3. apply theory in practical workshops 4. phased, comfortable
approach 5. play not work 6. structured creativity 7. OK, lets
go.... crabby comments to assist, confuse or distract....
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8. The Process
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9. learning bites 10. discuss 11. apply (test where appropriate)
12. review 13. reinforceGet comfortable with a concept, then move
on.
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14. Music Elements
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15. pitch 16. rhythm 17. melody 18. harmony 19. creativity 20.
spiritMusic theory is just like leaning another language.
23 August 2011 - 3
21. Instrument Groups
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22. woodwinds 23. brass 24. percussion 25. electronic 26.
voiceWhere does the piano accordion fit in?
23 August 2011 - 4
27. Instrument Types
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28. one note at a time 29. multiple notes (one note = one
location) 30. multiple notes (one note = multiple locations) 31.
single tuning (multiple note locations) 32. multiple tuning
(multiple note locations) 33. exotic instruments quarter tones
(steel & fretless guitars)Where does the pedal steel guitar fit
in?
23 August 2011 - 5
34. Music History for Drongos
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35. music had magicalpowers itcould change your emotions 36.
music existed for a long time before it was written down 37. music
was taught by rote 38. Hindus, Greeks, Persians & Chinese had
traditions of written music before the birth of Christ 39. western
music - 500 AD - Boethius wrote a Latin paper on using a different
Latin character to represent each noteEarliest rave party Jericho
2200 BC!!!
23 August 2011 - 6
40. Music History for Drongos 2
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41. 700 AD use of neumes above Latin lettersto indicate note
length, pitch & movement 42. neumes now written above or below
a line, above the line was a higher pitch than below the line 43.
1000 AD Guido di Arezzo created a 4 line staff to denote pitch,
supported writing of more than one note at once (polyphony) 44. 4
line staff extended to 5 lines current system evolvesAll musical
terms are Italian, e.g. Pizza!
23 August 2011 - 7
45. Notes
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46. pitch (wave frequency) how high or low the note is 47.
duration period of time the note is played or held 48. identified
by modern English alphabetical letters A, B, C, D, E, F & G as
well as sharps (#) & flats (b) black notes on keyboard 49.
displayed on musical staffs or staves....Joke time E, G & B go
into a bar....
23 August 2011 - 8
50. Notes Science Time 1
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51. this frequency (wavelength) is measured in Hz (hertz) 52. 1
Hz = 1 cycle wave per second 53. humans typically can hear notes
between the ranges of12 Hz to 20,000 Hz, dogs - 40 Hz to 60,000
Hz,& bats- 20 Hz to 120,000 Hz 54. standards required for
instrument makers, sound engineers etc a tuning system Dont waste
time playing bass solos to dogs!!!
23 August 2011 - 9
55. Tuning Standards
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56. selected a standard note ConcertA(the A above middle C) 57.
set at 435 Hz by the French in 1859 58. in England this varied
from439 HZ to 452 Hz 59. a frequency of 440 Hz was adopted in 1939
& ratified in 1955 60. now double the 440Hz to get another A
(an octave higher 880 Hz) 61. now divide the Hz difference in pitch
by 12 to get 12 notes of each octaveJust like Australianrailway
gauges....
23 August 2011 - 10
62. Equal Tempered Tuning
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63. wavelengthswere assigned to the 12 notes as below.... 64. A
=440 Hz,A# = 480 Hz,B = 520 Hz, 65. C= 560 Hz,C# =600 Hz,D = 640
Hz, 66. D# = 680 Hz, E =720 Hz,F =760 Hz, 67. G= 800 Hz, G# = 840
Hz,A = 880 Hz. 68. a mathematical compromise acceptable to the
human earA= 440 Hz is top E string, fret 5 on the guitar..
23 August 2011 - 11
69. Staff?
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70. higher up the fence, the higher the note (pitch) 71. 5 lines
high (this means 4 spaces!) 72. divided into groups of notes by
vertical lines (bar lines or fence posts) 73. area between each
fence post is known as a bar 74. read from left to right (unlike
Chinese) just like words on a pageJust one bar at a time....
23 August 2011 - 12
75. Definitions
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76. BEAT series of repeating, consistent pulsations, each
pulsation is equal in spacing & called a beat, e.g. a clock 77.
TEMPO rate or speed of the beatSo many drummers, so little
time
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78. How Long In Each Bar?
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79. but first we need to be told how many beats in each bar? 80.
at the start of a piece of music this is indicated by the TIME
SIGNATURE one number over another, like a fraction 81. at this
stage we will just use 2 Time Signatures.. 82. time 3 beats to each
bar (waltz time) 83. 4/4 time 4 beats to a bar (also called common
time)All musicians should be comfortable in bars.....
23 August 2011 - 14
84. Note Duration
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85. Minim (egg on a stick)= 2 beats 86. Crotchet (black egg on a
stick) = 1 beat 87. Quaver ( black egg on a stick & 1 flag) =
1/2 beatQuavers have flags on the sticks & can be joined
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88. Relative Note Duration
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89. Minim = half note 90. Crotchet = quarter note 91. Quaver =
eighth noteDuration measured as portion of a whole note..
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92. Note Stems (Sticks)
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93. Minim = always has a stem 94. Crotchet = always has a stem
95. Quaver = always have a stem with a single flag , can be joined
if more than one exists side by sideQuavers are sociable &
enjoy holding hands
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96. Note Stems Up or Down?
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97. if note is below middle line of fence (Staff) stem goes up
98. if note is on the middle (third) line of the fence (Staff) make
up your own mind, but be consistent! The normal approach is
downWhat rules apply to joined quavers
23 August 2011 - 18
99. Note Duration Exercise 1
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listen to the sample piece
listen again & tap /sing/ moan etc to the timing of each
note
we will use these 4 note types for the next few exercises so that
you are really comfortable with relative timing ofour 4 notes types
- semibreves, minims, crotchets & those friendly quavers
Great exercise dont forget the lyrics.....
23 August 2011 - 19
100. Note Duration Exercise 2
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listen to the sample piece it is in 3/4 waltz time
listen again & tap /sing/ moan etc to the timing of each
note
101. 3 = 3 beats per bar 102. 4 = crotchet has a value of 1
beatWhy cant we see any semibreves?
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103. Music Tempo
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104. this is normally displayed at start of piece with bpm =
where the beats per minute of the piece is stated, e.g.60 bpm = 1
beat per second 105. experience only will give you a feel for what
this means, here are several 4/4 samples of crotchets at different
tempos60 bpm
100 bpm
140 bpm
190 bpm
Use a metronome to improve your tempo awareness....
23 August 2011 - 21
106. Italian Speed Signs
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107. Adagio slow & stately (66 76 bpm) 108. Andante at a
walking pace (76 - 108 bpm) 109. Moderato moderate tempo (100 110
bpm) 110. Allegro fast, quickly & bright (120 - 139 bpm) 111.
Vivace lively & fast (140 - 160 bpm) 112. Presto lively &
fast (160 - 200 bpm) 113. Prestissimo extremely fast (over 200
bpm)Maserati = very cool & very fast!
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114. Music Tempo (2)
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115. Some music will change Time Signature from 4/4 to etc 116.
Some music will have parts thathave no notes,i.e. silences or rests
117. Some music will use notes longer or shorter than the 4 notes
coveredso far 118. Some notes will be longer than just 1 barAll
will be revealed in good time.....
23 August 2011 - 23
119. Note Duration Exercise 3
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listen to the sample piece
listen again & tap/ sing /moan etc to the timing of each
note
repeat until you are confident you can understand & follow the
timing of the exercise
Timing is everything.
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120. The Rest Home
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Play Symbol Rest Symbol
121. black brick hanging below the fourth line of the
Staff.Click on the crab to hear a 4 beat (semibreve) rest..
23 August 2011 - 25
122. More Rest Home
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Play Symbol Rest Symbol
123. black brick sitting above the third line of the Staff. 124.
Crotchet = 1 beat 125. squiggly line (seagull?) covering all 4
spacesAnother musical term for rest tacit
23 August 2011 - 26
126. Final Resting Place
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Play Symbol Rest Symbol
127. Classy walking stick starting on second line of Staff 128.
Has one handle to match single flag hanging from the quaver 129.
For Guitar music particularly, the letters N.C. above a piece of
music can be used to indicate that No Chord is to be played until
the next chord name appearsBut how do we shut up the lead
guitarist!!!
23 August 2011 - 27
130. Note Duration Exercise 3
With Rests
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listen to the sample piece
listen again & tap/ sing /moan (or d nothing when you see a
Rest symbol) etc to the timing of each note
repeat until you are confident you can understand & follow the
timing of the exercise
Do you need a rest now?
23 August 2011 - 28
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