Download pdf - SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

R Dhinesh kumar,M.E/AP/EEE Page 1

SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

SEMBODAI, NAGAPATTINAM.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

III- Semester – B.E (EEE)

EE6511 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY

Prepared by,

Mr.R.Dhinesh kumar M.E., AP/EEE

www.Vidyarthiplus.com



CONTENTS

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Page

No Marks Remarks

Cycle - I

1 Design of P, PI and PID controller

2 Stability analysis of linear system

a) Root locus technique

b) Bode plot

c) Nyquist plot

3 Modeling of Systems – Machines, Sensors

and Transducers

4 Design and implementation of compensators

5 DC position control system

6 Synchro-Transmitter- Receiver and

Characteristics

7 Simulation of Control Systems by

Mathematical development tools.

Cycle - II

8 D.C.bridges: a)Wheat stone bridges

b)Kelvin double bridge

A.C.bridges : a) Anderson bridge

b) Maxwell bridge

9 Dynamics of Sensors/Transducers

a. Temperature

b. Pressure

c. Displacement

d. Optical

e. Strain

f. Flow

10 Calibration of Single phase Energy meter

11 Signal Conditioning

a. Instrumentation Amplifier

b. Analog to digital and Digital to

analog converter

12 Process Simulation




INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

1. Candidates should come to the lab with proper uniform and good quality

leather shoes.

2. Punctuality and strict Discipline should be maintained.

3. Study and prepare well before entering into the lab.

4. Complete the observation after completion of the experiment in the lab

itself.

5. Be alert till the experiment is completed.

6. Make sure that the supply is OFF before touching any terminals.

7. Use proper rating equipments carefully, for which you are duly responsible.

8. Handle the equipments carefully, for which you are duly responsible.

9. Return all the components and make sure that nothing is left on the

worktable.

10. In case of any wrong observations you have to switch off the power supply

related with it.

11. Make series circuit connections before the parallel circuit like voltmeter

connections.

12. Don‟t use meter terminals as junctions and place them to read conveniently.

13. Check the rheostat positions and connections whether they have been

connected properly or not.




EX.NO.:

DATE:

DC BRIDGES

(A) WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

AIM:

To determine the value of unknown resistance using Wheatstone bridge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FORMULA:

Rx= R1. R3/ R2 Ω

Where,

Rx= unknown resistance in Ω.

R1= standard variable arm resistance in Ω.

R2 ,R3 = Fixed ratio arms resistance in Ω.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before switch ON the power supply points should be in minimum position. 2. Before switch ON the unknown resistance set the multimeter in correct position.

3. The resistance across the variable pot R1 is to be measured using multimeter by disconnecting

terminal across it.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Switch ON the trainer and check the power supply to be +15V.

3. Connect the unknown resistor in the arm marked Rx.

SNO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Trainer kit - 1

2 RPS (0-30)V 1

3. Multimeter - 1

4. Resistance of

different values

- Each 1

5. CRO - 1




4. Observe the sine wave at the secondary of the isolation transformer on an oscilloscope.

5. Select some values of R2 and R3. 6. Connect the oscilloscope between the ground and the output point.

7. Vary R1 from the minimum position in a clockwise direction. If the selection of R2 & R3 is

correct the balance or null point can be observed on CRO.[(i.e.) amplitude of the output

comes to a minimum for particular value of R1 & then again increases by varying R1 in the same clockwise direction] . If that is not case, select another value of R2 or R3.

8. After balancing, measure the standard variable pot R1 using multimeter.

9. Calculate the values of unknown resistance using formula.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION:

SNO RESISTANCE

R1

(Ω)

RESISTANCE

R2

(Ω)

RESISTANCE

R3

(Ω)

Rx= R1. R3/ R2

(Ω)

Theoritical Practical

MODEL CALCULATION:

DISCUSSION QUESTION:

1. What are DC Bridges?

2. What is meant by Wheatstone Bridge?

3. What are the advantages & disadvantages of Wheatstone Bridge?

4. List the applications of Wheatstone Bridge. 5. Differentiate AC & DC Bridges.

RESULT :




EX.NO.:

DATE:

(B) KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE

AIM: To measure the given low resistance using Kelvin‟s double bridge method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SNO APPARATUS TYPE QUANTITY

1 Kelvin Double bridge kit - 1

2 Unknown resistance - 1

3 Multimeter Digital 1

4 Galvanometer - 1

FORMULA USED:

Rx = (P/Q)S (Ω)

Where,

P= Resistance of left arm of the bridge.

Q= Resistance of right arm of the bridge.

S= Variable potentiometer to balance the bridge.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connect externally a galvanometer across the terminals a & b. 2. Connect the unknown resistance Rx as marked on the trainer.

3. The ratio of P & Q selected depends upon balancing the bridge using trial & error

method. 4. The resistance across the variable pot „S‟ is measured only after switching OFF the power

supply in the kit & by disconnecting the connections across ‟S‟.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Trainer power supply is switched ON.




3. Energize the trainer by switching ON & check the power suplly to be +5V

4. The galvanometer deflection shows the imbalance condition of the nature of the bridge. 5. The potentiometer S is varied in steps for proper balance of the bridge & the value of S is

noted at balanced condition.

6. The value of unknown resistance is calculated by using the formula & the value of P, Q,

S are no

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION:

SL.NO. P

(Ω)

Q

(Ω)

S

(Ω)

Rx = (P/Q)S

(Ω)

MODEL CALCULATION:





1. What is meant by Kelvin double bridge?

2. List the advantages & disadvantages of Kelvin double bridge.

3. What are applications of Kelvin double bridge? 4. Differentiate Wheatstone bridge & Kelvin double bridge.

RESULT:




EX.NO.:

DATE:

AC BRIDGES

(A) ANDERSON’S BRIDGE

AIM:

To find the value of unknown inductance using an Anderson‟s bridge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FORMULA USED:

LX = C (R3 / R4) [R (R4 + R2) + (R2 R4)]

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Before switch ON the power supply points should be in minimum position.

2. Before switch ON the unknown inductance set the multimeter in correct position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Patch the connections as shown in circuit diagram. 2. Connect the unknown

3. Now vary resistance R to some value till resistance at LX (unknown) point and switch on the

power supply.you hear sound. 4. Now vary R and R1 one after one to hear least sound possible or no sound at all.

5. By using CRO for balancing the bridge, while balancing first adjust R pot in clockwise

direction then the waveform amplitude decreases & then increases, later adjust R1 then

amplitude decreases & then increases, stop varying the pot R1 & measure the resistance R1 & R.

6. Remove the patching and note down the reading according to the table given below and

valuate the value of unknown inductance by given formula. 7. Repeat the experiment for different values of inductance.

SNO APPARATUS QUANTITY

1 VAB-04 Trainer kit 1

2 Decade inductance box 1

3 Multimeter 1




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION:

SNO R2 (Ω) R3(Ω) R4(Ω) R (Ω) R1

(Ω)

INDUCTANCE(mH)

C =

THEORITICAL PRACTICAL

MODEL CALCULATION:


1. What is meant by Anderson Bridge?

2. Differentiate Maxwell‟s & Anderson Bridge. 3. What are the advantage & disadvantage of Anderson Bridge?

4. Differentiate the Hay‟s & Anderson Bridge.

RESULT:




EXP NO:

DATE:

(B) MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE BRIDGE:

AIM

To Find the value of unknown inductance using a maxwell's inductance bridge

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. VMIB - 03 Trainer Kit

2. Unknown inductance

3. Multimeter

4. CRO.

5. Patch chords.

FORMULA USED

Note: In this bridge resistance R1 is for maximum variation of output and resistance R2 is foRminute

PROCEDURE :

1. Connections are made as per the connection diagram shown above.

2. Connect the unknown inductance at the Lx ( unknown ) point.

3. Connect the CRO across P and Q.




4. Switch ON the unit.

5. Choose R3, such that you can obtain a maximum variation of output.

6. Now set R2 to maximum position.

7. Vary the potentiometer R1 such that the amplitude of sine wave will is decreases and that

one point it will obtain a minimum of zero amplitude and then it will start increasing at

that point stop the tuning and switch OFF the unit.

8. Remove the patching at R1 and find the resistance using multimeter and note down the

reading according to the table given below and calculate the value of unknown

inductance.

9. One can verify the balancing condition by connecting the bridge output (P & Q) to the

input (P & Q) of audio power amplifier and you can hear a minimum noise or no noise.

If you vary the potentiometer R1 you can hear a maximum noise.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE BRIDGE:




\

MODEL CALCULATION:

Discussion Questions:

1. What is meant by Maxwell‟s Bridge? 2. Differentiate Maxwell‟s & Anderson Bridge.

3. What are the advantage & disadvantage of Maxwell Bridge?

4. Differentiate the Hay‟s & Anderson Bridge.

RESULT:




EX.NO.

DATE:

DYNAMICS OF SENSORS/TRANSDUCERS

(A) MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT USING LVDT

AIM:

To measure the displacement using LVDT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SNO APPARATUS TYPE QUANTITY

1 Trainer kit 1

2 Screw guage 1

3 CRO 1

4 Multimeter digital 1

5 Probes 7

FORMULA USED:

%ERROR = Displayed Displacement – Actual Displacement

X100

Actual Displacement

PRECAUTIONS:

1. While taking reading on scale parallel error has to be avoided.

2. Smooth gradual movement of the core to be ensured.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the power supply to the LVDT module.

2. Connect the CRO at T1 to check the input sine wave signal.

Adjust the frequency to 4kHz.

3. Place the LVDT at the null position (10mm) and adjust the offset to

display zero on the DVM (actual displacement).calibrated in displacement

of the core.




Gradually move the core of the LVDT in the positive direction (20mm) and Note the reading

on the scale (mm) and display (mm).It should be around 10mm, if it not adjust the gain to

display 10mm.

4. Repeat step 4 in the opposite direction.

5. Tabulate the readings of actual displacement and displayed on the DVM. The LVDT core may

be moved through a distance of 20mm.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION:

ACTUAL

DISPLACEMENT

Da(mm)

OUTPUT

VOLTAGE

Vo(V)

DISPLAYED

DISPLACEMENT

Dd (mm)

% ERROR

MODEL GRAPH:

ACTUAL DISPLACEMENT(mm)

OUTPUT

VOLTAGE(V)





1. What is meant by Transducer?

2. What is meant by LVDT?

3. List the advantages of LVDT. 4. List the disadvantages of LVDT.

5. What are the applications of LVDT?

RESULT:




EX.NO

DATE

(B) MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE USING TRANSDUCER KIT

AIM

To measure the pressure using pressure transducer with respect to signal conditioned output voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

i. ITB-16-CE Trainer ii.

Multimeter (V).

FORMULA TO BE USED

PROCEDURE

1. Install the sensor setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB-16-CE kit

2. Connect the multimeter in Volt mode across T5 and GND for the signal

conditioned voltage measurement.

3. Switch "ON" the module.

4. Initially, open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air and nullify the signal

conditioned output voltage by using zero adjustment POT.

5. Now, close the opened air release valve and apply the pressure of 50 Psig to the cylinder

and adjust the display to 50 Psig by using gain adjustment POT.

6. After the gain calibration, open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air.

7. Again, close the opened air release valve. By pressing the pump piston, the pump sucks

the air from atmosphere and supply it to the cylinder. Then, the pressure will be

developed in the cylinder and measure the signal conditioned output voltage (V)

across T5 and GND.

8. Gradually increase the pressure the pump piston and note down the signal

conditioned output voltage (V) for corresponding gauge pressure.

9. Tabulate the readings and plot a graph between gauge pressure and signal

conditioned output voltage (V).




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION

Gauge Pressure

(Psig)

Signal conditioned

output voltage (V)

Displayed

Pressure

(Psig)

% Error

MODEL GRAPH




DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. What is a Pressure Transducer?

2. Define Transducer?

3. Compare Pressure & LVDT Transducer.

RESULT:




EX.NO.:

DATE:

SIGNAL CONDITIONING

(A) ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

AIM:

To draw the linearity curve of an analog to digital converter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FORMULA USED:

Output Voltage VO = VREF (bo2 +b12 +……..+bn-12 )

PROCEDURE:

1. Power supply is switched ON.

2. The channel 3 is selected by the selection channel switch position SW1 through SW3 on

follows.

3. The analog input voltage is fed to the channel by connecting variable

terminal in the potentiometer. This potentiometer has the range of -5V to 5V.

4. The digital data corresponding to analog input is displayed on the LEDs and

the digital data value is noted.

5. Now, the potentiometer is varied and the analog input is measured using CRO.

6. Now, the position of the potentiometer corresponding digital data is noted. 7. The graph drawn between analog input values and the corresponding digital data displayed

on the LEDs. From the curve the linearity between the input and output is observed.


1 A/D Trainer kit - 1


SW1 SW2 SW3

0 1 1




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION:

Vref =

SNO PRACTICAL OUTPUT

VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

BINARY DATA OUTPUT THEORITICAL

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

(VOLTS)

MODEL GRAPH:

HEXADECIMAL EQUIVALENT

PRACTICAL

OUTPUT

VOLTAGE

(VOLTS)




MODEL CALCULATION:


1. Explain about the ADC. 2. Why is an A/D Converter usually considered an encoder?

3. What are the applications of ADC?

4. What is meant by Digital Transducer?

5. What are the types of ADC?

RESULT:




EX.NO.:

DATE:

(B) DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

AIM:

To obtain the corresponding analog output for a given digital input.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FORMULA USED:

4 BIT WEIGHTED RESISTOR DAC:

Output voltage VO = IO RF

(RF =R)

VO = VR (RF/R) (d12 +d22 +……. + dn2 )

R-2R LADDER NETWORK DAC:

VO = IO RF

VO = (VR/2) (d12 +d22 +……..+ dn2 )

PROCEDURE:

1. The power supply is switched ON.

2. The jumpers J9 through J16 should be in s/w(right) position.

3. The switches SW1 through SW8 are placed appropriately to represent the desired input.

4. The output voltage can be observed by using a CRO/multimeter at the terminal pin 2.


1 VSTH-002

Trainer Kit

IC741 1

2 RPS (0-30)V,fixed 1


4 CRO - 1




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION:

SL.NO.

DIGITAL INPUT

HEXADECIMAL

VALUE ANALOG OUTPUT

B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0

MODEL GRAPH

INPUT VOLTAGE

OUTPUT

VOLTAGE




MODEL CALCULATIONS:


1. Explain about the DAC. 2. Why is an D/A Converter usually considered an decoder?

3. Define Monotonicity.

4. What are the applications of DAC?

5. What are types of DAC?

RESULT:




EXP NO:

DATE:

(C) INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

AIM

To study the characteristics of 10 gain instrumentation amplifier using the gain of 10.

REQUIREMENT

1. ITB-09 TRAINER KIT

2. Multimeter.

3. External millivolt source

PROCEDURE

1. Switch ON the ITB-09 unit. Switch SW1 should be in Internal mode.

2. Select the gain of 10 ie Switch SW2 should be in R1 mode.

3. Connect the multimeter in millivolt mode across the T1 and T2.

4. Calibrate the unit by using the mV source POT and zero adjustment POT.

5. When input is zero, display voltage also bring to zero by varying the zero adjustment POT.

6. After completion of the calibration, starts the experiment.

7. Set the input(say 40mV) by varying the mV source POT.

8. Measure the output voltage across T5 and GND or from the display.

9. Analyse the output for various input signal.




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

TABULATION

Gain Setting

Vin1

Vin2

Vin2 - Vin1

Vout

G = Vout / (Vin2 - Vin1)

mV

mV

mV

mV




MODEL GRAPH

MODEL CALCULATION:




Discussion questions:

1. What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?

2. What are the advantages of instrumentation amplifier?

3. What is an Op-Amp?

4. What are the characteristics of an ideal Op-Amp?

5. What are the applications of instrumentation amplifier?

6. What is CMRR?

RESULT:




EX.NO.:

DATE:

CALIBRATION OF SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

AIM:

To Calibrate the given single phase energy meter by direct loading and to draw the graph between

Load current and percentage error.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SNO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1

2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

3 Wattmeter UPF 300V/10A 1

4 Energy meter - - 1

5 Stopwatch - - 1

FORMULA USED:

Actual energy = Wattmeter reading x time taken for 10 rev

3600 x1000

Energy recorded = Number of revolutions

Energy meter constant

% Error = Energy recorded - Actual energy

X 100

Actual energy

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that the meters are in null position. 2. Ensure that the Variac in the minimum position.

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the variac in minimum position & switch on the supply 3. Adjust the variac to get different reading in ammeter.

4. Note the times taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc & obtain the voltmeter,

ammeter & wattmeter reading.

5. The readings are tabulated and required graphs are drawn.




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION:

(i) RESISTIVE LOAD:

S.NO

AMMETER

READINGS

(AMPS)

VOLTMETER

READINGS

(VOLTS)

WATTMETER

READINGS

(Watts)

ACTUAL

ENERGY

ENERGY

RECORDED

TIME FOR 5

REVOLUTIONS %

ERROR

(ii) Lamp Load:

S.NO

AMMETER

READINGS

(AMPS)

VOLTMETER

READINGS

(VOLTS)

WATTMETER

READINGS

(Watts)

ACTUAL

ENERGY

ENERGY

RECORDED

TIME FOR 3

REVOLUTIONS %

ERROR




MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL CALCULATION:

CURRENT (AMPS)

% ERROR





1. Explain about the working Principle of 1Φ Energymeter.

2. List the advantage & disadvantage of 1Φ Energymeter.

3. What are the adjustments made in Energymeter? 4. Differentiate the 1Φ Energymeter & 3Φ Energymeter.

5. Differentiate direct loading & phantom loading.

RESULT:




EXP.NO.:

DATE:

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM

AIM:

To analyse the stability of linear system using MAT LAB.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Computer system with MATLAB software.

2. Power supply.

THEORY:

“MATLAB” is a software package for high performance numerical Computerization&

visualization. It provides an interacting environment with hundred of built in function.

“MATLAB” is a matrix based system for mathematical & engineering calculation. Each

variable is treated as a matrix which the only data type handled by it.

“MATLAB” can be used as an application development because of graphical user

interference tools. The typical in the field of mathematics & computation development of

algorithm, modeling simulation & its prototype, data analysis, scientific & engineering problems.

Tool box is a group of MATLAB function which are pre-defined that can be used for

obtaining solution in the different applications (control systems, fuzzy logic,digital signal

processing).

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the main supply.

2. Open the MATLAB command window.

3. Create a new file „M‟ file that is containing MATLAB language carries are called M file.

4. Type the program & check the error.

5. After saving the program, debug & run to see the output.

6. Verify the output waveform obtained through “MATLAB” with theoretical output.

PROGRAM:

BODE:

Num = [ 0 0 15 75];

Den = [ 1 16 100 0];

Bode = ( num,den);




Margin ( num, den);

grid

NYQUIST:

Num = [0 0 0 4 1];

Den = [2 3 1 0 0];

Nyquist (num, den);

grid

ROOT LOCUS:

Num = [0 0 1 9];

Den = [ 1 4 11 0];

rlocus (num, den);

grid


1. Define stable system.

2. How should be poles in s-plane for a stable system?

3. When will you say the system as marginally stable?

RESULT:




EXP.NO:

DATE:

DC SERVO MOTOR POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM

Aim:

To control the position of DC servo motor by using various controllers

Apparatus Required:

Position controller Kit

DC Servomotor.

Patch chords.

Procedure:

i. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

ii. Connect the chopper power output to the permanent magnet DC servomotor.

iii. Set the pulse relese switch in OFF position.

iv. Switch ON the power supply and switch On the power of the Kit.

v. Vary the set position knob and set the motor at any position.

vi. Tabulate the input and output position from the display unit for various controllers.




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM




TABULATION:

(I) USING P CONTROLLER

S. No Input position in

Degrees

Output position

in Degrees

Error in Degrees

(II) USING PI CONTROLLER

S. No Input position in

Degrees

Output position

in Degrees

Error in Degrees





1. What is DC Servo motor?

2. What is the function of Error Detector?

3. What are the various function in control system?

4. Why controllers are used in control system?

5. What is the difference between P, PI and PID controllers?

RESULT:




EXP.NO.:

DATE:

AC SERVO MOTOR POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM

Aim:

To study the operation of AC servomotor position control using PI controller

Apparatus Required:

Trainer Module

AC servomotor

Patch chords.

Precaution:

Check whether power ON/OFF is in OFF condition

Check whether 230V AC ON/OFF switch OFF condition.

Connection Procedure:

i. Connect terminal P7 (pulse input-1) to P3(pulse output) and P10 (pulse input-2) to

P4(pulse output)

ii. Connect gate terminal P8 to P19 and P11 to P21.

iii. Connect MT1(1) terminal P9 to P20 and MT1(2) terminal P12 to P22.

iv. Connect terminal P23 to P24,P25 to P26 and P27 to P28.

v. Connect terminal P15 to P17 and P16 to P18.

vi. Connect terminal P1to P13 and Connect terminal P2 to P14.

vii. Connect servomotor to P31 by using serial cable.

viii. Connect the main winding of motor to 230V Ac supply through a power chord.

Experimental Procedure:

i. Check whether the connections are made as per the connection procedure.

ii. Switch ON the trainer power & input AC supply to the servomotor.

iii. Vary the set position knob and set the motor at any position.

iv. Note down the input and output position from the display unit. And tabulate the values

for various positions




PANEL DIAGRAM




Tabulation:

S.No

Set position

in deg

Actual position

in deg





1. What is AC Servo motor?

2. What is the function of Error Detector?

3. What are the various function in control system?

4. Why controllers are used in control system?

5. What is the difference between P, PI and PID controllers?

RESULT:

