Simple, low-cost reservoirs to reduce vegetable
contamination In Lima, Peru
Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture International Wrap-up Event
26 – 28 June 2013, Tehran, Iran
Eng. Julio Moscoso Cavallini
National University of Agriculture La Molina - Peru
The Cost Region:
• 55% of the country
population
• 42 rivers, most of them are
smolers and stacionalities
• Only recibed 1.8% of the
country water
• Near to hidric stress with a
bad tendency by the climátic
cheanges
• Only 10% is agriculture land
• 12 million hectars are arids
• Peruviam population: 30
millions (2012)
Peru:
Lima
Map of the fecal
coliforms
contamination in
the hidric
resources of Peru DIGESA, 2004
Agriculture Production in
Peru:
• Total area: 2.3 million of
hectars
• Vegetables area: 164,000
ha
• Vegetables area with
indirected use of waste
water: 16,000 ha
THE STUDY AREA IN
RIMAC RIVER BASIN
Agriculture areas in
Huachipa, Nievería and
Carapongo
They produce 15% of the
vegetables to Lima comsum
Levels of contaminatión with fecal coliforms in the
water of the irrigation channels in Huachipa,
Nievería and Carapongo
Levels of contaminatión with human parasites in
the water of the irrigation channels in Huachipa,
Nievería and Carapongo
Levels of contaminatión with fecal coliforms
in the vegetables produced in Huachipa,
Nievería and Carapongo
Levels of contaminatión with human
parasites in the vegetables produced in
Huachipa, Nievería and Carapongo
RESULTADOS DE LA EVALUACIÓN
DE CALIDAD SANITARIA
• Yet despite high levels of lead in the river basin, levels found in soils and crops were not high enough to pose a health risk
• More than 97% of water samples from irrigation canals were far above maximum permitted limits of faecal coliforms and some samples had higher than 5E+6/100 ml
• 30% of the vegetables in Carapongo and 70% in Huachipa and Nievería are not good for human consuption
• Rímac river is the main source of fecal contamination of the irrigation water
SOLUTION: RESERVOIR
• Water retention to reduce contaminants in irrigation Use of irrigation methods more efficient
• Increased de agriculture productivity
• Added fishculture in order to compensate the land used for reservoir and diversify the production
Criteria for
reservoirs
design
• Volume of reservoir
equivalent to
irrigated used in 2
weeks on summer
period
• Irrigation with only
50% of the volume
• Complete volumen
to get a minimum
retentión time of 7
days
Radish and lettuce cultivated in Carapongo
Land irrigated with water of channels and reservoir efluentorio
Increase
of
irrigatio
n water
quality
Agriculture productivity in land irrigated with
channel and reservoir water (en US $)
Parámetro Agua de
canal
Agua de
reservorio sin
geomembrana
Agua de
reservorio con
geomembrana
Costo de Producción/ha 1,414 1,446 1,537
Producción lechuga
(docenas/ha)
4,595 7,326 7,326
Producción rabanito
(atados/ha)
3,779 4,213 4,213
Costo por docena lechuga 0.63 0.63 0.63
Costo por atado rabanito 0.23 0.23 0.23
Ingreso Total lechuga/ha 2,872 4,615 4,615
Ingreso Total rabanito/ha 869 969 969
Ingreso Total /ha 3,741 5,584 5,584
Utilidad/ha 2,327 4,138 4,047
Incremento en la utilidad por
el reservorio
1,811 1,720
Capacidad de pago de deuda
(campañas)
0.79 3.27
Tilapia production in reservoirs
Resultados del primer cultivo de tilapia
en el Reservorio de Nievería
Descripción Unidad P.U. Cantidad Total
Costo de producción: 471.00
Juveniles peces 0.16 1,450 232.50
Alimento kilos 0.53 450 238.50
Ingresos por ventas: 839.00
Pescado vivo kilos 1.67 254 424.00
Pescado frito kilos 5.46 76 415.00
Consumo familiar kilos 37
Utilidad: 368.00
Relación B/C 1.78
RESULTS TO USE RESERVOIRS
• Retention times in reservoirs were 10- 27 days before irrigation
• Human parasites were eliminated in reservoir and fecal coliforms decreased to less 1000 NMP/100 ml in irrigation water
• Rservorirs increased the productivity and income of the local agriculture, geting compensate land used for reservoir
• Fish culture increaed income, key to promove new reservoirs
Building of new reservoirs
Nievería 1: 700 m3 Nievería 2: 1,800 m3
Reservoirs in Nievería
Impermeabilization
with geomembrane
(Nievería 1)
Impermeabilization
with soil-cement
(Nievería 2)
Laguna-reservorio de Huachipa (2,400 m3)
Cost of reservoirs building
Cost of impermeabilization
Lugar Volumen (m3) Costo (US$) US$/m3 Revestimiento %costo
Carapongo 200 2,200.00 11.00 Geomembrana 62
Nievería 1 700 5,538.00 7.90 Geomembrana 66
Huachipa 2400 10,106.00 4.21 Geomembrana 52
Nievería 2 1800 3,344.00 1.86 suelo-cemento 20
Opciones de impermeabilización Area (m2) US $/m2
Concreto simple, f’c=140 kg/cm2 232 7.97
Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 232 5.82
Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 714 5.13
Geomembrana HPDE de 1 mm de espesor 1350 3.76
Suelo-cemento, 0.06 bolsa de cemento/m2 1350 0.49
Arcilla compactada, 10 cm de espesor 1350 0.12
• Reservoirs are a simple and cheap
technology to increased the vegetables
quality that actualy are irrigated with river
water contaminated with urban waster
water discharged in rivers
• We hope to promove this option in other
coutries, that the same of Peru, have
contaminated their water resources.
• Example: Haití have serius problems with
colera
LEARNING LESSONS
Evaluación de la calidad del agua
y las hortalizas
Parámetro Riego con agua de canal Riego con agua de reservorio
Agua Rabanito Lechuga Agua Rabanito Lechuga
Coliformes fecales/100 ml 5000-13000 430-4300 10-7500 13-240 0.4-2.3 0.9-210
HELMINTOS:
Huevos Ascaris lumbricoides 5 0
Larva de strongyloides sp 9-14 4-8 0 0 0 0-2
Huevo de uncinaria 5 0
PROTOZOARIOS:
Quistes de Endolimax nana 9 4-13 0-9 0 0-4 0
Quistes de Entamoeba coli 18 11-27 0-3 0 0-2 0-2