JR
00 SUSAN N. JOHNSON-ROEHRP.O. BOX 1603, BLOOMINGTON, IN, 47402-1603PHONE: (812) 360-4896 • E-MAIL: [email protected]
EDUCATIONPH.D. ARCHITECTURE, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 2011M.A. HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF OREGON, 1997M.A. ART HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF OREGON, 1994B.A. ART HISTORY, WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, 1991B.A. RUSSIAN, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, 1989A.A.S. DESIGN TECHNOLOGY, IVY TECH COMMUNITY COLLEGE, 2004
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINFORMATION MANAGEMENT ASSISTANT, USDA FOREST SERVICE, 2003ELECTRONIC RESOURCES COORDINATOR, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, 2000-2002SYSTEMS SPECIALIST, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, 1998-2000CUSTOMER SERVICE REPRESENTATIVE, SYMANTEC SOFTWARE, 1995
HISTORY, PRESERVATION & DESIGNRESEARCH FELLOW, RUTGERS CENTER FOR HISTORICAL ANALYSIS, 2012-2013 Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow in “Networks of Exchange” working group, with researchfocused on the design and construction of astro- nomical observatories in India, United Kingdom.VISITING LECTURER, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 2011-2012 Full-time faculty in the School of Architecture, History and Preserva- tion Division. Courses taught: Modern Architecture (c. 1860-1990), 20th-Century American Architecture, Architecture & Science, History of South Asian Cities.EDITING ASSISTANT, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 2006 Worked on edited collection (P. Pyla, ed., Landscapes of Develop- ment: The Impact of Modernization Discourses on the Physical Envi- ronment of the Eastern Mediterranean. Harvard U Press, 2012.DESIGN ASSISTANT, LOUIS JOYNER, ARCHITECT, COLUMBUS, IN, 2004-2005 Projects included: measured drawings and written description of a former school; renovation of a historic storefront to accommodate a children’s museum; design development of church rectory, private residences, and emergency medical clinic; redemise and renovation of commercial spaces; organization of sample library.CONSULTANT, BLOOMINGTON RESTORATIONS, 2002-2004, 2010-PRESENT Construction management for historic preservation/affordable housing progran; surveyed properties; produced measured drawings, specifications, and contract documents; IT support; historical research in local history archives.ADJUNCT FACULTY, DESIGN TECHNOLOGY, IVY TECH STATE COLLEGE, 2002-2003 Taught Architectural Layout, Construction Materials and Specifications, introductory and intermediate levels; introduced students to computer-aided drafting, model building, project manu- als, construction drawings, and residential construction methods.
PUBLICATIONS“Centering the Charbagh: The Mughal Garden as Design Module for the Jaipur City Plan,” Journal for the Society of Architectural Historians 17, no. 2 (March 2013): forthcoming.“The Archaeological Survey of India and Communal Violence in Post- Independence India,” International Journal of Heritage Studies 14, no. 6 (2008): 506-23“Commodification and Spectacle in Architecture,” PAST 32 (2009), 137-140 (book beview)“The Middle Class City: Transforming Space and Time in Philadelphia 1876- 1926,” Material Culture 39, No. 2 (2007), 79-82 (book review)“William Henry Jackson: Framing the Frontier,” Annals of Wyoming 72, no. 2 (2000), 40-1 (book review)
01TABLE OF CONTENTS
HISTORIC PRESERVATION 902 & 904 W. SEVENTH STREET 934 W. SIXTH STREET 405 N. OAK STREET 1200 S. STULL STREET
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS ELSTON HAMILTON HOUSE KIDSCOMMONS
DISSERTATION INTRAMURALITY SPECTACLE AND POWER INSTITUTIONS IN THE LOCAL LANDSCAPE EXTRAMURAL PASSAGES
PHOTOGRAPHY ABANDON IN PLACE (COURAGE) NATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY AESTHETIC HYBRIDITY POLITICAL HYBRIDITY WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
02030405
0608
12131415
1617181920
02 BLOOMINGTON RESTORATIONS, INC.A non-profit organization dedicated to rescuing historic build-ings in Bloomington and Monroe County, Indiana, Bloomington Restorations, Inc. (BRI) provides affordable housing in historic neighborhoods. The organization was founded in 1976 in re-sponse to the threatened demolition of properties in the historic North Walnut Street area of Bloomington. From its inception, BRI has worked to secure funding sources for local historic preserva-tion projects, and much of its success during the past thirty-five years comes from the organization’s ability to marshal local, state, and federal funds for its preservation initiatives. City grants, together with loans from Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, allowed for the establishment of a revolving grant fund that helps BRI purchase, restore, and re-sell endangered properties. Much of the hands-on work (research, registering of historic properties, publicity, and designing) is done by volun-teers working together with local contractors and vendors.
902 & 904 W. SEVENTH STREETThe gabeled-ell at 902 W. Sixth Street and the shot-gun at 904 W. Seventh Street were renovated together. The shot-gun once func-tioned as a neighborhood store. It was unsuitable for habitation at the time of renovation, with rotted and missing floorboards and exposed wiring. The attic, which originally was used to store dry goods, was converted into a sleeping loft accessed via a spiral staircase. The kitchen was a later addition to the house and the remodel retained the exterior siding on the south wall of that room. The house at 902 W. Seventh required less work, most of which was focused on the removal of an illegal exterior staircase and the fittings for apartments on the second floor.
03934 W. SIXTH STREETThe siding of this corner-lot Queen Anne cottage was severely water-damaged. The original sawdust insulation was saturated and had degraded over time. During renovation, the cottage was stripped back to the studs on the interior. Approximately 60% of the wood siding was replaced on the exterior. New windows were installed and a new rear entrance and utility room were constructed to replace a dilapi-dated lean-to porch.
04 405 N. OAK STREETThis limestone-clad single-story residence was relocated to N. Oak Street to save it from demolition. Structurally, the house was sound but a new hipped roof was installed and the chimney reset after relocation. The house originally had a basement, the stairway to which opened off the central hall. The new founda-tion provided clearance for a crawl space only, so BRI recovered the former stairwell and transformed it into a laundry area and closet. To minimize expenses, the bathtub was salvaged; other-wise, new features were installed in the bathroom and kitchen. Much of the structure’s historic detailing—front porch supports, interior moldings, tongue-and-groove flooring—was salvaged, restored, and reinstalled as appropriate. The building envelope was sealed, the crawlspace and attic were insulated, new plumb-ing, electrical, and mechanical systems were installed.
051200 S. STULL STREETThis house once stood just south of the Indiana University cam-pus on N. Dunn Street. Built as a private residence, the structure functioned as an office building before being vacated and board-ed up by the university. BRI purchased the building at auction with the understanding that it would be relocated to a different lot. After surveying the house and preparing initial renovation plans, BRI contracted with MCF House Movers to transport the house to a neighborhood with houses of a similar scale and style. The move required the demolition of the gable roof before transferring the main structure to the towing system. At the new site, the house was placed on a concrete block foundation. The original rusticated limestone entrance steps were retained and reset; the block foundation was treated to match at the street facade. BRI replaced all roofing matieral to meet current building code requirements. The rhythm of the new rafters echoes that of the original roof.
06
07ELSTON HAMILTON HOUSE3660 Woodhouse Place, Columbus, INThe design and construction of an observatory for an 8-inch telescope complicated the site plan for the Elston Hamilton project. The location of the observa-tory was constrained by sight lines to open sky, the routing of data cables for the astrophotography program used to operate the telescope remotely,
and the location of the family lap pool. Louis Joyner, Architect, worked with Home-Dome to design a substructure capable of supporting a dome with integrated robotics, and with Astro Pier to produce a vibration dampening system for a permanent telescope mount.
08 KIDSCOMMONS CHILDREN’S MUSEUM309 Washington Street, Columbus, INThe firm of Louis Joyner, Architect, was involved in this community adaptive reuse project from its inception. Housed in a former J.C. Penney building, Kids-commons has exhibits on three floors, all accessible by ramp or elevator. The interactive exhibits were designed to accommodate children ranging in age from infant to fourteen years.
BUBBLE ROOMThe “Bubbl-ology” room was designed as a contained space with surfaces impervi-ous to water and soap. A stainless steel countertop installed at a height appro-priate for grade-school aged children and epoxy wall finishes aid the museum staff in water stain prevention. Plastic laminate countertops in the wash-up area were introduced as a cost-saving measure. The underflooring was sloped to a central drainage point and speci-fied with a gritted epoxy surface (later replaced with low pile carpet). The vinyl wall decorations echo the color scheme used in the museum’s logo and wipe clean with a damp cloth. The overhead light fixtures repeat the circular motif. Birch wall caps visually link the bubble room to other programmed areas on the second and third floors of the museum.
09FIRST FLOOR FINISH PLANThe client requested finish treatments that incorporated a variety of colors and textures but avoided the use of solid primary colors. The initial finish schedule was inspired by programming concerns. High traffic, high spill areas were prime candidates for vinyl composition tile, while high traffic, low spill areas were treated with carpet. A durable cork floor was proposed for “Our House,” a collaborative exhibit highlighting Japanese culture. A second collabo-ration with the exhibit design team from the Cincinnati Museum Center produced the Children’s Garden, a permanent exhibt in which finish treatments were used to mimic natural surfaces (grass, moss, water, etc.). The entry was treated with earth-toned tiles to harmonize with a “kid-sized” wood block door.
TILETILE
CPT 1
TILE
RES 1
VCT 3
VCT 1 (70%)VCT 2 (10%)VCT 3 (10%) VCT 4 (10%)
CK 1
CPT 1
CK 1CPT 2
CPT 2
CPT 2CPT 2
RES 2
RES 1
RES 1
RES 2
RES 4RISERS
RES 5LANDING
RES 3TREADS
VCT 1
VCT 5
VCT 3
CPT 1
VCT 3
VCT 2
VCT 1
VCT 3
VCT 1VCT 4CPT 1
RES 1 VCT 1
VCT 1
VCT 1VCT 1
CLIMBING WALLThe 17-foot climbing wall on the second floor of the museum was designed by the firm of Entre Prises, Bend, Oregon, to resemble the facade of Kidscommons. The facade replica was meant to draw the attention of children to the shape and appearance of local architecture (a rejected design mimicked the county courthouse) and to give museum patrons a “hands-on” experience with the museum building. The climbing experience is echoed on the actual facade of the build-ing in the form of painted steel figures climbing above the entry awning. Before installation, the firm of Louis Joyner, Architect, designed the floor-to-ceiling support system to which the wall was then attached. This exhibit was designed to be suitable for all ages, infant through adult.
10
BY ENTRE PRISES
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LUMBUS, IN
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812/376-7088 FAX: 812/376-7116
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AIR
The o
rigina
l rea
r egr
ess o
f the
J.C.
Penn
ey bu
ilding
was
a fir
st flo
or ex
it on
ly. Th
e int
rodu
ction
of th
e ste
el sta
ir to
prov
ided a
n eme
rgen
cy ex
it at
the
rear
of th
e sec
ond fl
oor a
nd ad
dres
sed
struc
tura
l issu
es w
ith th
e exis
t-ing
carp
ort.
Secti
ons o
f the
origi
nal
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rete
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in th
e car
port
area
wer
e de
molis
hed i
n ord
er to
sink
a fo
oter
fo
r the
conc
rete
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onry
unit
wall o
f th
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ir. A
new
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as la
id as
part
of th
e con
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f a ha
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ible e
ntry
into
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rst flo
or of
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e mus
eum.
12
Ajmer-Agra Road
Chandpol BazarTripolia
Bazar
Nahagarh
Fort
Talkatora
City Palace
Observatory
BadiChaupar
Surajpol Bazar
CharanM
andir
Am
erFort
JaigarhFort
Amer Road
Gangapol
Chaukari
Man Sagar
Suraj Pol
Chand Pol
Galtaji
Maotha
Lake
VidhyadharjiBagh
Dhruv
Pol
Brahmapuri
Ghat Darwaza
Shiv Pol(Sanganeri Gate)
Kishan Pol
Naya Gate
KanakVrindavanG
ardens
Jal Mahal
SisodiaRani ka Bagh
Amer-Sanganer Road
Susan Johnson-Roehr
N
INTRAMURALITYIt is one thing to declare that all knowledge is locally situated (turning locality into a universal condition) and another to produce a methodol-ogy that takes into account the particularities of a single urban landscape. We need a theoretical tool that allows us to demonstrate not just that spatiality matters, but that specific landscape configurations create and mobilize a specific, contingent knowledge. Although observatories at Jaipur and Delhi produced congruous results, they occupied divergent geographies that resulted in different construction, labor, and science prac-tices. This notion of specificity disappears in discussions centered on the “universal local,” but in deploying a vocabulary much more reflective of the built environment of the walled city of Jaipur, we can counteract that threat of loss.
“Intramurality” adds texture to these urban simplifications and draws attention to the actual boundaries raised by the architecture that simul-taneously prohibited and enabled the movement of knowledge. These demarcations are numer-ous: the mud brick walls of the observatory, the numerous masonry walls of the City Palace and its multitude of chowks (courtyards), the stone city walls of Jaipur, and the fortified walls and ramparts extending between Amer and Jaipur. The intramural simultaneously gestures to a contained and bound knowledge, available or comprehensible only to a privileged few, and to all that which stands outside the wall, hovering in a region of ambiguity, poised for departure. Moreover, it speaks to the dissolution of the divi-sion between interior and exterior, as the built environment of Jaipur sends up multiple signals, most of which indicate that Sawai Jai Singh planned for a certain permeability of the city.
SURAJ (SUN) GATE
GATES OF JAIPUR
Ajm
er-A
gra
Road
Chan
dpol
Baz
arTr
ipol
iaBa
zar
Nah
agar
hFo
rt
Talk
ator
a Badi
Chau
par
Sura
jpol
Baz
ar
Char
anM
andi
r
Am
erFo
rt
Jaig
arh
Fort
Amer Road
Gan
gapo
lCh
auka
ri
Man
Sag
ar
Sura
j Pol
Chan
d Po
l
Gal
taji
Mao
tha
Lake
Vidh
yadh
arji
Bagh
Dhr
uvPo
l
Brah
map
uri
Ghat Darwaza
Shiv Pol (Sanganeri Gate)
Kishan Pol
Naya GateKa
nak
Vrin
dava
nG
arde
ns
Jal M
ahal
Siso
dia
Rani
ka
Bagh
Amer-Sanganer Road
Susa
n Jo
hnso
n-Ro
ehr
Obs
erva
tory
Merchants’ Havelis
N
City
Pal
ace
To D
elhi
SPEC
TACL
E AND
POWE
RTh
e dail
y ope
ratio
n of t
he ob
serv
ator
y req
uired
a co
nsta
nt flo
w of
comm
unica
tions
betw
een p
atro
n an
d buil
der, a
nd th
e main
tena
nce o
f two
cour
t sp
aces
, with
all o
f the
bure
aucra
tic de
partm
ents
asso
ciate
d with
the r
unnin
g of t
he go
vern
ment
an
d con
struc
tion o
f a ne
w ca
pital
city,
dema
nded
a s
ecur
e com
munic
ation
and t
rans
porta
tion c
or-
ridor
betw
een t
he ne
w pa
lace a
t the
cent
er of
Ja
ipur a
nd th
e old
palac
e at A
mer. W
e hav
e no
way o
f kno
wing
how
ofte
n Saw
ai Ja
i Sing
h mad
e th
e twi
sting
jour
ney f
rom
Amer
to th
e obs
erva
-to
ry, bu
t eac
h trip
was
prob
ably
well-
note
d and
clo
sely
watch
ed by
the k
ing’s
subje
cts. T
he sl
ow
move
ment
of th
e king
’s pr
oces
sion s
outh
to Ja
i-pu
r fun
ction
ed as
a po
litica
l spe
ctacle
, pro
viding
am
ple op
portu
nity f
or th
e con
temp
lation
of th
e kin
g’s po
wer a
gains
t a ba
ckdr
op of
a lan
dsca
pe
shap
ed ac
cord
ing to
his d
esire
s. Th
e pag
eant
ry
of re
sour
ces i
nher
ent i
n the
roya
l ret
inue m
ade
a pow
erfu
l ass
ertio
n abo
ut th
e stre
ngth
of th
e ru
ler; t
o com
bine i
t with
evide
nce o
f Saw
ai Ja
i Sing
h’s ab
ility t
o man
ipulat
e and
man
age
the s
pace
s of a
new
city m
ust h
ave m
ade t
he
state
ment
of co
ntro
l eve
n mor
e emp
hatic
. And
no
wher
e was
Sawa
i Jai
Singh
mor
e cap
able
of
activ
ating
the l
aten
t pow
er of
the l
ands
cape
with
his p
rese
nce i
n this
man
ner t
han i
n the
sp
aces
betw
een t
he pa
lace a
t Ame
r and
the
Dhru
v Pol
of Ja
ipur. A
vita
l com
pone
nt of
the
new
urba
n dev
elopm
ent p
rojec
t, th
e Man
Saga
r em
bank
ment
, alon
g with
the l
inger
ing pa
rticip
a-tio
n of A
mer i
n this
mod
el, cr
eate
d a co
mplic
ated
loc
al ne
twor
k of t
rans
fer a
nd ex
chan
ge. T
he
intra
mura
l was
enca
psula
ted n
ot si
mply
by th
e wa
lls of
the o
bser
vato
ry, pa
lace,
and c
ity, b
ut by
th
e wall
s sur
roun
ding a
nd di
viding
the s
tate
of
Amer,
mos
t of w
hich p
re-d
ated
Sawa
i Jai
Singh
’s te
nure
on th
e cus
hion t
hron
e of A
mer a
nd Ja
ipur.
13AM
ER-JA
IPUR
TRAN
SPOR
TATIO
N CO
RRID
OR
14 NSusan Johnson-Roehr
Jaleb Chowk
Govinddevji
Temple
Diw
an-i Am
Chandra Mahal
Observatory
SirehD
eodhiD
arwaza
Naqqar
Khana
SIREH DEODHI BAZAAR
TRIPOLIA BAZAAR
Tripolia Gate
INSTITUTIONS IN THE LOCAL LANDSAPEThe Jaleb Chowk served as an intermediary between the privileged political spaces of court and the more scientific space of the observatory. The karkhanas dispersed around the perimeter of the courtyard enabled the production of purely scientific knowledge (the authoring of astronomical treatises and compila-tion of astronomical observations and interpreta-tions). The creation of this knowledge drew on the resources of multiple karkhanas, forcing them to work in concert. Between the king, the chowk, the karkhanas, and the observatory developed a complex but strictly organized relationship of trade, communi-cation, and movement, one cemented on a daily basis as the king passed through the productive spaces of the City Palace on his way to the observatory.
JAIPUR CITY PALACE COMPLEX
Susan Johnson-Roehr
Augrangabad
Gaya
Varanasi
Rajshahi
Kolkata(Calcutta)
Allahabad
Jaipur
Kota
Indore
Bhopal
Bundi
Gwalior
DatiaJhansi
Jabalpur
Shahjahanabad
Farid
abad
Chhata Serai
Palwal
Aligarh
Mathura
AgraGaughat
Firoza
bad
Shikohabad
Etah
ParasaoliNaella
Alwar DigBalodar
Ujjain
Jasw
antnagar
Etawah
Ajitmal
Sikandra
Kora
Jahanabad
Kajua
Fatehpur
Shahjadpur
Saidabad
Sarai Jagadish
Saidraja
Mohania
Jahanabad
Sasaram
Dehri Ghat
Sham
sher
naga
r
Mah
abal
ipur
Nau
batp
ur
Patna
Bahar
Bariapur
Suraigarha
Munger
Sultanganj
Bhagalpur
Kahalgaon
Sacragalli
Rajmahal
Chandpara
Cassimbazar
Ranchi
GorakhpurLucknow
Biratnagar
Khulna
BANGLADESH
SIKKIM
NEPAL
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
West BengalJharkhand
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Haryana
Panjab
Uttaranchal
HimachalPradesh
EXTRAMURAL PASSAGESSawai Jai Singh reached out to Jesuits in Bengal to circumvent the French colonial government and eliminate communication delays between India and Europe. However, three years passed between the date of Sawai Jai Singh’s invitation and the arrival of the Jesuits in Jaipur. The
journey from Chandernagore to Jaipur was arduous for the priests. During their travels, they-made certain “geographical observations” that were later deemed inadequate by colleagues
but, as reported in the Lettres Édifiantes, “this is all that they [Fathers Boudier and Pons] were permitted to do on this type of uncomfortable trip in this
country, especially when one needed to make it by land, and with their poor health, both had thought that before returning
they would die of disease caused by the hard-ships and the bad water that one is
forced to drink along the way.”
ROUTE OF FATHERS PONS & BOUDIER, C. 1734
15
16
ABANDON IN PLACE (COURAGE), 2011 Launch Complex 34 (LC 34) was the site of the 1967 Apollo 1 fire that claimed the lives of astronauts Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee. LC 34 was officially abandoned by NASA in October 1973. In 1984, it was listed as part of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station’s National Historic Landmark District. Aside from the ad-dition of a Historical Site Kiosk and three memorial benches at the edge of the concrete pad, the complex has been abandoned in place per NASA’s 1973 instructions.
17
NATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORYThe orchards of Brewster Flats, Washington, have long served as a stage for the development of space and communication technologies The hills rising behind the small town of Monse have hosted a COMSAT (now U.S. Electrodynamics Comsat Earth Station) dish since 1966. Shown here is the Brewster antenna of the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), a radio telescope consisting of ten 82-foot receivers. Built in 1986, the VLBA dishes connect via transmission lines to form a massive high-resolution interferometer.
AESTHETIC HYBRIDITYThe chhatri (“umbrella” or “parasol” in Sanskrit, Hindi, and Rajast-hani) functioned as a symbol of power for Indic kings, serving as a metonym for territorial rule, military authority, heroism, and Hindu-ism. Under the Rajputs of northwestern India, the chhatri was devel-oped into an architectural marker, usually associated with permanent funerary monuments of the royal family. The chhatri, together with its symbolic potential, was absorbed into Mughal design culture at least by the era of Akbar (r. 1556-1605). The appearance of the chhatri at the Purana Qila, a fort built by Sher Shah Suri (r. 1540-1545 ) on the ruins of Humayun’s city, Dinpanah, suggests that the form was adopted from Rajasthani architecture even before Akbar deployed it in his imperial fiat city of Fatehpur Sikri.
CHHATRIS, PURANA QILA, DELHI
18
19POLITICAL HYBRIDITYThe jharokha window appears in both Rajasthani and Mughal architecture. The heavy vertical sup-ports, the designs for which were based on indig-enous wood building traditions, raise a stylized dome reminiscent of the chhatri above the window. Together, the dome and supports frame the viewer, emphasizing his separation from and elevation above the crowd. The jharokha windows at Purana Qila demonstrate not only the Mughal ability to absorb aesthetic forms from their Rajput neighbors, but also their practice of adapting religious forms in order to establish their authority over the local population. The daily appearance of the Mughal emperor in the jharokha echoed the familiar Hindu practice of darsana (“sight,” “vision,” or “glimpse” in Sanskrit). Hindu devotees gathered at the temple to receive darsana from their favored deity, a mo-ment usually enacted when the face of a sculpted icon was uncovered to permit visitors to make eye contact with the deity. Although Mughal rulers placed little emphasis on eye contact, they adopted the ceremonial practice of “revealing” oneself to one’s subjects by making regular appearances at the jharokha windows throughout the kingdom.
JHAROKHA, PURANA QILA, DELHI
20WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSStepwells (baoli) have been used for centuries in the arid regions of India to access water stored in natural aquifers and to free villagers from dependence on seasonal rains. Deep trenches were dug to reach the water table. Masons lined the trenches with stabilizing stones and introduced flights of stairs down the steep slopes to the water. Thousands of these stepwells once dot-ted the landscape of northern Indian, offering not only a means of obtaining fresh water for drinking and cooking, but a place to escape the burning desert heat. Although some wells, such as the Agrasen ki Baoli, remained simple in design, with a single flight of steps leading to the exposed aquifer, many more were developed with spaces dedicated as temples or used for daily life.
AGRASEN KI BAOLI, DELHI, C. 14TH CENTURY
JRAZIM KHAN’S TOMB, LADOO SARAI, DELHI