic Network
Bird
Canary
Robin
Ostrich
FeathersFeathers
FlyingFlying
WingsWings
Animals
DogDog
HorseHorse
FurryFurry
CuteCute
Spreading ActivationSpreading Activation
Thinking about one Thinking about one concept will concept will “activate,” “prime,” or “activate,” “prime,” or make “accessible” a make “accessible” a related conceptrelated concept
➡ Related concepts are stored closely together Related concepts are stored closely together in memoryin memory
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Cognition:Cognition:
PerceptionPerception
Processing / EncodingProcessing / Encoding
Storage / Knowledge RepresentationStorage / Knowledge Representation
Retrieval / ApplicationRetrieval / Application
RetrievalRetrievalRetrievalRetrieval
Accessibility and PrimingAccessibility and Priming
Judgemental HeuristicsJudgemental Heuristics
AccessibilityAccessibilityAccessibilityAccessibility
The extent to which concepts are at the The extent to which concepts are at the forefront of your mindforefront of your mind
Accessible concepts shape social cognitionAccessible concepts shape social cognition
Ironic Effects of Thought Ironic Effects of Thought SuppressionSuppressionIronic Effects of Thought Ironic Effects of Thought SuppressionSuppression
Wegner, Schneider, Carter III, & White Wegner, Schneider, Carter III, & White (1987)(1987)
Ironic Effects of Thought Ironic Effects of Thought SuppressionSuppressionIronic Effects of Thought Ironic Effects of Thought SuppressionSuppression
Wegner, Schneider, Carter III, & White Wegner, Schneider, Carter III, & White (1987)(1987)
Ironic Effects of Thought Ironic Effects of Thought SuppressionSuppressionIronic Effects of Thought Ironic Effects of Thought SuppressionSuppression
Wegner, Schneider, Carter III, & White Wegner, Schneider, Carter III, & White (1987)(1987)
Suppressed thought becomes Suppressed thought becomes hyperaccessiblehyperaccessible
PrimingPrimingPrimingPriming
The process by which recent experiences The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of another conceptincrease the accessibility of another concept
HeuristicsHeuristicsHeuristicsHeuristics
Mental shortcutsMental shortcuts
Fast and efficientFast and efficient
Parallel processingParallel processing
Error proneError prone
Kahneman & Tversky (1979)Kahneman & Tversky (1979)
AlgorithmsAlgorithmsAlgorithmsAlgorithms
Mechanical, step-by-step process for arriving at Mechanical, step-by-step process for arriving at an answeran answer
Slow and deliberateSlow and deliberate
Serial processingSerial processing
EffortfulEffortful
Highly successfulHighly successful
Key HeuristicsKey HeuristicsKey HeuristicsKey Heuristics
Availability HeuristicAvailability Heuristic
Representativeness HeuristicRepresentativeness Heuristic
Anchoring & Adjustment HeuristicAnchoring & Adjustment Heuristic
Simulation HeuristicSimulation Heuristic
Kahneman & Tversky (1979)Kahneman & Tversky (1979)
Availability HeuristicAvailability HeuristicAvailability HeuristicAvailability Heuristic
A mental shortcut whereby people base a A mental shortcut whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mindbring something to mind
Kahneman & Tversky (1979)Kahneman & Tversky (1979)
Representativeness Representativeness HeuristicHeuristicRepresentativeness Representativeness HeuristicHeuristic
A mental shortcut whereby people classify A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a something according to how similar it is to a typical casetypical case
Base rate bias:Base rate bias:
The tendency to underestimate the impact of The tendency to underestimate the impact of base rates on accurate predictionbase rates on accurate prediction
Kahneman & Tversky (1979)Kahneman & Tversky (1979)
Anchoring & Adjustment Anchoring & Adjustment HeuristicHeuristicAnchoring & Adjustment Anchoring & Adjustment HeuristicHeuristic
Anchoring:Anchoring:
The mental shortcut whereby people make The mental shortcut whereby people make judgements using the first answer that came judgements using the first answer that came to them as an “anchor”to them as an “anchor”
Adjustment:Adjustment:
The bias whereby even when people learn The bias whereby even when people learn their anchor is untrustworthy, they do not their anchor is untrustworthy, they do not adjust sufficiently away from itadjust sufficiently away from it
Simulation HeuristicSimulation HeuristicSimulation HeuristicSimulation Heuristic
A mental shortcut whereby people substitute A mental shortcut whereby people substitute “normal” outcomes for “exceptional” ones in “normal” outcomes for “exceptional” ones in undoing a situationundoing a situation
Special case of Availability HeuristicSpecial case of Availability Heuristic
AKA “Counterfactual Thinking”AKA “Counterfactual Thinking”
Kahneman & Tversky (1979)Kahneman & Tversky (1979)
Social Cognition : OverviewSocial Cognition : Overview
(Social) Cognition Basics(Social) Cognition Basics
Lecture 2Lecture 2Lecture 2Lecture 2
““I remember things the way they I remember things the way they should have been.”should have been.”- Truman Capote- Truman Capote
““I remember things the way they I remember things the way they should have been.”should have been.”- Truman Capote- Truman Capote
Next lecture (9/18):Next lecture (9/18):
The SelfThe Self
Relevant Websites:Relevant Websites:
http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/seed.hthttp://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/seed.htmm
http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.phpflashmovie/15.php