Sleeping
The ignored behavior!
Defining/describing sleep
• Decreased awareness & interaction with world
• Decreased motility & muscular activity• Characteristic posture• Partial or totl decrement in vol. consciously
directed behavior• Decreased forebrain activity & cortical input
from lower centers
Sleep as a behavior
• Quietude
• Life span decrease
• Brain activity/EEG & reactivity
Theories of sleeping
• Motivation
• Energy conservation
• Restorative
• Memory consolidation
• Adaptive
Necessity of sleep!
• Arguments for necessity
• Arguments against
• Conclusion
Dreaming:what & why?
Multiple perspecties and much speculation!
Deam behavior & description
• Within sleep
• Amount
• Brainwave activity & bodily quietude:the paradox
• REM
Dreams & REM sleep
• REM amount & periodicity
• Brainstem cholinergic & adrenergic promoting & inhibiting areas
• Hobson experiment
Theories of Dreaming
• Dreams as meaningful events:• Freud
--Poetzel effect
--Dement & Kleitman implications• Hall/Cartright• Dreams as random activity (Hobson +)• Synthesis (perhaps)
Dream CharacteristicsLack of active volition
Absence of ongoing reflective judgment
Limited to phenomena of the immediate present
Diffuse cognitive slippage--dreamlike confusion-transformations of perception, thought, memory, emotion,relationships, etc.
Gaps in experience: 20%Confusion of thought & irrat. intuitions: 41%Problems in sustained attention: 5%Memory deficiencies within the dream: 15%
Overall, even 51% of "clearest dreams" had clouding of cs.--But not radical (scz, psychedelic) but rather more like
that of waking life
Can even have hallucinations or psychedelic exper. in dreams (as in waking life!) ex. flying 4%, bizarre
figures, 4%, changed identity 3%, LSD-like transformations of
vision 13%. Mostly visual 47%. Somatic 10%, audit. 14%.