SEMESTER VI
PSM 302 Production Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops (1 + 1)
Aim
To impart knowledge on production technology of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Theory
Unit I Introduction to medicinal crops
Scope and importance – global and national scenario - area and production - imports
and exports - conservation strategies - classification of medicinal plants - organized
production- GAP, GMP guidelines, contract farming - institutions for promotion of
medicinal plants- constraints and challenges.
Unit II Major medicinal crops
Crops: Senna, periwinkle, glorylily, ashwagandha, medicinal coleus, aloe, long
pepper, isabgol and Phyllanthus
Composition and uses - soil and climate - varieties - propagation - nursery practices -
planting methods - nutrient management- irrigation - intercropping - harvest and yield -
post harvest management
Unit III Minor medicinal crops
Crops: Opium poppy, medicinal solanum, medicinal dioscorea, sarpagantha, sweet
flag, Centella, bhrami, Stevia and noni.
Composition and uses - soil and climate - varieties - propagation - nursery practices -
planting methods - nutrient management- irrigation- intercropping - harvest and yield - post
harvest management
Unit IV Introduction to aromatic crops
Scope and importance – global and national scenario - area and production -
imports and exports of essential oil - international standards for perfumes – classification of
essential oils - methods of distillation of essential oil –aromatherapy.
Unit V Aromatic crops
Crops: Ocimum, davana, mint, lemon grass, citronella, palmarosa, vetiver, geranium,
patchouli, rosemary and eucalyptus.
Composition and uses - soil and climate - varieties – propagation – nursery practices
- planting methods - nutrient management- irrigation- intercropping – harvest and yield –
post harvest management
Practical
Identification – major medicinal crops – aromatic crops – study of varieties – species
– propagation – senna – periwinkle – ashwagandha – glory lily – medicinal coleus – aloe –
vallarai – sweet flag- mint-rosemary – ocimum – davana – use of media – growth regulators
– rooting of long pepper – seed treatment techniques – noni – benefit cost ratio – medicinal
coleus – glory lily – ocimum- davana-extraction of medicinal products – distillation of
essential oil – visit to commercial medicinal and aromatic plantations.
Lecture schedule
1. Scope and importance - current status – medicinal plant wealth of India and states – area and production- exports and imports- demand of medicinal plants and phytochemicals in AYUSH- opportunities, challenges and constraints in medicinal plants
2. Conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants-strategies and methods-classification system in medicinal plants based on family, habit, climate, soil and ecological conditions
3. Promotional organizations involved in medicinal plants production - policies, guidelines-organized production of medicinal crops- contract farming- GAP, GMP in medicinal plants
4. Soil and climate – varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – nutrient management- irrigation and intercropping – harvest and yield of senna and periwinkle and glory lily
5. Soil and climate – varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – manuring, irrigation and intercropping – harvest and yield- post harvest management of aswagandha, medicinal coleus and aloe
6. Soil and climate –varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – manuring, irrigation and intercropping – harvest and yield -post harvest management of long pepper, isabgol and Phyllanthus
7. Soil and climate –varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – manuring, irrigation and intercropping – harvest and yield -post harvest management of opium poppy, medicinal solanum, medicinal dioscorea and sarpagandha.
8. Soil and climate –varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – manuring, irrigation and intercropping – harvest and yield -post harvest management of sweetflag, Centella, brahmi, Steviaand noni
9. Mid semester examination
10. Importance and scope- current status on area and production of aromatic crops- Exports and imports of essential oil - demand of aromatic crops in perfumery and cosmetic industries – classification of essential oils
11. Soil and climate –varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – manuring, irrigation and intercropping – harvest and yield - post harvest management of Ocimum, davana and mint
12. Soil and climate –varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – manuring, irrigation and intercropping – harvest and yield- post harvest management of lemon grass, citronella, palmarosa and vetiver.
13. Soil and climate – varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – manuring, irrigation and intercropping – harvest and yield -post harvest management of geranium, patchouli and rosemary
14. Soil and climate –varieties – propagation – nursery practices – planting methods – manuring, irrigation and intercropping – harvest, coppicing and yield of eucalyptus
15. Methods for extraction of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants
16. Methods of distillation of essential oil from aromatic plants
17. Quality standards in medicinal and aromatic plants -aromatherapy and use of essential oil in various ailments
Practical
1. Identification of major medicinal crops – parts used and their products
2. Identification of major aromatic crops- essential oil content
3. Study of varieties, propagation techniques of senna and periwinkle
4. Study of varieties, propagation techniques of ashwagandha
5. Study on propagation, pollination, standards in glory lily
6. Study of propagation techniques of medicinal coleus and aloe
7. Study of varieties, propagation techniques of Centella and sweet flag
8. Study of propagation techniques, use of media, growth regulators for rooting of long pepper.
9. Study of seed treatment techniques for enhancing germination of noni
10. Study of species, propagation techniques of mint and rosemary
11. Study of species, propagation techniques of Ocimumand davana
12. Working out the benefit cost ratio for medicinal coleus and glory lily
13. Working out the benefit cost ratio for Ocimumand davana
14. Extraction of medicinal products using Soxhlet apparatus
15. Distillation of essential oil from aromatic crops using Clevenger apparatus
16. Visit to commercial medicinal and aromatic plantation
17. Practical examination
REFERENCES
Text Books
1. Atal. C. K. and B. M. Kapur. 1992. Cultivation and utilization of medicinal plants RRL. CSIR, Jammu Tawi.
2. Chadha, K.L.1994. Advances in Horticulture, Vol.10.Melhotra Publishing house, New Delhi.
3. Farooqi, M. M. Khan and M. Vasundhara. 2004. Production technology of medicinal and aromatic crops. Publ. Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore – 561229.
Further reading
1. Abdul Kareem, M. 2002. Plants in Ayurveda, FRLHT, Bangalore, Business Press, New Delhi.
2. Bose, T.K., Yadav, L.P., Pal. P., Das. P.,andParthasarathy, V.A., (2002) Commercial Flowers. Vol.1, NayaPrakash, Calcutta.
3. Kumar, N. Md. Abdul Khader, JBM, Rangasamy, P. and I. Irulappan. 1998. Introduction to Spices, Plantation crops, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Oxford IBH Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Raychaudhuri, S. P. 1998. Recent advances in medicinal, aromatic and spice crops. VoI.I and Vol. II. Today and Tomorrow’s printer and Publishers, New Delhi.
Journals
1. Amruth
2. Journal of medicinal and aromatic plants
3. Journal of Indian Perfumer
Web- resources
1. www.herbs.org
2. http://www.intuxford.tripod.com
3. www.nmpb.nic.in
4. www.agrobiosindia.com
5. www.frlht.india.org
6. www.traffic.org.
7. http://www.pubmed.com
PSM 303 Internship In Plantation And Hillhorticultural Crops (0 + 1)
Aim
To impart knowledge on production and processing technology in tea and coffee
Practical
Plantation training in tea at UPASI,The Nilgris and training on temperate
horticultural crops at Ooty. Training in coffee and other subtropical horticultural crops at
Horticultural Research Station, Thadiyankudisai / Yercaud – visit to estates, factories,
auction centres and blending units. Project preparation for the establishment of estates (14
days).
Practical schedule
Tea training at UPASI, Coonoor (7 days)
1. Jungle clearing, lay out and planting of tea and shade tree seedlings and identification
of different varieties of tea
2. Practice in nursery management of tea, application of fertilizers, identification of
nutrient deficiencies, foliar feeding of nutrients, mulching and weed management in
tea.
3. Practice in training and pruning, rejuvenation, replanting and shade management in
tea.
4. Identification of pests and diseases and their management in tea, practice in tea
plucking and organic tea production.
5. Estate management, budgeting, preparation of project for establishment of tea estates
and visit to various estates in the Nilgiris located at different altitudes.
6. Hands on training on hill fruit crops at Pomological Station, Coonoor.
7. Hands on training on temperate horticultural crops at Horticultural Research Station,
Ooty.
Coffee training at HRS, Thadiyankudisai /HRS, Yercaud (7 days)
1. Jungle clearing, lay out and planting of coffee and shade trees and identification of different varieties.
2. Practice in nursery management, fertilizer application, identification of different nutrient deficiencies and weed control.
3. Practice in shade regulation, training and pruning, identification of pest and diseases and their management.
4. Practice in harvesting, processing and grading. 5. Visit to different coffee estates, curing units, auction centres, coffee boards and
markets. 6. Estate management, finance management, preparation of projects for establishment of
coffee estates 7. Training in the horticulture production technique in other hill horticultural crops
8. Practical examination.
FLG 302 Ornamental Gardening, Landscaping and Turf Management (2 + 1)
Aim
To impart knowledge on ornamental gardening, landscaping and turf management
Theory
Unit I Introduction to gardening
Scope and importance of gardening - historical background - gardens in India -
definition, principles and concepts of landscape gardening - styles and types of gardens -
Hindu, Moghul, English, Italian, Persian and Japanese gardens - bio-aesthetic planning -
ornamental landscaping in environmental protection.
Unit II Garden components
Garden components and adornments - importance and designing - plant and non-
plant components - rosary, topiary, trophy, rockery, pond, sunken garden, flower beds,
arboretum, conservatory, roads, walks, paths, edges, hedges, carpet garden, arch, pergola,
arbour, fountains, cascades, garden seats, statues, hanging baskets, trellies, ornamental
vases, ornamental urns and window boxes.
Unit III Ornamental plants and designing tools for landscaping
Foliage and flowering plants - design - values in landscaping - ornamental annuals -
herbaceous perennials -shrubs - trees and burlapping - climbers and creepers - palms - ferns-
cacti and succulents- landscape architecture - planning and management of natural and built
environments- Computer Aided Design (CAD) - Geographical Information System (GIS) -
landscape planning - home garden, public, urban and industrial gardens - avenue planting.
Unit IV Special types of garden
Principles and design - dish, terrarium, bottle garden, roof garden, green walls, water
and bog garden, traffic islands - terrace garden, rock garden, vertical garden -
interiorscaping
Unit V Turf management
Scope and importance - turf grasses - species and types - selection of site - media and
field preparation - types of lawn making - turf establishment and management for golf
ground, cricket pitch and football field - renovation of lawns - astroturf and management.
Practical
Identification and description of annuals - herbaceous perennials - shrubs –trees -
climbers and creepers - palms and ferns - cacti and succulents - software tools in landscape
architecture - landscape with CAD - planning and designing of garden components - special
types of gardens - avenue planting - site design creation - urban and rural planting - bonsai
making - turf management - visit to botanic, institutional, industrial and public gardens -
preparation of projects for institutional and public landscaping.
Lecture schedule
1. History, development, scope and importance of landscape gardening
2. Definition and basic principles of landscape gardening
3. Study of different styles of gardening
4. Study of types of garden – Hindu garden, Persian garden and Moghul garden
5. Study of types of garden – English garden, Japanese garden and Italian garden
6. Bio aesthetic planning – definition and need
7. Role of ornamental landscaping in environmental protection- planning and designing
of natural and built environments
8. Study of principles and designing of plant components
9. Study of principles and designing of non plant components
10. Role of annuals, ground covers and herbaceous perennials in landscape gardening
11. Study of shrubs and their role in landscaping
12. Study of climbers and creepers in landscape gardening
13. Study of trees and their role in landscaping
14. Principles and method of tree transplanting - Burlapping
15. Study of palms and ferns in landscaping
16. Study of cacti and succulents in landscape gardening
17. Mid Semester examination
18. Study of special types of gardens – dish, terrarium and bottle garden
19. Study of roof garden, rockery and traffic islands
20. Study of vertical garden and green walls
21. Study of water and bog garden
22. Study of sunken garden and terrace garden
23. Study of styles and types of bonsai making
24. Study of CAD in landscape designing
25. Study of GIS in landscape architecture
26. Designing of home gardens
27. Designing public gardens
28. Designing urban and industrial gardens
29. Designing institutional gardens
30. Study of avenue planting and highway landscaping.
31. Scope and importance and species of lawn
32. Establishment of lawn, maintenance and rejuvenation of lawn
33. Establishment of lawn in golf ground and cricket pitch and its management
34. Study of astroturf and management
Practical schedule
1. Identification and description of annuals, herbaceous perennials and ground covers
2. Identification and description of shrubs, trees and climbers
3. Identification and description of cacti, succulents, palms, ferns and ornamental grasses.
4. Description and designing of garden components – arches, bowers, pergolas, paths,
walks, bridges, fountains and statues
5. Designing of garden components – edges, hedges, flower borders, shrubbery.
6. Designing and layout of rockery and terrace garden
7. Designing and layout of water garden and bog garden
8. Designing and practicing bonsai preparation
9. Practice of handling software tools in landscape architecture
10. Practice of landscape with CAD (Computer Aided Design)
11. Practicing landscape design and plan – home and industrial garden
12. Designing of special type of gardens – Dish, terrarium, vertical and roof garden.
13. Project preparation for public landscaping
14. Project preparation for institutional landscaping
15. Lawn and turfs – preparation of land, planting, after care and turf economics
16. Visit to large scale gardens, dam sites, lawns and turf nurseries
17. Practical examination
REFERENCES
Text Books
1. S.K. Bhattacharjee, 2004. Landscape gardening and design with plants. Aavishkar
Publishers and Distributers, Jaipur.
2. Auto CAD – 2010 Edition
3. K.M.P. Nambisan 1992 – Design elements of landscape gardening – Oxford and IBH
publishing Co, New Delhi.
4. Gopalasamylyengar. 1990. Complete gardening in India. IBH. Bangalore.
Further reading
1. McCarty, L.B. 2005. Best golf course management practices. 2nd Edition.Pearson
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
2. Bose T.K., B. Chowdhury and S.P. Sharma 2001.Tropical garden plants in
colour.Horticulture and allied publishers, Kolkata.
3. Randhawa, G.S. and A. Mukhopadyay. 1998. Floriculture in India. Allied publishers
Limited, New Delhi
4. Lancaster, P. 1991. Gardening in India.Oxford and IBH publishers Pvt. Ltd.,
Calcutta.
Journals
1 Journal of ornamental Horticulture
2 Indian Journal of Horticulture
3 Floriculture Today
Web resources
1 www.bestgarden.net
2 www.indiaagronet.com
3 www.intuxford.tripod.com
4 www.webct.uark.edu
5 www.personal.psu.edu
6 www.sunny.crk.umn.edu/courses
7 www.lawngrasses.com
9 www.hsi1942.org
VSC 302 Crop Production - II (0 + 1)
Aim
To provide hands on practical exposure on production technologies of horticultural
crops
Practical
Practical training on cultivation of vegetable / flower / spice crops - production of
any one of direct sown crop (bhendi/amaranthus/radish/aggregatum onion/vegetable
cowpea / coriander) – seed treatment – sowing seeds- field preparation- manuring –
irrigation - weed control - inter culture - plant protection and harvesting – postharvest
handling – seed extraction - maintenance of cultivation sheet - working out benefit/cost
ratio.
Practical Schedule
1. Practice in seed treatment
2. sowing and after care
3. Nursery maintenance – irrigation- weeding
4. plant protection - fertilizer and growth regulator application
5. Practicing application of FYM and main field preparation, basal dressing of fertilizers
6. formation of beds, ridges and furrows
7. Practicing pre emergence herbicide application and sowing
8. Practicing scheduling of irrigation and gap filling operation in direct sown crop.
9. Mid term evaluation
10. Practicing top dressing of fertilizers
11. Practicing earthing up operation
12. Practicing PGR preparation and application
13. Pesticide, fungicide application and other inter cultural operations
14. Practicing assessment of harvesting indices and harvesting.
15. Seed extraction, processing, cleaning, grading, packaging
16. Working out of cost economics of crop production
17. Practical examination
REFERENCES
Books
1. Azhar Ali Farooqi, B.S. Sreeramu, K.N. Srinivasappa - 2005 Cultivation of spice
crops. Universities press India Pvt., Ltd., Hyderabad.
2. Battacharjee, S.K., & L.C. De, 2003. Advanced commercial floriculture (Vol. I&II),
Aavishkar publishers and distributers, Jaipur.
3. Bose, T.K., LP. Yadav, P. Pal, P. Das. V.A. Parthasarathy. 2002. Commercial flowers
(Vol. I&II), NayaProkash, Kolkatta.
4. Hazra, P. and M. G., Som. 1999. Technology for vegetable production and
improvement, NayaPrakash, Kolkatta.
5. Nem Pal Singh, A.K. Bharadwaj, Abnish Kumar and K.M.Singh.2004. Modern
technology on vegetable production. International Book Distributing company,
Lucknow.
6. Pal, A.K., A.B. Sarangi and U. Thapa. 2006. Varieties of horticultural Crops. Agro-
tech Publishing Academy, New Delhi.
7. Prem Singh Arya. 2002. A text book of vegetable culture, Kalyani publishers, New
Delhi.
Journals
1. Indian journal of horticulture
2. Journal of Indian farming
3. Journal of Indian agriculture
4. Kissan world
Web resources
1. www.ashs.org
2. www.ag.vidho.edu/mg/handbook/mgh 19.pdf
3. www.ikisan.com
4. http://www.hort.purdue.edu
5. http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu
6. http://www.avrdc.org
7. http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology
8. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu
9. http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub//vegetables
VSC 303 Breeding of Horticultural Crops (2 + 1)
Aim
To impart knowledge on the breeding strategies and methods of breeding of
horticultural crops.
Theory
Unit I Fruit crops
Crops: Mango, banana, acid lime, mandarin orange, sweet orange, grapes, sapota,
papaya, aonla, guava, pomegranate, apple and pear
Principles and methods of breeding – self, cross pollinated and asexually propagated
crops.Floral biology, objectives, methods of breeding and achievements
Unit II Tropical vegetable crops
Crops: Tomato, brinjal, chilli, bhendi, bitter gourd, cucumber, snake gourd, watermelon,
onion, amaranthus and moringa.
Floral biology, objectives, methods of breeding and achievements
Unit III Tuber and temperate vegetable crops
Crops: Potato, tapioca, sweet potato, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, peas and beans.
Floral biology, objectives, methods of breeding and achievements
Unit IV Spices and plantation crops
Crops: Black pepper, cardamom, nutmeg, garlic, turmeric, ginger, tea, coffee, cocoa, cashew,
coconut and arecanut.
Floral biology, objectives, methods of breeding and achievements
Unit V Flowers, medicinal and aromatic crops
Crops: Rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, crossandra, carnation, tropical
orchids, senna, gloriosa, coleus, mint and cymbopogon.
Floral biology, objectives, methods of breeding and achievements
Practical
Floral biology and pollination mechanism- study of wild relatives-practices in selfing
and crossing techniques- mango, banana, citrus, sapota, pomegranate papaya, guava, aonla,
apple, tomato, chilli, brinjal, bhendi, tapioca, sweet potato, peas, beans, bitter gourd,
watermelon and cucumber, onion, amaranthus, moringa, coriander, coconut and gloriosa -
exploitation of heterosis and techniques of F1 hybrid production- mutation and mutagenic
treatments- methods of induction of polyploidy- identification of elite trees.
Lecture schedule
1. Breeding strategies, merits and demerits and methods of improvement of self-
pollinated crops
2. Breeding strategies, merits and demerits and methods of improvement of cross-
pollinated crops
3. Breeding strategies, merits and demerits and methods of improvement of asexually
propagated crops
4. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of Mango.
5. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of banana.
6. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of acid lime, sweet orange, mandarin orange.
7. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of grapes
8. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of sapota
9. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of papaya
10. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of pomegranate and aonla
11. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of guava and custard apple
12. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of tomato
13. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of brinjal.
14. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of chilli
15. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of bhendi.
16. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of onion
17. Mid semester examination
18. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of bitter gourd and cucumber
19. Floral biology, breeding strategies and achievements in crop improvement of
watermelon and bottle gourd
20. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of moringa and amaranth
21. Floral biology ,breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of tapioca and sweetpotato
22. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of peas and beans
23. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of potato
24. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of carrot, cabbage and cauliflower
25. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of black pepper and cardamom
26. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of nutmeg and garlic.
27. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of turmeric and ginger
28. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of tea and coffee
29. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of cocoa and cashew.
30. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of coconut and arecanut.
31. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of rose and jasmine
32. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of chrysanthemum and marigold
33. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of tuberose, crossandra, carnation and tropical orchids
34. Floral biology, breeding strategies, objectives and achievements in crop
improvement of senna, gloriosa, coleus, mint and cymbopogon.
Practical schedule
1. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in mango and banana.
2. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in citrus, sapota and pomegranate.
3. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in papaya, guava and aonla.
4. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in tomato and chillies
5. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in brinjal and bhendi
6. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in tapioca and sweet potato
7. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in peas and beans
8. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in bitter gourd, watermelon and cucumber.
9. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in onion, amaranth and annual moringa
10. Study of floral biology and pollination mechanism, practices in selfing and crossing
in coconut and gloriosa.
11. Study of mutagenic treatments and various methods of mutation
12. Study of polyploidy and methods of development of polyploids.
13. Exploitation of heterosis and techniques of F1 hybrid production in self-pollinated
crops.
14. Exploitation of heterosis and techniques of F1 hybrid production in cross-pollinated
crops.
15. Identification of elite or plus trees in major fruit crops.
16. Variety release, procedures involved and DUS testing.
17. Practical examination
REFERENCES
Text Books
1. Chahal, G. S. and S. S. Gosal. 2002. Principles and procedures of plant breeding. Biotechnological and conventional approaches. CRC Press, U.K.
2. Chahal, G. S. and S. S. Gosal. 2002. Principles and procedures of plant breeding. Biotechnological and conventional approaches. CRC Press, U.K.
3. Daniel Sundarraj, G. Thulasidas and M. Stephen Dorariraj. 1997. Introduction to Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding. Popular Book Depot, Chennai.
4. Harihar Ram. 1998. Vegetable Breeding – Principles and Practices. Kalyani publishers, New Delhi.
5. Kalloo, 1990. Vegetable Breeding, Vol. I II and III CRC Press, Florida. 6. Kuckkuck, M, Kobafe, G and Wenzal, G. 1991. Fundamentals of Breeding,
Springer- Verlage, London. 7. Kuckkuck, M, Kobafe, G and Wenzal, G. 1991. Fundamentals of Breeding,
Springer- Verlage, London. 8. Kumar, N. 2006. Breeding of Horticultural Crops Principles and Practices. New
India Publishing Agency, PitamPura, New Delhi. 9. Prem Singh Arya, 2003. Vegetable breeding, production and seed production,
Kalyani publishers, New Delhi. 10. Singh B. D, 2002. Plant Breeding, Principles and Methods. Fifth Edition, Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi. 11. Singh B. D, 2002. Plant Breeding, Principles and Methods. Fifth Edition, Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi. Journals
1. Journal of cytogenetics
2. Economic botany
3. Actahorticulture
Webresources
1. http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/6/3/347.pdf
2. http://www.ilvo.vlaanderen.be/EN/Research/ResearchAppliedGeneticsandBreedi
ng_new/ProductQualityImprovement/Breedingofagriculturalandhorticulturalcrops
/tabid/2314/Default.aspx
3. http://www.agricultureinformation.com/forums/jobs-resumes-projects/7081-
vegetable-breeding-research-job-required.html
4. http://www.agron.iastate.edu/faculty/fehr/BVC/00BVC.PDF
5. http://www.amazon.com/Genetic-Improvement-Vegetable-Crops-
Kalloo/dp/0080408265
ENS 321 Environmental Management In Horticultural Industries (1 + 1)
Aim
To impart knowledge on the process of recycling of solid and liquid wastes from
horticultural industries.
Theory
Unit I Introduction to environment
Environment - components and segments – atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
and biosphere - energy fundamentals – biogeochemical cycles- biological interactions
Unit II Environmental issues
Environmental resources and degradation– air, water and soil – impact of pollutants
in environment (global warming, ozone depletion, particulate matter pollution, acid rain,
organic and inorganic pollutants in water and soil)
Unit III Wastewater management in horticultural industries
Horticultural industries – processes – waste water generation and characteristics -
treatment processes –physical-chemical – biological- aerobic and anaerobic treatment –
bioreactors – reed bed technologies- recycling of treated wastewater for irrigation–
permissible limits for land application of treated waste water
Unit IV Solid waste management and air pollution control in horticultural industries
Solid wastes - sources, disposal problems and management technologies - recycling -
resource recovery – value addition – composting and vermicomposting techniques– quality
standards – air pollution – noise control and odour management
Unit V Environmental protection
Global treaties, conventions – national and state level organizations - environmental
laws and acts – environmental education – environmental impact assessment (EIA),
Environmental management system electrical conductivity - ISO14000
Practicals
Sampling methods ofhorticulturalprocessing industry wastes-characterization- pH, EC,
solids, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen
demand (COD) - water quality indicators- solid waste recycling- biocomposting –
vermicomposting -biogas production – particulate matter assessment- air borne
microorganism- compost analysis- pectin extraction –heavy metals assessment- visit to
horticultural industries
Lecture Schedule
1. Environment - components and segments – atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
and biosphere
2. Energy fundamentals – biogeochemical cycles- biological interactions
3. Environmental resources and degradation– air, water and soil
4. Impact of pollutants in environment (global warming, ozone depletion, particulate
matter pollution, acid rain, organic and inorganic pollutants in water and soil)
5. Horticultural industries – processes – waste water generation and characteristics –
6. Treatment processes –physical – chemical – biological- aerobic and anaerobic
treatment
7. Bioreactors – types and principles-applications
8. Reed bed technologies
9. Mid-semester examination
10. Recycling of treated wastewater for irrigation– permissible limits for land application
11. Solid wastes - sources, disposal problems and management technologies
12. Recycling of solidwaste - resource recovery – value addition
13. Composting and vermicomposting techniques– quality standards
14. Air pollution – noise control - odour management
15. Global treaties, conventions – national and state level organizations
16. Environmental laws and acts – environmental education
17. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental management system
electrical conductivity - ISO14000
Practical schedule
1. Sampling methods for horticultural processing industry wastes .
2. Assessment of pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Suspended Solids(TSS) and
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in wastewater
3. Determination of hardness in wastewater
4. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in
wastewater
5. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in wastewater
6. Assessment of water quality indicators (coliforms)
7. Visit to wastewater treatment plant
8. Bio composting of horticultural industry solid wastes
9. Vermicomposting of horticultural industry solid wastes
10. Biogas production from horticultural industrial wastes
11. Assessment of Particulate matter in horticulture industries
12. Enumeration of air borne microorganism in indoor environment
13. Qualitative test for matured compost
14. Extraction of pectin from banana wastes
15. Assessment of heavy metals in horticultural industrial wastes
16. Visit to solid waste management unit
17. Practical Examination
REFERENCES
Text Books
1. Sharma, P D 2011.Ecology and Environment.Rastogi Publications, Meerut, New
Delhi
2. Pallister, 2006. Environmental Management. 2006. Oxford University Press, New
Delhi
3. BalaKrishnamoorty 2005. Environmental Management .Prentice- Hall of India
Private Ltd. New Delhi.
Further readings
1. Gilbert M.Masters. 2004. Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd.New Delhi.
2. Singh,Shree N; Tripathi and Rudra D. 2007. Environmental Bioremedition Technologies. Springer Verlag Publishers.
3. Stanley E.Manahan. 2006. Environmental Science and Technology: A Sustainable Approach to Green Science and Technology, Second Edition CRC press.
4. Jogdhand S.N. 2006. Environmental Biotechnology: Industrial Pollution Management (III ed). Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi.
Journals
1. Indian Journal of Environmental Health 2. Bioresourse technology 3. Journal of bioremediation 4. Research journal of chemistry and environment 5. Indian journal of environmental quality
Web resources
1. http://faculty.rio.edu/lindas/essyl.html 2. http://umbbd .ahc.umn.edu /bsd/index.html 3. ww.geocities.com /hotspur311 4. http://www.cplbookshop.com 5. http://collegesat.du.ac.in/UG/Envinromental%20Studies_ebook.pdf 6. http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/BioremediationBook.pdf
ANM 321 Nematode Management In Horticultural Crops (1 + 1)
Aim
To impart knowledge on basics of nematodes and its management
Theory
Unit I Introduction and economic importance
Introduction to Nematology – Brief history and development of Nematology at
National and International level - economic importance of nematodes - beneficial nematodes
(predatory, entomopathogenic, pollution indicators and decomposers).
Unit II Morphology, anatomy and taxonomy
Morphology and Anatomy of nematodes – cuticle, cephalic region, sense organs,
musculature, digestive, excretory, nervous and reproductive system of nematodes. Modern
classification of nematodes up to super family (De Ley and Blaxter, 2002) and classification
of nematodes based on parasitism.
Unit III Life cycle, symptom and interaction
Life cycle of important nematodes – Meloidogyne, Globodera, RotylenchulusTylenchulus,
RadopholusandPratylenchus.Symptoms of nematode damage - interaction of nematodes with
disease causing fungi, bacteria and virus.
Unit IV Nematode management
Principles and methods of nematode management - legislative (plant quarantine);
physical methods (soil solarisation, hot water treatment, seed cleaning); cultural methods
(ploughing, fallowing, crop rotation, antinemic plants, other land management practices);
host plant resistance to nematodes (resistant genes and varieties); biological control
(nematode trapping fungi, egg parasitic fungi, obligate parasites, PGPR and predators);
chemical control. Integrated nematode management.
Unit V Nematode diseases of crops
Nematode diseases of fruits (banana, citrus, grapevine, papaya, guava, pomegranate,
strawberry, peach and plum) - vegetables (tomato, brinjal, bhendi, chilli, potato, gourds,
melons, cabbage / cauliflower, carrot, beetroot, beans, yams and sweet potato) - spices
(turmeric, pepper, cardamom) flowers (crossandra, rose, jasmine, tuberose, chrysanthemum,
gerbera, carnation, eustoma and lilium) plantation crops (tea, coffee, betelvine, coconut and
arecanut) – medicinal (coleus, aswagandha, periwinkle, glory lily, senna, rauvolfia, noni)
and aromatic plants (davanam, mint, geranium, patchouli, rosemary and thyme) – nematode
management in mushroom and protected cultivation.
Practical
Sampling techniques for nematode assay. Processing of soil samples for extraction of
active nematodes - Extraction of nematodes by centrifugal floatation method and separation
of cyst nematodes - Extraction of nematodes from plant samples by direct examination of
nematodes, root incubation, warring blender technique and staining techniques.Killing,
fixing, preservation and counting of nematodes - Processing and mounting of nematodes.
Observation of morphological characters of Tylenchida (Hoplolaimus) and Dorylaimida
(Xiphinema) - Identification of nematodes Helicotylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus –
Pratylenchus,Longidorus, Xiphinema – Criconematids,Aphelenchoides, Tylenchulus. Study of life
stages of Meloidogyne, Globodera - Rotylenchulus and Radopholus.
Nematode disease symptoms in fruits, vegetables, spices, flower crops and medicinal and
aromatic plants.Nematicides, biocontrol agents, application methods and calculation of
dosages.
Lecture schedule
1. Introduction to nematology, brief history and development of nematology at
international level.
2. Brief history and development of nematology at national level-economic importance
of nematodes.
3. Beneficial nematodes – predatory, entomopathogenic, pollution indicators, and
decomposers.
4. Morphology and anatomy of nematodes – cuticle, cephalic region, sense organs,
musculature, digestive and excretory system of nematodes.
5. Morphology and anatomy of nematodes (contd.) – nervous and reproductive system
of nematodes.
6. Modern classification of nematodes up to super family and classification of
nematodes based on parasitism.
7. Life cycle of important nematodes – Meloidogyne, Globodera, Rotylenchulus,
Tylenchulus, RadopholusandPratylenchus.
8. Symptoms of nematode damage.
9. Mid semester examination
10. Interaction of nematodes with disease causing fungi, bacteria and virus.
11. Principles and methods of nematode management, host plant resistance to
nematodes (resistant genes and varieties) and IPM.
12. Nematode diseases of fruit crops (banana, citrus, grapevine, papaya, guava,
pomegranate, strawberry, peach and plum).
13. Nematode diseases of vegetable crops (tomato, brinjal, bhendi, chilli, potato, gourds,
melons, cabbage / cauliflower, carrot, beetroot, beans, yams and sweet potato)
14. Nematode diseases of flower (crossandra, rose, jasmine, tuberose, chrysanthemum,
gerbera, carnation, eustoma and lilium)
15. Nematode diseases of spices (turmeric, pepper, cardamom) and plantation crops
(tea, coffee, betelvine, coconut and arecanut)
16. Nematode diseases of medicinal (coleus, aswagandha, periwinkle, glory lily, senna,
rauvolfia, noni) and aromatic plants (davanam, mint, geranium, patchouli, rosemary
and thyme).
17. Nematode management in mushroom and protected cultivation.
Practical schedule
1. Sampling techniques for nematode assay.
2. Processing of soil samples for extraction of active nematodes by cobb’s method.
3. Extraction of nematodes by centrifugal floatation and extraction of cyst nematodes.
4. Extraction of nematodes from plant samples by direct examination of nematodes,
root incubation, warring blender technique and staining techniques.
5. Killing, fixing, preservation and counting of nematodes.
6. Processing and mounting of nematodes.
7. Observation of morphological characters of Tylenchida (Hoplolaimus) and
Dorylaimida (Xiphinema)
8. Identification of nematodes of Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus.
9. Identification of nematodes of Pratylenchus, Longidorus, Xiphinema.
10. Identification of nematodes of Criconematids, Tylenchulus and Aphelenchoides.
11. Study of life stages of Meloidogyne and Globodera
12. Study of life stages of Rotylenchulus and Radopholus
13. Nematode disease symptoms in fruit crops.
14. Nematode disease symptoms in vegetable crops.
15. Nematode disease symptoms in flower crops, spices and medicinal plants.
16. Nematicides, bio-control agents, application methods and calculation of dosages.
17. Practical examination.
REFERENCES
Text Books
1. Jonathan, E.I. 2009. Nematology: fundamentals and applications, New India
publishing. New Delhi. P. 280
2. Parvatha Reddy, P. 2012. Integrated nematode management in horticultural crops,
Scientific publishers, p 300.
3. Ravichandra, N.G. 2014. Horticultural nematology, Springer publication, p412.
Further readings
1. Bhatti, D.S. and R.K.Walia. 1992. Nematode pests of crops, CBS Publishers and
Distributers, Delhi, P381.
2. Goodey, J.B. 1963. Technical Bulletin No 2 – Laboratory methods for work with plant
and soil nematode. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and food, London, p. 72.
3. GopalSwarup and Dasgupta, D. 1986 Plant parasitic nematodes of India – Problems
and progress, ICAR, New Delhi. 76.
4. Webster, J. 1972. Economic Nematology. Academic Press, London, p. 396.
5. Parvatha Reddy, P. 2009. Laboratory & Field Manual for Plant Nematology, Studium
Press Llc publications, p260.
6. Powell, N.T. 1971. Interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with other disease
causing agents. In: Plant parasitic Nematodes Vol. II (B.M. Zuckerman., W.F Mai
and R.A Rohde. Eds). Academic press Pp.347.
7. Nickle, W.R. 1991. Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker. Inc., New
York. 1035 pages.
8. Maggenti, A. 1981. General nematology - Springer Verlag, New York Inc., p. 372.
9. Singh, R.S. and K. Sitaramaiah. 1993. Hand book of economic nematology, Cosmo
Publication, New Delhi, p. 386.
10. Ronald N. Perry and Maurice Moens. 2006. Plant nematology. CABI Publishing 463
pages.
11. Parvatha Reddy P. 2014. Biointensive Integrated pest management in horticultural
ecosystems. Springer publication.p.278
12. Ciancio. A and K.G. Mukerji. 2009. Integrated management of fruit crops and forest
nematodes. Springer publication. p.358
13. John Bridge and James L. Starr. 2007. Plant nematodes of agricultural importance. A
colour handbook. Manson publishing p.153
14. Wajid Khan, M. 1993. Nematode interactions. Springer – Science + business Media.
B.V p. 387
Journals
1 Indian journal of nematology
2 Journal of nematology
Web resources
1 http://tau.tnau.ac.in/ms/claroline/document/document.php
2 http://www.iari.res.in/divisions/nematology/teaching.php
3 http://plpnemweb