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RECENT TRENDS IN
THE ARMS TRADE
mark bromley, paul holtom, sam perlo-freeman andpieter d. wezeman
April 2009
SIPRI Background Paper
SUMMARY
w United Nation member states
are currently discussing the
easibility o an arms trade
treaty (ATT) which would seek
to create better controls on
international arms transers.
This Background Paper is one
o a series produced by SIPRI to
inorm these discussions.
Using the latest available
data, this paper describes the
ongoing growth in
international transers o majorconventional weapons, militar y
spending and arms production.
It also descibes the i ncreasing
complexity o international
arms export control policies.
The arms trade is global. The
trade in major conventional
weapons is dominated by a
handul o big exporters.
However, even small weapon
producers and states without an
active arms industry can act assuppliers o either second-hand
equipment or newly produced
but less technologically
advanced weapon systems, such
as small arms and light weapons
and their ammunition. The
prevention o illicit and
destabilizing arms transers is a
global concern that requires the
active engagement o all
members o the international
community.
I. Introduction
S v
x v v
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II. Recent trends in international arms transfers
T v 1982. F
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1 These are the SIPRI Arms Transers Database, ; the SIPRI Mili-tary Expenditure Database, ; and the SIPRI Arms Industry Database.
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2 sipri background paper
, .2 T
SIPRI A T D ( x 1).
Arms exporters
O j v
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. F 19801984, -
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78 x , 81
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R x.
M (37 ) US v j v -
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2008, P Av C-
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(ABM) -- U AE (UAE).
R x 14 20042008 1999
2003, v
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20042008, v v v
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2 In addition, the lower annual value or 2008 may be the result o a lack o reliable sources. A
5-year moving average is used as a more reliable measurement o trends because: (a) yearly delivery
schedules may vary significantly, (b) data or the most recent yea r may not be complete, a nd (c) a
1-year period is too short or reliable conclusions. As new data becomes available the SIPRI ArmsTransers Database is updated or all years covered.
Figure 1. The trend in transers o major conventional weapons, 19992008
The bar graph shows annual totals and the line graph shows the five-year moving average. Five-year averages are plotted at the last
year o each five-year period.
Source: SIPRI Arms Transers Database, .
30
25
20
15
10
5
01999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
SIPRItrend-indicato
rvalue
(b.
)
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recent trends in the arms tra de 3
, v A L A v
200 900 , v. T j
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19992003 20042008, 7
10 . M x E
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T UK v USA I,
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20042008. I v 66 H-
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UK v 72 T S
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Box 1. The SIPRI Arms Transers Database
The SIPRI Arms Transers Databasewhich is maintained by the SIPRI Arms Transers Programmecontains inormation on
all international transers o major conventional weapons (including sales, gits and transers o technology) to states, inter-
national organizations and non-state armed groups since 1950.a The database can be used to track changes in the trends in the
volume o transers o major conventional weapons and to answer such questions as:
Who are the main suppliers and recipients o major conventional weapons?
How have the relationships between diferent suppliers and recipients changed over time?
Where do countries in conflict obtain their weapons?
How do states implement their export control regulations?
Where are destabilizing build-ups o weapons occurring today?
The database can be used to generate written reports (trade registers) and statistical data (trend indicator values, TIVs).
Trade registers provide inormation on each deal included in the database. A deal is only included in a trade register i it has been
confirmed that deliveries have begun or that an order has been placed. Deals are divided into two categories: those that concern
the physical transer o military equipment and those that concern the transer o the technology necessary or the production o
military equipment (licensed production). A trade register provides deal details such as the supplier and recipient, the type andnumber o weapon systems ordered and delivered, the year(s) o deliveries and, where available, the financial value.
Trend-indicator values are a measure o the volume o deliveries o major conventional weapons. SIPRI ascribes a TIV to each
weapon or subsystem included in the database. These values are based on the known unit costs o a core set o weapons. Weapons
or which a cost is not known are compared with core weapons based on a variety o actors, including perormance characteristics
and the period in which the weapon was produced. SIPRI then calculates the volume o transers to, rom and between all states,
non-state groups and international organizations using the TIV and the number o weapon systems or subsystems delivered in a
given year. TIV figures do not represent financial values or weapon transers; they are an indicator o the volume o transers.b
a The database does not document international transers o nuclear, biological or chemical weapons or o small arms, although some light
weapons are included.b The method used to calculate the SIPRI trend-indicator value is described in ull on the SIPRI Arms Transers Programme website at .
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W
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v
SALW ( IV).
Arms importers
I ,
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20042008 5C, I, UAE, S K
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19992003 20042008 ( 3 4). T
fi fiv
UAE,
16 19992003
20042008.
Table 1. The top 5 suppliers o major conventional weapons and their largest recipients, 20042008
Supplier
Share o
global arms
exports (%)
Total no. o
recipients
Main recipients (share o suppliers transers)
1st 2nd 3rd
United States 31 69 South Korea (15%) Israel (13%) UAE (11%)Russia 25 46 China (42%) India (21%) Algeria (8%)
Germany 10 47 Turkey (15%) Greece (13%) South Arica (12%)
France 8 39 UAE (32%) Singapore (13%) Greece (12%)
United Kingdom 4 37 United States (21%) India (14%) Chile (9%)
Table 2. The top 5 suppliers o major conventional weapons and their largest recipients, 19992003
Supplier
Share o
global arms
exports (%)
Total no. o
recipients
Main recipients (share o suppliers transers)
1st 2nd 3rd
United States 35 77 Taiwan (9%) Egypt (8%) Japan (8%)
Russia 26 47 China (44%) India (23%) Iran (4%)
Germany 7 56 Turkey (14%) Australia (11%) South Korea (7%)
France 7 55 UAE (21%) Pakistan (12%) Turkey (11%)
United Kingdom 6 44 Canada (18%) United States (12%) Turkey (10%)
Source: SIPRI Arms Transers Database, .
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recent trends in the arms tra de 5
Africa
A 7 j
v v 20042008, 6
19992003. D 20042008, A S A
A, 35 27
, v, . T
j v S, 8
A . Ex S A, -
S A 2 20042008. Hv, v v j v
v fi fl .
Dv A 2008 180 T-90
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R. T Pj 636 K C fi
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2008, 24 F-16C USA, 1
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v C 2008 fi 6 S-25 -
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D 2007 2008 U v 110 T-72
11 BM-21 K. I S 2008 -
33 T-72 6 BM-21 U K
j S . T ,
fi
v S S, K, K U .
Figure 2. The suppliers and recipients o major conventional weapons, 20042008
Source: SIPRI Arms Transers Database, .
Others 11%
Sweden 2%
Ukraine 2%Spain 2%
Italy 2%Netherlands 3%
UK 4%
France 8%
Germany 10%Russia 25%
USA 31%
Others 51%
Australia 2% Egypt 3%Turkey 3%
USA 3%
Israel 4%
Greece 4%
South Korea 6%
UAE 6%
India 7%
China 11%
Suppliers Recipients
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The Americas
S A 11 j v-
v 20042008, 8
19992003. T S A 94 20042008 19992003. T USA v
A 20042008, v
, 14 19992003. C
v S A 20042008
11 , 36 19992003.
Sv S A -
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2006 2007, 24 S-30MK . D
2008 -
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. N, E v v v v
US v -fi , EC-145
C-27J . Hv, -
USA.
Table 3. The top 5 recipients o major conventional weapons and their largest suppliers, 20042008
Recipient
Share o
global arms
imports (%)
Total no. o
suppliers
Main suppliers (share o recipients transers)
1st 2nd 3rd
China 11 6 Russia (92%) France (3%) Ukraine (2%)India 7 11 Russia (71%) United Kingdom (9%) Israel (6%)
UAE 6 13 United States (54%) France (43%) Germa ny (1%)
South Korea 6 8 United States (73%) Germa ny (12%) France (9%)
Greece 4 13 Germa ny (31%) United States (24%) France (24%)
Table 4. The top 5 recipients o major conventional weapons and their largest suppliers, 19992003
Recipient
Share o
global arms
imports (%)
Total no. o
suppliers
Main suppliers (share o recipients transers)
1st 2nd 3rd
China 12 9 Russia (92%) France (3%) Ukraine (2%)
India 8 14 Russia (78%) Uzbekistan (5%) Germa ny (3%)
Greece 5 13 United States (52%) Russia (17%) Netherlands (10%)
Turkey 5 10 United States (54%) France (15%) United Kingdom (11%)
South Korea 4 10 United States (67%) Germa ny (11%) France (11%)
Source: SIPRI Arms Transers Database, .
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recent trends in the arms tra de 7
Asia
A v 37 j v -
20042008, 40 19992003.
T E A ( S E A) 67
A 20042008, S A 25 , O 7 C A 1 . T
20042008 A : C, I
S K.
T j v
C 2007 2008 v
v 20022006. T v v
T , 44
19992003 20042008. Hv, 2008 USA
- T.
T v v P fi
. F- P v 5 2008. Ov 20042008, 40 P
j v USA. Sfi
v 2008 M-109A5 155- , P-3CUP
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20042008 19992003. I 2007 2008 S K
j v . T USA
73 S K
20042008, - F-15K
S K- .
Europe
E v 24 j v
20042008, 26 1999
2003. EU 19
v 20042008 17 v 19992003. T
j v E
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j v 19992003 fi
20042008.
T j v- 19992003 20042008.
T fi 2008,
6 T-214 G 51 A-129
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v 20042008
19992003. T G U,
65 v 20042008.
D 20042008 E 211
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Transfers of major conventional weapon
systems to China in 2007 and 2008 were
less than half their average annual volume
in 20022006
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D 2008 10 E -
q. Hv,
, fi .
The Middle East
M E v 18 j
v 20042008. T
38 20042008 19992003. D 2004
2008, 34 M E UAE,
I v 22 E 14 . D fi -
I , 5
M E 20042008 27 -
j v .
D 20042008 UAE j
v .
I 80 F-16E
USA 50 M-2000-9 F. T UAE
fi 2008 -
fi .
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j v , 40
USA. I 2008 Iq 140 M1A1 USA
v v.
I 20042008 102 F-16I
-- -- . T v
j I
USA, . I
v ,
EU .
Figure 3. The financial value o the global arms trade, 19982007
Source: The data is based on published inormation or direct communication with governments or o cial industry bodies. For a ull
list o sources and all available financial data on arms exports see .
60
50
40
30
20
10
01998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Value
($
b
.)
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recent trends in the arms tra de 9
The financial value of the arms trade
I fi v
. Hv, fi v
x , v
.3A v , - fi v
2007, v, $51.1 -
, 0.3 .4 T
fi fi
fi x, C,
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x 2007, x $12.8 ; R , $7.4 ; F , $6.2 ; I
, $4.4 ; UK fi , $4.1
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fi v x v
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( TIV), ,
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x G fiv x
SIPRI TIV, fiv
fi v.
3 There are significant limitations on using o cial national data or assessing the financial value
o the international arms trade. First, there is no internationally agreed definition o what consti-
tutes arms, and so governments use diferent lists when collecting and reporting data on the
financial value o their arms exports. Second, there is no standardized methodology concerning
how to collect and report such data, with some states reporting on licences issued or used and other
states using data collected rom customs agencies. Third, a number o states produce more than one
data set based on diferent lists o goods or diferent methodologies.4 Exports o goods and services in 2007 amounted to $17 130 billion. International Monetary
Fund, International Financial Statistics online, .5 The figure or Israels arms exports reers to contracts signed. Unlike previous years, Israel did
not release a figure or the value o actual exports in 2007, only contracts signed. All other figuresreer to actual exports as declared by the governments o those countries.
The international arms trade in 2007
represented 0.3 per cent of world trade
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International transfers of small arms and light weapons
S -1990
SALW, v v-
. 6
Gv SALW
v v -
, v v . F x,
D 2003 UN G A v v
SALW UN R Cv A
(UNROCA), v v j v
, 2006 v
.7
A 31 D 2008, 56 UNROCA
SALW 2003. T j
UNROCA 5 6. H-
v, UNROCA v -
SALW fi x (.. C,
R USA) v .8 I , -
E v SALW UNROCA,
v- x. (F UNROCA
V .)
T
SALW UN C T
S D (C). T N Iv S A
T (NISAT) C
SALW ( 7). 9
6 See UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/50/70, 15 Jan. 1996.7 UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/58/54, 8 Dec. 2003; UN General Assembly Resolution
61/77, 6 Dec. 2006; and United Nations, O ce o Disarmament Afairs, Standardized orm or
reporting international transers o conventional arms, .8 See Holtom, P., Transparency in Transers o Small Arms and Light Weapons: Reports to the
United Nations Register o Conventional Arms, 20032006, SIPRI Policy Paper no. 22 (SIPRI: Stock-
holm, July 2008); and Holtom, P., Reporting transers o smal l arms and light weapons to the United
Nations Register o Conventional Arms, 2007, SIPRI Background Paper, Feb. 2009, .9 On NISATs annual register o internationa l SALW transers see .
Table 5. Significant exporters o small arms and light weapons based on UNROCA submissions, 2007
State Croatia Italy UK Ukraine Romania
SALW units exported 653 378 462 497 255 812 167 151 118 241
Share o all units transerred (%) 29 20 11 7 5
Table 6. Significant importers o small arms and light weapons based on UNROCA submissions, 2007
State USA Iraq Mexico UK France
SALW units imported 1 548 253 98 877 72 664 60 557 44 134
Share o all units transerred (%) 68 4 3 3 2
Source: UNROCA online database, .
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recent trends in the arms tra de 11
Hv, . F x,
x C -
x.10
10 On the strengths and weaknesses o the Comtrade data see Haug, M. et al.,Shining a Light on
Small Arms Exports: The Record o State Transparency, Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper no. 4
(Small Arms Survey: Geneva, Jan. 2002), pp. 2223; and Marsh, N., Accounting guns: the methodol-
ogy used in developing data tables or the Small Arms Survey, Memorandum by Nicholas Marsh,
Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Tra nsers (NISAT) project at the International Peace ResearchInstitute, Oslo (PRIO), 14 Nov. 2005.
Table 7. Major exporters o small arms and light weapons, 2005
Countries listed are estimated to have exported more than $10 m. worth o small a rms and light weapons in 2005.
Country Value o exports o small arms and light weapons ($ m.)
Austria >130
Belgium >192Bosnia and Herzegovina Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports
Brazil >122
Bulgaria >12
Canada >67
China >32
Croatia 19
Czech Republic >60
Finland >48
France >30
Germany >304
Iran Previously a major exporter, but little is reported about its exports
Israel >25Italy >390
Japan >85
Korea, North Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports
Korea, South 21
Mexico 18
Netherlands 14
Norway 34
Poland 22
Portugal 17
Romania Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports
Russia >61
Serbia and Montenegro 29Singapore Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports
Slovakia >18
South Arica Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports
Spain >56
Sweden >28
Switzerland 57
Thailand Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports
Turkey 48
Ukraine >11
United Kingdom >79
United States 426
Source: Based onSmall Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2008), annexe 4.1.
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III. Recent trends in world military expenditure
T ,
v v . Mv
v . F x, j
, q-
q. A N A T
O (NATO),
q 17.6 2008.11 A,
, R USA, q j
q ,
. I , , -
v , x q-
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.12 F, v
q ,
fl .
N, x
x , - -. I ,
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11 NATO, Financial and economic data relating to NATO deence, Press Release (2009)009,
19 Feb. 2009, . The proportion o military
spending allocated to equipment purchases varies greatly among NATO states, ranging rom 9.3%
in Belgium to 32.2% in Luxembourg. Reliable data on the proportion o military spending allocated
to equipment acquisitions in other parts o the world is harder to come by. However, according to
responses to the SIPRI questionnaire on military spending, which is sent to 168 states every year, the
proportion is generally lower in the developing world than it is in the West.12 E.g. see Ball, N.,Security and Economy in the Third World(Princeton University Press: Prince-
ton, NJ, 1988), pp. 107108; Hendrickson, D. and Ball, N., Of-budget Military Expenditure and Reve-
nue: Issues and Policy Perspectives or Donors, Conflict, Security and Development Group Occasional
Papers no. 1 (Kings College: London, Jan. 2002), p. 18; and Omitoogun, W. and Hutchul, E. (eds),
SIPRI,Budgeting or the Military Sector in Arica: The Processes and Mechanisms o Control(OxordUniversity Press: Oxord, 2006).
Figure 4. World military expenditure, 19982007
Source: SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, .
1200
1000
80
60
40
20
01998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Expenditure($
b.
)
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recent trends in the arms trade 13
. W v v v,
2001 v -- SIPRI x
( fi 4 8).
Ov fi (198998),
-.13 M
. T R
W T O;
A, A W E. Hv,
A ( 27 ) M E ( 17 ).
S 1998 v. G
45 v 10- 19982007, $1339 2007. T
2.5 (GDP) $202
. T 2001,
v 5.3 , 2.2
19982001.14
T v 2001
x jv, v , fl
13 Omitoogun, W. and Skns, E., Military expenditure data: a 40-year overview,SIPRI Yearbook
2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxord University Press: Oxord,
2006), p. 280.
14 Stlenheim, P., Perdomo, C. and Skns, E., Militar y expenditure,SIPRI Yearbook 2008 Arma-ments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2008).
Table 8. Military expenditure by region in constant (2005) US dollars, 19982007
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
World total 834 843 875 892 947 1 013 1 071 1 113 1 145 1 214
Arica 11.1 11.9 12.3 13.5 14.3 14.1 15.8 16.0 15.8 16.8
North Arica 4.3 4.0 4.1 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.9 6.2 6.0 6.6
Sub-Saharan Arica 6.8 7.9 8.3 8.4 9.1 8.7 9.9 9.8 9.7 10.1
Americas 367 367 382 387 431 481 522 548 559 598
North America 340 341 354 357 399 453 493 516 525 562
Central America 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.6 4.0
South America 23.3 22.1 23.9 26.7 27.5 24.6 25.8 28.1 30.1 32.0
Caribbea n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asia and Oceania 132 135 139 146 153 160 166 176 186 200
Central Asia 0.6 0.5 . . 0.6 . . 0.8 . . . . . . . .
East Asia 100 101 104 110 116 122 127 132 140 152
South Asia 19.6 21.9 22.8 23.5 23.6 24.2 25.0 28.2 29.7 30.7
Oceania 11.4 11.9 11.8 12.2 12.7 13.2 13.8 14.3 15.1 16.4Europe 276 280 287 288 295 302 306 306 311 319
Western Europe 245 250 251 249 253 258 261 257 258 261
Eastern Europe 15.6 15.9 21.4 23.3 25.8 27.6 28.9 32.0 35.6 40.8
Central Europe 15.1 14.7 14.8 15.5 15.8 16.2 16.3 16.8 17.1 18.0
Middle East 48.8 48.1 54.3 56.7 54.3 56.0 60.3 67.2 73.9 79.0
Source: SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, .
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.15 H-
v, v USA,
63 -2001
45 2007. W
A Iq,
fi.16 M v
2001. A -
v
2001 2006. O 121
v, 88
2007 2001. T
v.
I E E x 162 v
19982007, . I
2007, 15 . R,
13 2007, 86
.
I N A x 59 v
19982007. T v xv
US . B 2007, US
W W II.
I M E x 62 v
19982007. T v G C C
UAE. T v fi
I, J L.
I S A x 57 v
19982007. T -
64 I .
I A x 51 v 1998
2007. T v 97 A
. W A
, -
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5.7 6.2 GDP, v,
. A B v
v .17
I E A x 51 v
19982007. T
50 : C, 202 , I, 100
, M, 153 . W C
v , ,
, 2.1
GDP 2006.
15 Stlenheim, Perdomo and Skns (note 14), pp. 205206.16 Stlenheim, Perdomo and Skns (note 14), 17985.
17 Stlenheim, P., Perdomo, C. and Skns, E., Military expenditureSIPRI Yearbook 2007: Arma-ments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2007), pp. 28384.
Global military spending increased by
45 per cent in real terms over the 10-year
period 19982007
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recent trends in the arms tra de 15
T v
19982007 W E (6 ) C A
(14 ).
IV. Recent trends in world arms productionT , j
, N A W
E, fi x A-
, C, I, J, S K R. T
v v
. Hv, SIPRI
100 - ( SIPRI T 100),
j fi v .18
T v (-fi v)
T 100 $315 2006, 60
2002 v ( 9). T US
x. US- 63.5
2006 W E- 29.2
. T v v .19
F -
fi x
NATO W T O.
I USA W E, j
, -
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N G 1994
B MD-D 1997. I E
BAE S UK, T F,
F I, -E EADS. T
-US 10
. I , UK USA, -
q x
v .20
T - W
2000, US
x fi,
USA 11 S 2001. T US
x v
US q US . B ,
UK USA, v
q US . L BAE S,
10 US D D, B
18 On the SIPRI Top 100 see . The list does not include
companies based in China due to a lack o accessible data.19 Perlo-Freeman, S. and Skns, E. , Arms production,SIPRI Yearbook 2008 (note 14), pp. 256.
20 On the transormation o the Western arms industries ollowing the end o the cold war seeDunne, J. P. and Surry, E., Arms production,SIPRI Yearbook 2006 (note 13).
The global arms industry is dominated by
North America and Western Europe
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USA UK.21 C-
E v q
USA, 2008 I q-
$5.2 DRS T, US .22
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, v (UAV),
j W .27 S K
21 See Perlo-Freeman and Skns(note 19), pp. 254277. Company inormation extracted rom
annual corporate reports.22 DRS Technologies, Finmeccanica completes acquisition o DRS Technologies or 5.2 billion
US dollars, Press release, 22 Oct. 2008, .23 On the state o the Russian arms industry ater the cold war see Cooper, J., Developments in
the Russian arms industry,SIPRI Yearbook 2006 (note 13).24 On the reorganization o the Russian arms industry see Perlo-Freeman and Skns(note 19),
pp. 27577.25 See e.g. Brzoska, M. and Ohlson, T. (eds), SIPRI,Arms Production in the Third World(Taylor &
Francis: London, 1986).26 See e.g. Medeiros, E. et al.,A New Direction or Chinas Deense Industry (RAND Corporation:
Arlington, VA, 2005).27 E.g. Israeli UAV technology is a key component o the UKs Watchkeeper UAV programme.
Table 9. The total value o arms sales by the SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies, 20022006
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20022006
Arms sales at current prices and exchange rates
Total ($ b.) 197 236 275 292 315
Change (%) 20 16 6 8 60
Arms sales at constant (2006) prices and exchange rates
Total ($ b.) 240 268 292 302 315
Change (%) 12 9 3 4 32
Source: SIPRI Arms Industry Database.
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recent trends in the arms tra de 17
. I 2007 T
$459 40 KT-1 W-B
S K, fl fi
x. I -
, v .
I j .28 B
L A 1980
11 198488. I
1990, B Gv -
v . S A v
fi
. A 2008, D G, S A
- , 7300 .29
W
, - q
v ,
SALW . A
, 1249 90
vv SALW .30 T
, -
SALW, -
.
T v -
v. I
fi -
,
.
A , 6080 fl,
fl q -
.31 Ex fi-
, v SALW
, C, I, J, N
S.
V. Recent trends in export control mechanisms
A x v T v
, q (
) .32
A - - , v
v
xv v . S v
28 On Indias ofsets policy see Indian Ministry o Deence (MOD), Deence Procurement Proce-
dure: Capital Procurement (MOD: New Delhi, 2009).29 Denel,Annual Report 2008 (Denel: Irene, n.d.), p. 4.30 Continuity and change: products and producers, Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk
(Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2004), p. 7.31 Multiplying the sources: licensed and unlicensed military production, Small Arms Sur vey
2007: Guns and the City (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2007), p. 7.
32 Davis, I., SIPRI, The Regulation o Arms and Dual-Use Exports: Germany, Sweden and the UK(Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2002), p. xiv.
The means of producing weapons has
spread through the licensed and
unlicensed transfer of production
facilities
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18 sipri background paper
v x , x
, v v
.33
N, v v
v . S v fi
. W v
O S C- E (OSCE)
EU, UN xv - . N
UN S C G A v x -
. F x, 2001 P A Pv,
C E I T S A L W
A I A (POA), v v q
, v
SALW.34
Transfer prohibitions and guidelines
A , UN S C
, . UN - C VII,
A 41, UN C. L S C , -
q v v 15
S C, fiv (C, F,
R, UK USA; P5) v. A 1 J 2009
33 See Davis (note 32).34 United Nations, Programme o Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in
Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, A/CONF.192/15, 20 July 2001, section II, para. 2.
The POA was agreed during the UN Conerence on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light
Weapons in All Its Aspects, which took place in New York on 920 July 2001. On the 2001 conerence
and the 2006 review conerence see UN Department o Disarmament Afairs, Small arms and lightweapons, .
Table 10. Mandatory United Nations arms embargoes in orce, as o 1 January 2009
Target Instrument establishing embargo Date passed
Al-Qaeda , Taliban and associated individuals and entities Security Council Resolution 1390 16 Jan. 2002
Cte dIvoire Security Council Resolution 1572 15 Nov. 2004
Democratic Republic o the Congo (NGF) Security Council Resolution 1493 28 July 2003Iran (technology related to nuclear weapon delivery systems) Security Council Resolution 1737 23 Dec. 2006
Iraq (NGF) Security Council Resolution 1483 22 May 2003
Lebanon (NGF) Security Council Resolution 1701 11 Aug. 2006
Liberia Security Council Resolution 1521 22 Dec. 2003
North Korea Security Council Resolution 1718 14 Oct. 2006
Sierra Leone (NGF) Security Council Resolution 1171 5 June 1998
Somalia Security Council Resolution 733 23 Jan. 1992
Sudan (Dar ur) Security Council Resolution 1591 29 Mar. 2005
NGF = non-governmental orces.
Source: United Nations, UN Security Council Sanctions Committees, .
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recent trends in the arms tra de 19
11 UN ( 10). Hv,
x
, UN v v,
v v.35
T v v
1920. I 1925
L N v ,
v . W v v -
, ,
qv, v
v .36
D -
v v
fl. A v,
x v -
. F x, 1949 W
C C M Ex C (COCOM)
E . COCOM 1994.
I 1990 j v-
Iq 1990 v K
Iq v. P ,
-1990 v v
. R fi
, -
v , ( x 2).
I O 1991 P5 v
P5 x x v-
-
.37 I
x fl
, v -
, , v. I
Nv 1993 OSCE -
v v .38
35 On the impact o UN arms embargoes see Fruchart, D. et al., United Nations Arms Embargoes:
Their Impact on Arms Flows and Target Behaviour (SIPRI/Uppsala University: Stockholm, Nov.2007).
36 The transer o nuclear weapons is prohibited by the Treaty on the Non-prolieration o
Nuclear Weapons (Non-Prolieration Treaty, NPT), which was opened or signature on 1 July 1968
and entered into orce on 5 Mar. 1970; the transer o biological weapons is prohibited by the Conven-
tion on the Prohibition o the Development, Production and Stockpiling o Bacteriologica l (Biologi-
cal) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention,
BTWC), which was opened or signature on 10 Apr. 1972 and entered into orce on 26 Mar. 1975; and
the transer o chemical weapons is prohibited by the Convention on the Prohibition o the Develop-
ment, Production, Stockpiling and Use o Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (Chemical
Weapons Convention, CWC), which was opened or signature on 13 Jan. 1993 and entered into orce
on 29 Apr. 1997.37 See Goldblat, J.,Arms Control: The New Guide to Negotiations and Ag reements (PRIO, SIPRI
and Sage Publications: London, 2002), pp. 24146.
38 OSCE, Principles governing conventional arms transers, FSC Journal no. 49, DOC.FSC/3/96,Vienna, 25 Nov. 1993.
Many UN arms embargoes have been
repeatedly violated, by both states and
private individuals
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20 sipri background paper
O -
v -, -
v fl, .Hv, , -
v . C
v fi v-
. A 2006 UN G
A -
, x v -
fl, , .39
Export control regimes and other regional mechanisms
T - v
. T vv -
, v
vv v -
. O v x (.. M T-
C R), (.. N S
G) (.. A G).
T W A Ex C Cv A
D-U G T 1996
fi COCOM -v-
. I 40 , R, USA, NATO W
T O. T W A
-
v .40 P
x x
.
39 United Nations, General Assembly, First Committee, Towards an arms trade treaty: establish-
ing common international standards or the import, export and transer o conventional arms,
Drat resolution, A/C.1/61/L.55, 12 Oct. 2006.40 Wassenaar Arrangement, Introduction, .
Box 2. Internationally-agreed commitments to prevent destabilizing accumulations o conventional arms
Five Powers Communiqu, 89 July 1991a
Five Power Guidelines or Conventional Arms Transers, 1718 October 1991a
OSCE Principles Governing Conventional Arms Transers, 23 November 1993b
United Nations Guidelines or International Arms Transers, 1996c
European Union Common Rules Governing Control o Exports o Military Technology and Equipment, 1998/2008d
OSCE Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 24 November 2000b
a Goldblat, J.,Arms Control: The New Guide to Negotiations and Agreements, 2nd edn (Sage: London, 2002), pp. 24243.b Organization or Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), .c United Nations, General Assembly, Report o the Disarmament Commission, A/51/42(SUPP), 22 May 1996, annex I.dCouncil Common Position 2008/944/CFSP o 8 Dec. 2008, O cial Journal o the European Union, L335, 13 Dec. 2008.
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recent trends in the arms tra de 21
T EU C R Gv C Ex M T-
Eq ( C C A Ex
2008) fi J 1998.41 I -
EU x -
, fl v,
v. U EU C R, v
x, fi, x
, . I
x v
v ,
v
.
I 1998 E C W A S
(ECOWAS) ,
x SALW.42 A 2002 v
.43 I , ECOWAS Cv S A
L W, T A O R M
J 2006. T v
SALW , ECOWAS C
x ,
.44 T v
q v
ECOWAS C SALW .
Transparency mechanisms
A 1991 UN :
T
. T
v v-
. S :
() S ; () F ; () D /
v: () T , , v :
() B ;
41 Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP o 8 Dec. 2008 defining common rules governingcontrol o exports o military technology and equipment, O cial Journal o the European Union ,
L335, 13 Dec. 2008; and Council o the European Union, EU Code o Conduct on Arms Exports,
8675/2/98 Rev. 2, Brussels, 5 June 1998. See also Bromley, M., The Impact on Domestic Policy o the EU
Code o Conduct on Arms Exports: The Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Spain, SIPRI Policy Paper
no. 21 (SIPRI: Stockholm, May 2008).42 ECOWAS, Declaration o a Moratorium on Importation, Exportation, and Manuacture o
Light Weapons in West Arica, Abuja, 31 Oct. 1998. The moratorium came into efect on 1 Nov. 1998
or an initial period o 3 years.43 Berkol, I., Analysis o the ECOWAS convention on small arms and light weapons and recom-
mendations or the development o an Action Plan, Note dAnalyse, Groupe de recherche et
dinormation sur la paix et la scurit (GRIP), 1 Apr. 2007, .44 The ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms, Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other
Related Materials was adopted by on 14 June 2006; as o 1 Apr. 2009 it had not been ratified by the 9states required or it to enter into orce.
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22 sipri background paper
() Q ; () F ; () T-
.45
S 1990 , -
fi x v
v. A v P5 -
v fl ( v), 1991 G W UN G A
.46 M,
v , E, v
v x
v x.
T UN R Cv A D 1991
v xv . . .
-
[ ] fi, , x
,
.47
E q UNROCA - x j v
. F 20052007, 23 A, 27
A, 39 A Pfi 44 E
( 11). A 1 J 2009, 90
x 2007,
E.
A 1 J 2008, 31
x, 6 J 1998.48 F ,
45 United Nations, General Assembly, Study on ways and means o promoting transparency in
international transers o conventional arms, Report o the Secretary-General, A/46/301, 9 Sep.
1991, para. 116.46 Wagenmakers, H., The UN Register o Conventional Arms: the debate on the uture issues,
Arms Control Today, Oct. 1994, p. 8.47 UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/46/36L, 6 Dec. 1991. Several studies have analysed
the rationale or and developments surrounding the establishment o UNROCA. See e.g. Chalmers,
M., Donowaki, M. and Greene, O. (eds),Developing Arms Transparency: The Future o the UN Regis-
ter, Bradord Arms Register Studies no. 7 (University o Bradord: Bradord, 1997); Laurance, E. J.,
Wezeman, S. T. and Wul, H.,Arms Watch: SIPRI Report on the First Year o the UN Register o Con-
ventional Arms, SIPRI Research Report no. 6 (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 1993); and Wul, H.,
The United Nations Register o Conventional Arms,SIPRI Yearbook 1993: World Armaments and
Disarmament (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 1993). Records o the documents and discussions on
UNROCA in the UN General Assemblys First Committee can be ound in Miller, C. D., The United
Nations Register o Conventional Arms: Origins and Evolution 19881994 (Monterey Institute o
International Studies: Monterey, CA, [1995]).
48 Links to national report s on arms exports to UNROCA are ava ilable at .
Table 11. Reporting to the UN Register o Conventional Arms, by region, 20052007
Region 2005 2006 2007 20052007
Arica 17 16 9 23
Americas 23 21 13 27
Asia and Oceania 35 33 25 42Europe 42 43 43 44
Total 117 113 90 136
Source: UNROCA online database, .
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recent trends in the arms tra de 23
-v v
v x . T
x
1970, 1980 1990.49 T q
v,
, v.
U EU C R ( v)
fi v x x,
EU M L . T
x, , v
. F 10 , 2008, 16
27 EU q .50
VI. Conclusions
N v -
x q. T
x -
v
v fl -
. Hv,
,
, fi . 51 T
v
.
W
, v v fi-
.
M, , ,
- q v
, SALW . T v-
q
v .
O vv ATT v
v v . I -
, j
x v
. C v v fi
v v ,
. Hv, v
v fi ,
E.
49 Marriano, B. and Urquart, A., Transparency and accountability in European arms export
controls: towards common standards and best practices (Saerworld: London, Dec. 2000), p. 3.50 Council o the European Union, Tenth Annual Report according to Operative Provision 8 o
the European Code o Conduct on Arms Exports, O cial Journal o the European Union, C300,
22 Nov. 2008.
51 See e.g. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Arms Trade with the ThirdWorld(Almqvist and Wiksell: Stockholm, 1971), pp. 1741.
The prevention of illicit and destabilizing
arms transfers is a global concern
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sipri background paper
RECENT TRENDS INTHE ARMS TRADEmar k bromley, paul holtom, sam perlo -freema n and
pieter d. wezeman
Signalistgatan 9
SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden
Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00
Fax: +46 8 655 97 33
SIPRI is an independent
international institute or
research into problems o peaceand conflict, especially those o
arms control and disarmament.
It was established in 1966 to
commemorate Swedens
150 years o unbroken peace.
The Institute is financed
mainly by a g rant proposed by
the Swedish Government and
subsequently approved by the
Swedish Parliament. The staf
and the Governing Board are
international. The Institute alsohas an Advisory Committee as
an international consultative
body.
GOVERNING BOARD
Ambassador Rol Ekus,
Chairman (Sweden)
Dr Willem F. van Eekelen, Vice-
Chairman (Netherlands)
Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia)
Jayantha Dhanapala(Sri Lanka)
Dr Nabil Elaraby (Egypt)
Proessor Mary Kaldor
(United Kingdom)
Proessor Ronald G. Sutherland
(Canada)
The Director
DIRECTOR
Dr Bates Gill (United States)
CONTENTS
I. Introduction 1
II. Recent trends in international arms transers 1
Arms exporters 2Arms importers 4
The financial value o the arms trade 9
International transers o small arms and light weapons 10
III. Recent trends in world military expenditure 12
IV. Recent trends in world arms production 15
V. Recent trends in export control mechanisms 17
Transer prohibitions and guidelines 18
Export control regimes and other regional mechanisms 20
Transparency mechanisms 21
VI. Conclusions 23
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Mark Bromley (United Kingdom) is a Researcher with the SIPRI Arms Transers
Programme.
Dr Paul Holtom (United Kingdom) is Leader o the SIPRI Arms Transers Programme.
Dr Sam Perlo-Freeman (United Kingdom) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI
Military Expenditure and Arms Production Programme.
Pieter D. Wezeman (the Netherlands) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI Arms
Transers Programme.