42â |â Solutionsâ |â March-April 2015â |â www.thesolutionsjournal.org
Feature
by Katherine Short
Scaling Up Seafood Sustainability: An Illustrated Journey
In BriefAfterâfifteenâyearsâofâdeepâinvolvementâinâtheâsustainableâseafoodâmovementâglobally,âitâbecameâapparentâwhereâtheâmovementâhasâexcelledâandâwhereâparticularâchallengesâremain.âTwoâthingsâareâclear:âtheâecologicalâhealthâofâoceansâisâstillâdeeplyâthreatenedâandâfundingâisânotâalwaysâsuccessfullyâappropriatedâtoâaddressâtheseâthreats.âTheâsolutionsâproposedâinâthisâarticleâcomeâfromâbothâecosystemâserviceâscienceâandâsustainableâbusinessâandâcomplementâeffortsâtoâimproveâfisheries.âTheseâincludeâpracticalâwaysâofâreducingâoverfishing,âprotectingâmarineâhabitats,âandâprovingâcompanyâsustainabilityâcommitmentâtoâsocietyâthroughâeco-labellingâschemesâsuchâasâtheâMarineâStewardshipâCouncil.âSeafoodâisâaâsignificantâsourceâofâfood,âandâindustry,âgovernments,ânongovernmentalâorganizations,âcompanies,âandâphilanthropistsâcareâdeeplyâaboutâtheâhealthâofâfisheriesâandâfishâfarming.âTheâquestionâis,âwhoâpaysâhowâmuchâtoâfixâtheâproblems?âEcosystemâserviceâreview,âand,âwhereâdataâisâstrongâenough,âvaluation,âcanâbeâusedâtoâfigureâoutâwhichâimpactsâareâbeingâcausedâbyâwhomâasâwellâasâwhoâisâdependentâonânatureâandâtoâwhatâextent.âThisâcanâthenâinformâwhoâcouldâorâshouldâpay,âandâbasedâonâtheirâlevelâofâresponsibilityâorâdependency,âhowâmuchâtheyâshouldâpayâtoâfixâproblems.âLastly,âincreasingâscrutinyâisâcomingâfromâinvestors,âinsurers,âandâfinanciersâonâcompanyâenvironmental,âsocial,âandâgovernanceâperformance.âAânewâsetâofâmetricsâhasâbeenâdevelopedâtoâenableâseafoodâcompaniesâtoâmoreâconsistentlyâassessâandâmeasureâtheirâoperations.âThisâwillâimproveâtheâtransparencyâofâseafoodâproductionâandâsupportâeffortsâtoâreduceânotâjustâtheirâenvironmentalâimpactsâbutâalsoâtheâsocialâconditionsâunderâwhichâseafoodâisâproduced.
Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd. Fishing for pa ua (abalone) in New Zealand. In 2014, Aotearoa Fisheries Limited and Terra Moana Limited conducted an Ecosystem Service Review of New Zealand pa ua, believed to be the first such review carried out in the fishing industry internationally.
www.thesolutionsjournal.orgâ |â March-April 2015â |â Solutionsâ |â 43
Oceansâcoverâalmostâthree-ââââquartersâofâtheâplanet,ââââholdâ97âpercentâofâitsâwater,â
produceâmoreâthanâhalfâofâtheâoxygenâinâtheâatmosphere,âandâabsorbâtheâmostâcarbon.âWeâevolvedâfromâtheâoceansâandâtheyâareâcrucialâforâlifeâonâplanetâearth.
Theâmarineâenvironmentâisâalsoâwhereâweâwork,âtrade,ârecreate,âandâobtainâfood.âAboutâ40âpercentâofâhumanityâlivesâwithinâ100âkilometersâofâtheâcoastâandâocean-basedâbusi-nessesâfromâfisheriesâtoâtourismâtoâenergyâgenerationâandâshippingâcontributeâmoreâthanâUS$500âbillionâtoâtheâglobalâeconomy.
Withâincreasingâpressuresâandâtheâdegradationâofâmanyâpartsâofâtheâmarineâenvironment,âincludingâreducedâfishâandâotherâspeciesââpopulations,âthereâisâaâgrowingâawarenessâthatâmoreâholisticâapproachesâareâneededâtoâmanageâourâimpactsâonâtheâmarineârealm.1
Sinceâtheâfamous,âtumultu-ous,âandâcatastrophicâcrashâofâtheâNewfoundlandâcodâfisheryâandâitsâeven-tualâclosureâinâ1992,âmuchâprogressâhasâbeenâmadeâinâdevelopingâandâapplyingâeconomicâincentivesâtoâimproveâfisher-iesâmanagement.2âTheâmostâsuccessfulâofâtheseâisâtheâMarineâStewardshipâCouncilâ(MSC),âwithâ11âpercentâofâtheâtotalâwildâmarineâfisheriesâharvestâcertifiedâorâunderâassessment.âHowever,âtheâMSCâcannotâdeliverâeverythingâaâsustainableâfisheryârequires,âincludingâhabitatâandâsocialâsustainability.3âItâsimplyâwasnâtâdesignedâtoâdoâso.
Thisâarticleâdescribesâacademicâandâpracticalâresearchâapplyingâecosystemâservicesâtoâmarineâfisheries,âincludingâhowâthisâcanâempowerâtheâseafoodâsectorâtoâbetterâmanageâfisheriesâandâtheâhabitatsâthatâtheyâdependâupon,âbetterâunderstandâtheârelevantâsocialâcontext,âfillâknowledgeâgapsâtoâcomplementâcertification,âandâcommunicateâmoreâtransparently.âTheâseafoodâsectorâisâaâbroadâdescriptionâforâthoseâinvolvedâinâtheâproductionâofâseafood,âwhetherâfarmedâorâwildâharvest,âandâincludesâtheâlargeâandâsmallâfishingâandâseafoodâindustries,âfishersâandâfishâfarmers,â
processingâandâlogisticsâalongâtheâsupplyâchain,âasâwellâasâgovernmentâandânongovernmentâorganizationsâandâscienceâproviders.âThereâisâaâcoreâofâprac-titionersâacrossâthisâbroadâcommunityâwhoâareâincreasinglyâworkingâtogetherâtoâimproveâseafoodâsustainability.âThisâworkâisâbringingâtogetherâtheâthreeâworldsâofâmarineâandâcoastalâecosystemâservices,âcorporateâtransparency,âandâsustainableâseafood.
Why is a New Approach Required?Marineâfisheriesâareâinâcrisisâinterna-tionallyâgivenâoverfishing,âclimateâchange,âandâpollution.âManagementâsystems,âsuchâasâNewâZealandâsâQuotaâManagementâSystem,âmanageâkeyâaspectsâsuchâasâsustainableâharvestâlevels,âbutâtheyâcanâalsoâbeâfrag-mented,âasâwellâasâreceiveâinsufficientâattentionâtoâmanageâoceanâhealth.â
Globally,âmarineâfisheriesâareâsimplyânotâprioritizedâonâstateâandâinterna-tionalâgovernmentalâagendas.
Fortunately,âthereâisâgrowingâaware-nessâandâacceptanceâofâtheâneedâforâecosystemâapproachesâ(EA),âincludingâinâtheâAichiâConventionâonâBiologicalâDiversityâTargetsâ(2011â2020)âandâinâkeyâjurisdictionsâsuchâasâunderâtheâEuropeanâCommonâFisheriesâPolicyâandâtheâUSâMagnusonâStevensâFisheryâConservationâandâManagementâAct.âOverâtheâlastâ20âyears,âaânumberâofânongovernmentalâandâprivateâsectorâinitiativesâhaveâincorporatedâEAâaspectsâwithâinitialâsuccess,âincludingâtheâMSCâandâmulti-stakeholderâfisher-iesâimprovementâprojects.âWhileâthisâworkâhasâdrivenâmanyâimprovements,âitâstillâneedsâtoâbeâunderpinnedâbyâecosystem-basedâlegal,âregulatory,âandâmanagementâreform.
Furthermore,âwhileâtheâmarineâenvironmentâhasâmultipleâusersâandâinfluences,âtheâcostsâassociatedâwithâthoseâusesâandâtheirâimpactsâareâlargelyâopaqueâandâusuallyâinequitablyâsharedâmakingâitâdifficultâtoâidentifyâthoseâcausingâtheâimpact,âtoâholdâthemâaccountable,âandâtoâadjustâmanagementâaccordingly.4âInâfisheries,âtheâcostsâofâimprovementsâfallsâlargelyâonâtheâfish-ersâandâareânotâoftenâevenlyâdistributedâoverâtheâsupplyâchainâorâconsumers.âAlthoughâfew,âthereâareâanâincreasingânumberâofâexamplesâofâconsumersâwill-ingâtoâpayâaâpremiumâforâMSC-certifiedâseafoodâandâofâfisheriesâreapingâgreaterârewards.âHowever,âotherâthanâinâaâfewâexceptionalâcases,âsuchâasâtheâAmericanâAlbacoreâfishery,âtheseâbenefitsârarelyâreachâtheâfishersâthemselves.5
A Time for ChangeThereâisâaâwillingness,âespeciallyâwithinâtheâseafoodâsupplyâchain,âtoâmoreâdirectlyâsupportâspecificâmanagementâmeasuresâtoâimplementâecosystemâapproaches.âFacetsâofâtheâseafoodâsupplyâchainâareâinvestingâinâfisheriesâimprovementâprojectsâ(FIPs),âoftenâthroughâsupportingâfisheriesâtowardsâtheâMSC.6âHowever,â
Key Concepts
⢠Government, industry, and nongovernment organizations foster fisheries improvement and marine health initiatives, yet only around 20 percent of global fisheries production is certifiable or improvable.
⢠Obstacles include sharing the fluid marine environment amongst users, often without explicit rights, and transforming at scale requires financing.
⢠Many parts of the solutions lie in ecosystem services approaches that include review, analysis, payments, and valuation, and enable more holistic understanding. Assessment can include impacts both from within the sea and from the land into the sea.
⢠Natural capital impacts and dependencies of all participants in a supply chain can be assessed and better quantified to enable clearer apportioning of who should pay how much to restore ecosystems.
⢠Efforts to improve seafood sustainability need to learn from sustainable business.
www.thesolutionsjournal.orgâ |â March-April 2015â |â Solutionsâ |â 45
toâstrengthenâaâseafoodâcompanyâsâunderstandingâofâitsâimpactâandâdepen-denciesâonânaturalâcapital,âbiodiversity,âandâecosystemâservicesâ(i.e.âwhatâareâtheâmaterialâissues?),âuseâaâconsistentâsetâofâseafoodâsector-specificâmetricsâtoâtrackâmanagementâtoâaddressâthoseâimpactsâandâdependencies,âandâreportâtransparently.âAlthoughâgraduallyâincreasing,âcurrentlyâonlyâaâhandfulâofâlargeâseafoodâbusinessesâ(excludingâretailâandârestaurants)âareâreportingâusingâGRIâG4,âyetânoneâhaveâconsistentâmetrics,ânorâcurrentâguidanceâonâhowâtoâapplyâtheâmaterialityâanalysisârequiredâunderâtheâG4âspecificallyâtoâseafood.22
A Progression in Fisheries ManagementWhileâinternationallyâfisheriesâpolicyâandâmanagementâimprove-ments,âsuchâasâtheâ1995âUnitedâNationsâFoodâandâAgriculturalâOrganizationâ(FAO)âCodeâofâConductâforâResponsibleâFisheriesâandâEcosystemâApproachâtoâFisheriesâ(2003),âhaveâbeenâincreasinglyâwellâreceived,âthereâisâmuchâdebateâonâtheâstatusâofâfisheryâandâecosystemâhealthâoverall.23âToâcounterâtheâdeclineâofâmarineâfisheries,âmanyâexpertsâhaveâcalledâforâecosystemâapproaches.24âAgreementâalsoâexistsâaboutâtheâsignificantlyâincreasedâ
wealthâpotentialâofârebuiltâmarineâfisheries,âtheâsignificantâcostâofârecoveringâthem,âandâtheâneedâforâcollaboration.âAccordingâtoâSumailaâandâcolleaguesâ(2012),âitâsâaâworth-whileâinvestment,âwithâresearchâshowingâthatârestorationâcanâincreaseâproductivityâfour-foldâandâdecreaseâvariabilityâbyâ21âpercentâonâaverage.âEconomically,âestimatesâareâthatâaâfisheryârebuildingâinvestmentâofâaboutâUS$203âbillionâwouldâresultâinâbenefitsâsurpassingâcostsâafterâ12âyears.25
Interdisciplinaryâtools,âincludingâcertification,âmarineâspatialâplanning,âbycatchâreduction,âandâfisheriesâandâ
Annette Ellis Infographic 1. Three worlds coming together: Using ecosystem service review and analysis can address ecological, economic, social, and cultural perspectives. Being a best-practice business tool, it empowers businesses ownership and responsibility for their impacts and dependencies on nature and the environment. It is an opportunity for corporate, science, public, and NGO entities to work together toward clear and achievable outcomes.
44â |â Solutionsâ |â March-April 2015â |â www.thesolutionsjournal.org
theâsheerânumberâofâfisheriesâneedingâimprovementâmeansâthatâthisâmustâbeâsignificantlyâscaledâup.âIndustryâempowermentâalsoâneedsâtoâbeâscaledâupâsuchâthatâtheâseafoodâsectorâfrontâfootsâimprovementâandâisânoâlongerâdrivenâthereâbyâNGOâscrutiny,âpublicâcampaigning,âorâtheâcourts.6
Theâquestionâis,âwhoâpaysâandâhowâandâcanâthatâinvestmentâoccurâthroughâpaymentâforâecosystemâserviceâ(PES)âframeworks?âAcademicâandâpracticalâresearchâconductedâoverâtheâlastâfourâyearsâhasâexploredâwhetherâprivateâsectorâsupplyâchainâinvestmentâcouldâbeâdeemedâpay-mentâforâecosystemâservicesâinâaâmarineâcontext,âwhatâtheâmethodsâcouldâbeâtoâapplyâthisâinâpractice,âwhetherâthisâcanâcontributeâtoârebuildingâfisheries,âandâtheâchal-lengesâandâopportunitiesâofâdoingâso.âCaseâstudiesâsuchâasâtheâNewâZealandâp auaâ(abalone)âindustry,âasâwellâasâinternationalâscienceâandâpolicyâlead-ersâinâthisâspaceâprovideâpromisingâprospectsâforâsuccess.
A Model for SuccessEcosystemâservicesâlinkâecosystemâprocessesâandâhumanâwell-beingâinâtermsâofâtheâdirectâandâindirectâbenefitsâpeopleâobtainâfromâeco-systems.âEffortsâsuchâasâtheâ2010âInternationalâYearâofâBiodiversityâandâTheâEconomicsâofâEcosystemsâandâBiodiversityâ(TEEB)âhaveâhelpedâtoâsocializeâecosystemâservicesâandâfosterâtheirâuptakeâinâbusiness.7âWhileâsomeâdetractorsâhaveâcriticizedâthisâasâutilitarian,âthereâisâaâgrowingâbodyâofâevidenceâsuggestingâthatâecosystemâ
servicesâsupportâbothâconservationâeffortsâandâsustainableâuse.8
Forâterrestrialâecosystems,âsuchâasâinâNamibiaâandâEcuador,âPESâhasâdeliveredâbothâconservationâandâimprovedâlivelihoods.âInâfact,âterrestrialâPESâmodelsâhaveâevolvedâtoâtheâpointâofâbeingâhighlyâcontextâspecific,âreturningâbenefitsâtoâlocalâcommunities,âimprovingâenviron-mentalâandâecologicalâoutcomes,âandâenablingâmeaningfulâcollaborationâacrossâpublic,âprivate,âandâcommunityâentities.9,10âOnâtheâcoastâandâinâtheâfluidâmarineâenvironment,âitâisâtheseâcontext-specificâresponsesâthatâareârequiredâtoâfosterâownershipâofâlocalâproblemâsolvingâandâsolutionsâacrossâmultipleâsectorsâ(recreational,âcom-mercial,âcustomaryâfishers,âtourism,âwildlifeâconservation,âetc.).âPESâmodelsâcanâenableâthis.
Payment for Ecosystem Services in the Marine EnvironmentPESâconditionsâincludeâvoluntaryâtransactionsâwherebyâaâwell-definedâenvironmentalâserviceâorâaâuseâthatâisâlikelyâtoâsecureâthatâserviceâisâbeingââboughtââbyâanâenvironmentalâservicesâbuyerâfromâanâenvironmentalâservicesâprovider.11âThisâtransactionâisâcondi-tionalâandâoccursâonlyâifâtheâproviderâsecuresâtheâpromisedâecosystemâser-vice.âThisâholdsâpromiseâforâfisheriesâgivenâthatâitâfocusesâonâusingâpositiveâincentivesâandâconditionalityâtoâinflu-enceâbehaviorâfisheriesâmanagementâisâafterâallâaboutâmanagingâbehavior,ânotâfish!âBothâcertificationâandâeco-labellingâhaveâbeenâidentifiedâasâ
havingâpotentialâPESâmechanismsâasâthereâisâaâpreferentialâmarketâforâmoreâsustainableâproducts.12âHowever,âfish-eriesâincentiveâanalysisâshowsâthatâthisâneedsâfurtherâdevelopmentâinâpracticeâandâthatâspecificâPESâconditionsâcouldâstrengthenâfisheriesâimprovement.13
Marineâandâcoastalâecosystemâserviceâ(MCES)âanalysisâandâquantifica-tionâisâaârelativelyâyoungâfieldâbeingâtestedâinâspecificâsitesâsuchâasâtheâMeso-AmericanâReef,âJamaica,âandâtheâBirdâsâHeadâinâIndonesia.âInâaddition,âtheâpro-posedâglobalâTEEBâOceansâandâCoastsâwillâassessâhowâtoâeffectivelyâapplyâecosystemâservices.14âMarketâinterestâisâgrowingâinâharnessingâMCESâincludingâcarbonâsequestration,âfishânurser-ies,âwaterâpurification,âandâmarineâbiodiversity,âasâwellâasâdevelopingâpay-mentâapproachesâforâthisâuncapturedâvalueâtoâfinanceâconservationâandâsustainableâmanagement.15âHowever,âreinforcingâtheâneedâforâaccountabilityâisâthisâcaution:âââŚthereâareânoâgoodâmeasuresâorâaccountabilityâsystemsâforâmostâmarineâecosystemâservices,âsoâecosystemâserviceâcharacterization,âquantification,âandâmodellingâwillâbeâcentralâtoâtheseâefforts.â16
MCESâmeasurementâframeworksâareâbeingâdevelopedâtoâsupportâaccountableâmarineâPESâandâincludeâtheâconditionâofâtheâecosystemâ(supplyâmetrics),âtheâamountâofâoceanâresourcesâactuallyâusedâorâenjoyedâbyâpeopleâ(ser-viceâmetrics),âandâpeoplesââpreferenceâforâthatâlevelâofâserviceâ(valueâmetrics).17âInâaddition,âaâStanfordâUniversityâgroupâhasâdevelopedâ30âindicatorsâforâseafoodâsystemâsustainabilityâassessmentsâ(seeâInfographicâ5),18âwhichâcanâguideâbestâpracticesâinâseafoodâbusinessâcorporateâenvironmentalâreporting,âespeciallyâifâusingâtheâGlobalâReportingâInitiativeâ(GRI)âG4âorâIntegratedâReportingâframeworks.19,20âThisâcouldâimproveâtheâinformationâavailableâtoâtheâC-suiteâexecutiveâandâboardâlevelâmanagementâandâtheirâadvisersâ(bankers,âauditors,âinsurers,âinvestors,âetc.).21âThisâresearchâhasâenabledâunderstandingâofâhowâtheseâelementsâcouldâfitâtogetherâ
Ecosystem Services in SeafoodâA Visual JourneyEcosystem service tools can be powerful for primary industries and contribute to building ecological, social, economic, and corporate resilience. This interdisciplinary systems analysis work links marine conservation, sustainable seafood, sustainable business, and academia and as such is complex. A series of illustrative infographics have been developed to depict the core concepts and interlinkages and to guide future development.
www.thesolutionsjournal.orgâ |â March-April 2015â |â Solutionsâ |â 45
toâstrengthenâaâseafoodâcompanyâsâunderstandingâofâitsâimpactâandâdepen-denciesâonânaturalâcapital,âbiodiversity,âandâecosystemâservicesâ(i.e.âwhatâareâtheâmaterialâissues?),âuseâaâconsistentâsetâofâseafoodâsector-specificâmetricsâtoâtrackâmanagementâtoâaddressâthoseâimpactsâandâdependencies,âandâreportâtransparently.âAlthoughâgraduallyâincreasing,âcurrentlyâonlyâaâhandfulâofâlargeâseafoodâbusinessesâ(excludingâretailâandârestaurants)âareâreportingâusingâGRIâG4,âyetânoneâhaveâconsistentâmetrics,ânorâcurrentâguidanceâonâhowâtoâapplyâtheâmaterialityâanalysisârequiredâunderâtheâG4âspecificallyâtoâseafood.22
A Progression in Fisheries ManagementWhileâinternationallyâfisheriesâpolicyâandâmanagementâimprove-ments,âsuchâasâtheâ1995âUnitedâNationsâFoodâandâAgriculturalâOrganizationâ(FAO)âCodeâofâConductâforâResponsibleâFisheriesâandâEcosystemâApproachâtoâFisheriesâ(2003),âhaveâbeenâincreasinglyâwellâreceived,âthereâisâmuchâdebateâonâtheâstatusâofâfisheryâandâecosystemâhealthâoverall.23âToâcounterâtheâdeclineâofâmarineâfisheries,âmanyâexpertsâhaveâcalledâforâecosystemâapproaches.24âAgreementâalsoâexistsâaboutâtheâsignificantlyâincreasedâ
wealthâpotentialâofârebuiltâmarineâfisheries,âtheâsignificantâcostâofârecoveringâthem,âandâtheâneedâforâcollaboration.âAccordingâtoâSumailaâandâcolleaguesâ(2012),âitâsâaâworth-whileâinvestment,âwithâresearchâshowingâthatârestorationâcanâincreaseâproductivityâfour-foldâandâdecreaseâvariabilityâbyâ21âpercentâonâaverage.âEconomically,âestimatesâareâthatâaâfisheryârebuildingâinvestmentâofâaboutâUS$203âbillionâwouldâresultâinâbenefitsâsurpassingâcostsâafterâ12âyears.25
Interdisciplinaryâtools,âincludingâcertification,âmarineâspatialâplanning,âbycatchâreduction,âandâfisheriesâandâ
Annette Ellis Infographic 1. Three worlds coming together: Using ecosystem service review and analysis can address ecological, economic, social, and cultural perspectives. Being a best-practice business tool, it empowers businesses ownership and responsibility for their impacts and dependencies on nature and the environment. It is an opportunity for corporate, science, public, and NGO entities to work together toward clear and achievable outcomes.
44â |â Solutionsâ |â March-April 2015â |â www.thesolutionsjournal.org
theâsheerânumberâofâfisheriesâneedingâimprovementâmeansâthatâthisâmustâbeâsignificantlyâscaledâup.âIndustryâempowermentâalsoâneedsâtoâbeâscaledâupâsuchâthatâtheâseafoodâsectorâfrontâfootsâimprovementâandâisânoâlongerâdrivenâthereâbyâNGOâscrutiny,âpublicâcampaigning,âorâtheâcourts.6
Theâquestionâis,âwhoâpaysâandâhowâandâcanâthatâinvestmentâoccurâthroughâpaymentâforâecosystemâserviceâ(PES)âframeworks?âAcademicâandâpracticalâresearchâconductedâoverâtheâlastâfourâyearsâhasâexploredâwhetherâprivateâsectorâsupplyâchainâinvestmentâcouldâbeâdeemedâpay-mentâforâecosystemâservicesâinâaâmarineâcontext,âwhatâtheâmethodsâcouldâbeâtoâapplyâthisâinâpractice,âwhetherâthisâcanâcontributeâtoârebuildingâfisheries,âandâtheâchal-lengesâandâopportunitiesâofâdoingâso.âCaseâstudiesâsuchâasâtheâNewâZealandâp auaâ(abalone)âindustry,âasâwellâasâinternationalâscienceâandâpolicyâlead-ersâinâthisâspaceâprovideâpromisingâprospectsâforâsuccess.
A Model for SuccessEcosystemâservicesâlinkâecosystemâprocessesâandâhumanâwell-beingâinâtermsâofâtheâdirectâandâindirectâbenefitsâpeopleâobtainâfromâeco-systems.âEffortsâsuchâasâtheâ2010âInternationalâYearâofâBiodiversityâandâTheâEconomicsâofâEcosystemsâandâBiodiversityâ(TEEB)âhaveâhelpedâtoâsocializeâecosystemâservicesâandâfosterâtheirâuptakeâinâbusiness.7âWhileâsomeâdetractorsâhaveâcriticizedâthisâasâutilitarian,âthereâisâaâgrowingâbodyâofâevidenceâsuggestingâthatâecosystemâ
servicesâsupportâbothâconservationâeffortsâandâsustainableâuse.8
Forâterrestrialâecosystems,âsuchâasâinâNamibiaâandâEcuador,âPESâhasâdeliveredâbothâconservationâandâimprovedâlivelihoods.âInâfact,âterrestrialâPESâmodelsâhaveâevolvedâtoâtheâpointâofâbeingâhighlyâcontextâspecific,âreturningâbenefitsâtoâlocalâcommunities,âimprovingâenviron-mentalâandâecologicalâoutcomes,âandâenablingâmeaningfulâcollaborationâacrossâpublic,âprivate,âandâcommunityâentities.9,10âOnâtheâcoastâandâinâtheâfluidâmarineâenvironment,âitâisâtheseâcontext-specificâresponsesâthatâareârequiredâtoâfosterâownershipâofâlocalâproblemâsolvingâandâsolutionsâacrossâmultipleâsectorsâ(recreational,âcom-mercial,âcustomaryâfishers,âtourism,âwildlifeâconservation,âetc.).âPESâmodelsâcanâenableâthis.
Payment for Ecosystem Services in the Marine EnvironmentPESâconditionsâincludeâvoluntaryâtransactionsâwherebyâaâwell-definedâenvironmentalâserviceâorâaâuseâthatâisâlikelyâtoâsecureâthatâserviceâisâbeingââboughtââbyâanâenvironmentalâservicesâbuyerâfromâanâenvironmentalâservicesâprovider.11âThisâtransactionâisâcondi-tionalâandâoccursâonlyâifâtheâproviderâsecuresâtheâpromisedâecosystemâser-vice.âThisâholdsâpromiseâforâfisheriesâgivenâthatâitâfocusesâonâusingâpositiveâincentivesâandâconditionalityâtoâinflu-enceâbehaviorâfisheriesâmanagementâisâafterâallâaboutâmanagingâbehavior,ânotâfish!âBothâcertificationâandâeco-labellingâhaveâbeenâidentifiedâasâ
havingâpotentialâPESâmechanismsâasâthereâisâaâpreferentialâmarketâforâmoreâsustainableâproducts.12âHowever,âfish-eriesâincentiveâanalysisâshowsâthatâthisâneedsâfurtherâdevelopmentâinâpracticeâandâthatâspecificâPESâconditionsâcouldâstrengthenâfisheriesâimprovement.13
Marineâandâcoastalâecosystemâserviceâ(MCES)âanalysisâandâquantifica-tionâisâaârelativelyâyoungâfieldâbeingâtestedâinâspecificâsitesâsuchâasâtheâMeso-AmericanâReef,âJamaica,âandâtheâBirdâsâHeadâinâIndonesia.âInâaddition,âtheâpro-posedâglobalâTEEBâOceansâandâCoastsâwillâassessâhowâtoâeffectivelyâapplyâecosystemâservices.14âMarketâinterestâisâgrowingâinâharnessingâMCESâincludingâcarbonâsequestration,âfishânurser-ies,âwaterâpurification,âandâmarineâbiodiversity,âasâwellâasâdevelopingâpay-mentâapproachesâforâthisâuncapturedâvalueâtoâfinanceâconservationâandâsustainableâmanagement.15âHowever,âreinforcingâtheâneedâforâaccountabilityâisâthisâcaution:âââŚthereâareânoâgoodâmeasuresâorâaccountabilityâsystemsâforâmostâmarineâecosystemâservices,âsoâecosystemâserviceâcharacterization,âquantification,âandâmodellingâwillâbeâcentralâtoâtheseâefforts.â16
MCESâmeasurementâframeworksâareâbeingâdevelopedâtoâsupportâaccountableâmarineâPESâandâincludeâtheâconditionâofâtheâecosystemâ(supplyâmetrics),âtheâamountâofâoceanâresourcesâactuallyâusedâorâenjoyedâbyâpeopleâ(ser-viceâmetrics),âandâpeoplesââpreferenceâforâthatâlevelâofâserviceâ(valueâmetrics).17âInâaddition,âaâStanfordâUniversityâgroupâhasâdevelopedâ30âindicatorsâforâseafoodâsystemâsustainabilityâassessmentsâ(seeâInfographicâ5),18âwhichâcanâguideâbestâpracticesâinâseafoodâbusinessâcorporateâenvironmentalâreporting,âespeciallyâifâusingâtheâGlobalâReportingâInitiativeâ(GRI)âG4âorâIntegratedâReportingâframeworks.19,20âThisâcouldâimproveâtheâinformationâavailableâtoâtheâC-suiteâexecutiveâandâboardâlevelâmanagementâandâtheirâadvisersâ(bankers,âauditors,âinsurers,âinvestors,âetc.).21âThisâresearchâhasâenabledâunderstandingâofâhowâtheseâelementsâcouldâfitâtogetherâ
Ecosystem Services in SeafoodâA Visual JourneyEcosystem service tools can be powerful for primary industries and contribute to building ecological, social, economic, and corporate resilience. This interdisciplinary systems analysis work links marine conservation, sustainable seafood, sustainable business, and academia and as such is complex. A series of illustrative infographics have been developed to depict the core concepts and interlinkages and to guide future development.
www.thesolutionsjournal.orgâ |â March-April 2015â |â Solutionsâ |â 47
servicesârelevantâtoâp auaâandâtoâidentifyâanyâbusinessârisksâandâoppor-tunities.âAFLâsâp auaâESRâisâaâfirstâforâtheâNewâZealandâseafoodâindustry,âandâpotentiallyâinternationally,âandârepresentsâaâsteepâchangeâinâfisheriesâmanagementâandâindustryâempower-ment.âAsâAllynâGlaysher,âtheâAFLâSustainabilityâDirectorâsaid,ââWeâhadâneverâdoneâanythingâofâthisânatureâinâAFL.âToâbeâperfectlyâhonest,âitâwasâaââleapâofâfaith,ââanâopportunityâpre-sentedâtoâus.âWeâhaveâbeenâsurprisedâatâtheâamountâofâinformationâweâveâgotâoutâofâitâandâwhatâitâmightâmeanâgoingâforward.â
Theâreviewâidentifiedâpriorityâshort-termâactions:âinformationâneedsâ(e.g.âtheâeffectsâofârisingâseaâtemperaturesâandâchangingâacidityâassociatedâwithâclimateâchangeâonâp aua),âinternalâchanges,âpublicâpolicyâengagement,â
andâcollaborativeâecosystemârestora-tion.âIntoâtheâfuture,âPESâschemesâlinkingâecosystemâserviceâbuyersâandâprovidersâacrossâtheâterrestrialâmarineâinterface,âorâtheâcoastalâzone,âcouldâsupportâecologicalârestoration,âsuchâasâforâkelpâinâtheâMarlboroughâSoundsâofâNewâZealandâtoârecoverâp auaâ(seeâInfographicâ6).âThisâwouldâalsoâenableârelatedâspeciesâtoârecover,âincludingâtheâblueâcod,âpopularâwithârecreationalâfishersâwhoâcouldâalsoâparticipateâinâtheâPESâscheme.
Onto the Sustainable Seafood MapThisâworkâwasârecentlyâpresentedâatâtheâSeaWebâSeafoodâSummitâinâNewâOrleansâinâFebruaryâ2015,âinâaâprogramâtitled,ââPuttingâEcosystemâServicesâonâtheâSustainableâSeafoodâMap.â34,35âTheâSummitâisâtheâpremierâgatheringâ
ofâsustainableâseafoodâleadersâfromâacrossâtheâseafoodâindustry,âretail,âandâsupportâservicesâincludingâinvestmentâadvisers,ânongovernmentâandâgovern-mentâorganizations,âscience,âandâacademia.
Aâpanelâdemonstratedâhowânaturalâcapitalâandâecosystemâservicesâhaveâgreatâpotentialâtoâstrengthenâsustainableâseafoodâeffortsâinâbothâtheâdevelopedâandâdevelopingâworld.âTheâglobalâcontextâwasâintroduced,âexplainingâcurrentâsustainableâseafoodâgapsâandâhowâecosystemâserviceâandânaturalâcapitalâapproachesâmightâfillâthem.âDr.âTundiâAgardyâdescribedâtheâbasicâscienceâandâpolicyâofâwhyâecosystemâserviceâperspectivesâcanâstrengthenâfisheriesâmanagement,âwhileâAllynâGlaysherâofâtheâAFLâdescribedâtheâaforementionedâSustainabilityâJourneyâandâESR.â
Annette Ellis Infographic 3. Reconciling who pays for restoring marine fisheries: With ecosystem service analysis a seafood company, fishery, or product supply chain (group of companies linked by mutual interest in a species or place) can understand their relative impacts and dependencies on natural capital, biodiversity, and ecosystem services and can guide fairer sharing of restoration costs.
46â |â Solutionsâ |â March-April 2015â |â www.thesolutionsjournal.org
habitatârestorationâprojectsâareâalreadyâbeingâusedâbyâtheâseafoodâsectorâandâcouldâbeâexpandedâtoâembedâfisheryâandâecosystemâsustainabilityâthrough-outâsupplyâchains,âandâsoâshareâtheâcostsâmoreâequitablyâ(seeâInfographicâ4).âGivenâtheâsignificantâimpactâandâdependenceâofâtheâseafoodâsectorâonâtheâmarineâenvironment,âtheâques-tionâcanâbeâaskedâwhetherâadaptedâPESâmodelsâcouldâguideâinvestment,âimproveâfisheries,âandâstrengthenâcorporateâaccountability?âTheseâcouldâoperateâalongsideâotherâsustainableâfisheriesâfinancialâinitiativesâinclud-ingâadaptingâtheâUNâPrinciplesâforâResponsibleâInvestmentâtoâfisheriesâ(UNEPâ2009)âandâothers.26-29
The First Global Ecosystem Service Review of a Commercial SeafoodInâ2014,âtheâlargestâM aori-ownedâseafoodâcompany,âAotearoaâFisheriesâLimitedâ(AFL),âandâTerraâMoanaâLimitedâconductedâaâQualitativeâEcosystemâServiceâReviewâofâNewâZealandâp auaâunderâtheâauspicesâofâtheâNewâZealandâSustainableâBusinessâCouncilâBusinessâandâBiodiversityâproject.30,31âItâisâbelievedâtoâbeâtheâfirstâapplicationâofâtheâCorporateâESRâmeth-odologyâtoâaâcommercialâseafood.32
P aua,âtheâMâaoriânameâforâabalone,âisâoneâofâtheâmostâvaluableâAFLâprod-ucts.âTraditionally,âAFLâcannedâtheâprimeâp auaâmeat,âsoldâtheâtrimmingsâ
toâtheânutraceuticalâsectorâandâtheâshellâtoâtheâornamentalâandâjewelryâtrade.âThisâisâchanging,âhowever,âwithâincreasingâinterestâinâliveâexportâbyâkeyâAsianâmarketsâthatâareâalsoâbeingâunderminedâbyâcheaperâfarmedâprod-ucts.âAlongâwithâincreasingâpressuresâonâallâinshoreâNewâZealandâfisheries,âAFLâembarkedâonâaâsustainabilityâjour-neyâtoâensureâthatâtheirâfishingâandâbusinessâpracticesâwereâalignedâwithâcommunityâvaluesâandâmoreâdeeplyâexpressiveâofâKaitiakitanga,âMaoriâforâguardianship.33
TheâESRâofferedâAFLâanâopportu-nityâtoâholisticallyâevaluateâbothâitsâdependenceâandâimpactâonânaturalâcapital,âbiodiversity,âandâecosystemâ
Annette Ellis Infographic 2. Seafood ecosystem service assessment: Applying ecosystem services in seafood requires starting with as clear an understanding as possible of the qualitative and quantitative values of an ecosystem (social, cultural, ecological, and economic). In many cases this will require a full marine ecosystem service review and, where data is strong enough, valuation (using the most appropriate valuation approach). Once this has occurred, goals can be set and ways to achieve those goals identified. These can include fisheries improvement projects (FIPs), certification such as through the Aquaculture and Marine Stewardship Councils, or other measures such as marine spatial planning and habitat restoration.
www.thesolutionsjournal.orgâ |â March-April 2015â |â Solutionsâ |â 47
servicesârelevantâtoâp auaâandâtoâidentifyâanyâbusinessârisksâandâoppor-tunities.âAFLâsâp auaâESRâisâaâfirstâforâtheâNewâZealandâseafoodâindustry,âandâpotentiallyâinternationally,âandârepresentsâaâsteepâchangeâinâfisheriesâmanagementâandâindustryâempower-ment.âAsâAllynâGlaysher,âtheâAFLâSustainabilityâDirectorâsaid,ââWeâhadâneverâdoneâanythingâofâthisânatureâinâAFL.âToâbeâperfectlyâhonest,âitâwasâaââleapâofâfaith,ââanâopportunityâpre-sentedâtoâus.âWeâhaveâbeenâsurprisedâatâtheâamountâofâinformationâweâveâgotâoutâofâitâandâwhatâitâmightâmeanâgoingâforward.â
Theâreviewâidentifiedâpriorityâshort-termâactions:âinformationâneedsâ(e.g.âtheâeffectsâofârisingâseaâtemperaturesâandâchangingâacidityâassociatedâwithâclimateâchangeâonâp aua),âinternalâchanges,âpublicâpolicyâengagement,â
andâcollaborativeâecosystemârestora-tion.âIntoâtheâfuture,âPESâschemesâlinkingâecosystemâserviceâbuyersâandâprovidersâacrossâtheâterrestrialâmarineâinterface,âorâtheâcoastalâzone,âcouldâsupportâecologicalârestoration,âsuchâasâforâkelpâinâtheâMarlboroughâSoundsâofâNewâZealandâtoârecoverâp auaâ(seeâInfographicâ6).âThisâwouldâalsoâenableârelatedâspeciesâtoârecover,âincludingâtheâblueâcod,âpopularâwithârecreationalâfishersâwhoâcouldâalsoâparticipateâinâtheâPESâscheme.
Onto the Sustainable Seafood MapThisâworkâwasârecentlyâpresentedâatâtheâSeaWebâSeafoodâSummitâinâNewâOrleansâinâFebruaryâ2015,âinâaâprogramâtitled,ââPuttingâEcosystemâServicesâonâtheâSustainableâSeafoodâMap.â34,35âTheâSummitâisâtheâpremierâgatheringâ
ofâsustainableâseafoodâleadersâfromâacrossâtheâseafoodâindustry,âretail,âandâsupportâservicesâincludingâinvestmentâadvisers,ânongovernmentâandâgovern-mentâorganizations,âscience,âandâacademia.
Aâpanelâdemonstratedâhowânaturalâcapitalâandâecosystemâservicesâhaveâgreatâpotentialâtoâstrengthenâsustainableâseafoodâeffortsâinâbothâtheâdevelopedâandâdevelopingâworld.âTheâglobalâcontextâwasâintroduced,âexplainingâcurrentâsustainableâseafoodâgapsâandâhowâecosystemâserviceâandânaturalâcapitalâapproachesâmightâfillâthem.âDr.âTundiâAgardyâdescribedâtheâbasicâscienceâandâpolicyâofâwhyâecosystemâserviceâperspectivesâcanâstrengthenâfisheriesâmanagement,âwhileâAllynâGlaysherâofâtheâAFLâdescribedâtheâaforementionedâSustainabilityâJourneyâandâESR.â
Annette Ellis Infographic 3. Reconciling who pays for restoring marine fisheries: With ecosystem service analysis a seafood company, fishery, or product supply chain (group of companies linked by mutual interest in a species or place) can understand their relative impacts and dependencies on natural capital, biodiversity, and ecosystem services and can guide fairer sharing of restoration costs.
46â |â Solutionsâ |â March-April 2015â |â www.thesolutionsjournal.org
habitatârestorationâprojectsâareâalreadyâbeingâusedâbyâtheâseafoodâsectorâandâcouldâbeâexpandedâtoâembedâfisheryâandâecosystemâsustainabilityâthrough-outâsupplyâchains,âandâsoâshareâtheâcostsâmoreâequitablyâ(seeâInfographicâ4).âGivenâtheâsignificantâimpactâandâdependenceâofâtheâseafoodâsectorâonâtheâmarineâenvironment,âtheâques-tionâcanâbeâaskedâwhetherâadaptedâPESâmodelsâcouldâguideâinvestment,âimproveâfisheries,âandâstrengthenâcorporateâaccountability?âTheseâcouldâoperateâalongsideâotherâsustainableâfisheriesâfinancialâinitiativesâinclud-ingâadaptingâtheâUNâPrinciplesâforâResponsibleâInvestmentâtoâfisheriesâ(UNEPâ2009)âandâothers.26-29
The First Global Ecosystem Service Review of a Commercial SeafoodInâ2014,âtheâlargestâM aori-ownedâseafoodâcompany,âAotearoaâFisheriesâLimitedâ(AFL),âandâTerraâMoanaâLimitedâconductedâaâQualitativeâEcosystemâServiceâReviewâofâNewâZealandâp auaâunderâtheâauspicesâofâtheâNewâZealandâSustainableâBusinessâCouncilâBusinessâandâBiodiversityâproject.30,31âItâisâbelievedâtoâbeâtheâfirstâapplicationâofâtheâCorporateâESRâmeth-odologyâtoâaâcommercialâseafood.32
P aua,âtheâMâaoriânameâforâabalone,âisâoneâofâtheâmostâvaluableâAFLâprod-ucts.âTraditionally,âAFLâcannedâtheâprimeâp auaâmeat,âsoldâtheâtrimmingsâ
toâtheânutraceuticalâsectorâandâtheâshellâtoâtheâornamentalâandâjewelryâtrade.âThisâisâchanging,âhowever,âwithâincreasingâinterestâinâliveâexportâbyâkeyâAsianâmarketsâthatâareâalsoâbeingâunderminedâbyâcheaperâfarmedâprod-ucts.âAlongâwithâincreasingâpressuresâonâallâinshoreâNewâZealandâfisheries,âAFLâembarkedâonâaâsustainabilityâjour-neyâtoâensureâthatâtheirâfishingâandâbusinessâpracticesâwereâalignedâwithâcommunityâvaluesâandâmoreâdeeplyâexpressiveâofâKaitiakitanga,âMaoriâforâguardianship.33
TheâESRâofferedâAFLâanâopportu-nityâtoâholisticallyâevaluateâbothâitsâdependenceâandâimpactâonânaturalâcapital,âbiodiversity,âandâecosystemâ
Annette Ellis Infographic 2. Seafood ecosystem service assessment: Applying ecosystem services in seafood requires starting with as clear an understanding as possible of the qualitative and quantitative values of an ecosystem (social, cultural, ecological, and economic). In many cases this will require a full marine ecosystem service review and, where data is strong enough, valuation (using the most appropriate valuation approach). Once this has occurred, goals can be set and ways to achieve those goals identified. These can include fisheries improvement projects (FIPs), certification such as through the Aquaculture and Marine Stewardship Councils, or other measures such as marine spatial planning and habitat restoration.
www.thesolutionsjournal.orgâ |â March-April 2015â |â Solutionsâ |â 51
entrepreneurâlabâforâsustainableâseafood,âco-hostedâanâexploratoryâworkshopâtoâfurtherâunderstandâtheâchallengesâandâbreakthroughsâassociatedâwithâapplyingânaturalâcapitalâandâecosystemâservicesâtoâfosterâsustainableâseafoodâglobally.âKeyâinformantsâincludedâMikeâKraft,âSustainabilityâDirectorâforâBumblebeeâTuna,âThomasâKraft,âManagingâDirectorâofâNorpacâ(aâfreshâtunaâcompany),âMicheli,âwhoâintroducedâtheâ30âindicatorsâdevelopedâtoâenableâseafoodâsystem-wideâassessmentâandâreportingâ(seeâInfographicâ5),âandâTripâOâSheaâofâEKOâAssetâManagement,âaâNewâYork-basedâimpactâinvestmentâfirm.âWorkshopâparticipantsâincludedâmajorâseafoodâbuyersâfromâtheâU.S.âandâUnitedâKingdom,âimpactâinvest-mentâadvisers,âsocialâandâmarineâscientists,ânongovernmentâorganiza-tions,âandâotherâglobalâseafoodâsectorârepresentatives,âincludingâfromâindig-enousâinterests.âThreeâconceptualâpitchesâforâwhyâaâcompanyâshouldâuseânaturalâcapitalâandâecosystemâservicesâarose,âincludingâveryârelevantâfisheriesâimprovementâscenariosârelatingâtoâpoleâandâlineâtunaâandâbaitfish,âtropicalâreefâecosystemsâandâlocalâtourism,âandâPacificâNorthwestâwatersheds,âsustainableâtimberâpro-duction,âandâsalmon.
Feedbackâandâinterestâinâsubse-quentâactivityâtoâdevelopâtheseâideasâwasâgenerous,âandâtheâresultingâdiscus-sionâamongâparticipantsâmadeâclearâtheâfollowingâpoints:
1.â Interdisciplinaryâworkâisâhard;2.â Weâeachâhadâwholeâorâpartsâofâsolu-
tionsâtoâeachâotherâsâchallenges;3.â Theâimmatureâscienceâandâlackâofâ
accountableâfinancingâareâtheâgreat-estâchallenges;
4.â Thereâisâaâneedâtoâestablishâaâcol-laborativeâconsortiumâtoâprovideâaâfoundationâuponâwhichâtheâopportunitiesâofâecosystemâservicesâandâPESâcanâsupportâseafoodâsus-tainabilityâtoâgoâtoâscale,âandâthat;
5.â Learningâfromâterrestrialâexperienceâshowsâecosystemâserviceâapproachesâcanâaddressâcriticalâchallengesâinâfisheries,âincludingâtheâfollowing:â˘â appropriateârights-basedâ
managementâframeworks,âespeciallyâinâindigenousâandâdevelopingâcountryâcontexts,âthroughâmechanismsâsuchâasâconservationâtrustâfunds,âand
â˘â accountabilityâandâproducingâqualityâoutcomesâforâpeople,âtheâsupplyâchain,âinvestorsâand,âmoreâimportantly,ânature.
Initiativesâtoâprogressâtheâintegra-tionâofâtheâthreeâspheresâofâecosystemâservices,âsustainableâseafood,âandâcorporateâtransparencyâforâseafoodâwillâcontinueâtoâbeâexplored.âAFL,âSanford,âTerraâMoanaâLtd.,âandâFutureâofâFishâareâworkingâthroughâoptionsâforâprogressingâthisâworkâbothâinternationallyâandâinâNewâZealand,âincludingâwithâtheâNewâZealandâSustainableâBusinessâCouncil.
Usingâecosystemâservicesâoffersâaâwayâtoâexpressâmultipleâvaluesâaboutâtheânaturalâworldâandâsoâbetterâshareâtheâresponsibilitiesâandâcostsâforârestoringâtheâplanet.â
References1.â Grafton,âQâ&âKompas,âT.âFisheriesâforever.âSolutionsâ
[online]â4,â47â53â(2014).âwww.thesolutionsjournal.
com/node/237110.
2.â MarinâStewardshipâCouncil.âGlobalâimpactsâ
reportâ2014.â[online]â(2014).âhttp://www.msc.org/
documents/environmental-benefits/global-impacts/
msc-global-impacts-report-2014.
3.â Blomquist,âJ,âBartolino,âVâ&âWaldo,âS.âPriceâ
premiumsâforâprovidingâeco-labelledâseafood:â
EvidenceâfromâMSC-certifiedâcodâinâSweden.â
Journal of Agricultural Economicsâ[online]â(2015)â(doi:â
10.1111/1477-9552.12106).
4.â Short,âK.âExploringâseafoodâsectorâevaluationâofâ
ecosystemâservicesâtoâguideâinvestmentâinâfisheriesâ
rebuildingâ(MasterâsâThesis,âImperialâCollegeâ
London,âpp.â48)â(2012).
5.â Webster,âN.âPersonalâcommunicationâ(2010).
6.â Short,âK.âStakeholderâperspectivesâonâecosystem-
basedâmanagementâofâmarineâfisheries:âaâbasisâforâ
improvedâseafoodâsustainability?â(MasterâsâThesis,â
ImperialâCollegeâLondon,âpp.â65)â(2011).
Devin Harvey Katherine Short speaking at the SeaWeb Seafood Summit in New Orleans in February 2015. Joining her on the panel, from left to right were Annabelle Bladon, Allyn Glaysher, and Nia Evans.
50â |â Solutionsâ |â March-April 2015â |â www.thesolutionsjournal.org
GOVERNANCE SCORE
Leadership
Enforcement of legislation
Incentives
Harvest control
Def ined boundaries and access rights
Legislation
Management plan
Governance structure and function
User involvement mechanisms
Presence of MPAsChemicals/drugs/pesticides
Food-web integrity
Connectivity
Native biodiversity
Stock abundancy
Water quality
Interaction with endangered species
Resilience
Bycatch
Habitat integrity
Traceability
Education
Compliance with child labour laws
Equity
Occupational health and safety
Fair wages and benef its
Fair conditions of employment
Free labour
Diversif ication
Socioeconomic development
SOCIOECONOMIC SCOREECOLOGICAL SCORE
These come from the Global Reporting Initiative G4 Reporting Framework, 2013 and a paper: Fiorenza Micheli, Giulio De Leo, Geoff G Shester, Rebecca G Martone, Salvador E Lluch-Cota, Cheryl Butner, Larry B Crowder, Rod Fujita, Stefan Gelcich, Monica Jain, Sarah E Lester, Bonnie McCay, Robin Pelc, and Andrea SĂĄenz-Arroyo 2014. A system-wide approach to supporting improvements in seafood production practices and outcomes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12: 297â305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110257 â reproduced with permission. The Seafood Sector can report methodically using these and the GRI Food Processing Sector Supplement which is currently being reorganised to align with the G4 framework. This is a step towards full Integrated Reporting (IIRC) which is a deeper assessment of Natural Capital. N.B. The indicators are set randomly for illustration purposes only.
Annette Ellis Infographic 5. R&D on tracking and metrics system is needed: These thirty indicators could significantly strengthen seafood company corporate reporting in both the GRI G4 and Integrated Reporting Frameworks.21 With refinement, it will become possible to calculate and weigh criteria to score across ecological, socioeconomic, and governanceâof increasing interest to future employees, c-suite advisers, finance analysts, stock exchanges, investors, and insurers.
AnnabelleâBladon,âaâPhDâcandidateâatâImperialâCollegeâLondon,âexplainedâherâresearchâintoâusingâPES,âandâspecificallyâconservationâtrustâfunds,âtoâenableâfairerâandâmoreâaccountableâfinancialâsupportâtoâtheâBangladeshâhilsaâfishermenâduringâtheâno-fishingâseason.36âNiaâEvans,âtheâSustainabilityâManagerâatâSanford,âintroducedâtheâcompanyâsâcorporateâreport.âBasingâitsâ
reportâonâtheâGRIâmaterialityâanalysisâframeworkâdrivesâtheâcompanyâtoâconsiderâitsârisksâandâdependenciesâonânaturalâcapitalâandâecosystemâservices,âorâasâSanfordâcallsâthem,âitsâenablers.
DiscussionâfollowingâtheâpanelâincludedâconcernsâexpressedâbyâaâLouisianaâfishermanâaboutâtheâinformationâcostsâforâecosystemâapproaches.âFromâtheâaudience,â
FiorenzaâMicheli,âDavidâandâLucileâPackardâProfessorâofâMarineâScienceâatâStanfordâUniversity,âresponded,âpointingâtoâtheâefficiencyâopportuni-tiesâfromâecosystemâapproachesâforâbothâtheâseafoodâsectorâhavingâtheirâownâinformation,âandâthroughâmoreâintegratedâmanagement.
Theâfollowingâday,âTerraâMoanaâLtdâandâFutureâofâFish,37âanâ
48
â|âSo
luti
onsâ
|âM
arch
-Apr
il 2
015â
|âww
w.th
esol
utio
nsjo
urna
l.org
In
fogr
aphi
c 4.
Brid
ging
nex
t gen
erat
ion
sust
aina
ble
seaf
ood:
Sus
tain
abili
ty is
a jo
urne
y for
all
invo
lved
. Sta
rting
with
get
ting
ones
â hou
se in
ord
er, b
ecom
ing
mor
e pr
oact
ive,
col
labo
rativ
e, a
ccou
ntab
le, a
nd tr
ansp
aren
t to
incl
ude
all e
nviro
nmen
tal s
ervi
ces,
pro
vide
rs, a
nd b
uyer
s, a
nd re
turn
ing
rew
ards
in im
prov
ed s
taff
mor
ale,
sha
reho
lder
sat
isfa
ctio
n, e
cono
mic
and
env
ironm
enta
l effi
cien
cy, a
nd s
ocia
l lic
ence
to o
pera
te.
ww
w.th
esol
utio
nsjo
urna
l.org
â|âM
arch
-Apr
il 2
015â|âS
olut
ions
â|â4
9
Anne
tte E
llis
www.thesolutionsjournal.orgâ |â March-April 2015â |â Solutionsâ |â 51
entrepreneurâlabâforâsustainableâseafood,âco-hostedâanâexploratoryâworkshopâtoâfurtherâunderstandâtheâchallengesâandâbreakthroughsâassociatedâwithâapplyingânaturalâcapitalâandâecosystemâservicesâtoâfosterâsustainableâseafoodâglobally.âKeyâinformantsâincludedâMikeâKraft,âSustainabilityâDirectorâforâBumblebeeâTuna,âThomasâKraft,âManagingâDirectorâofâNorpacâ(aâfreshâtunaâcompany),âMicheli,âwhoâintroducedâtheâ30âindicatorsâdevelopedâtoâenableâseafoodâsystem-wideâassessmentâandâreportingâ(seeâInfographicâ5),âandâTripâOâSheaâofâEKOâAssetâManagement,âaâNewâYork-basedâimpactâinvestmentâfirm.âWorkshopâparticipantsâincludedâmajorâseafoodâbuyersâfromâtheâU.S.âandâUnitedâKingdom,âimpactâinvest-mentâadvisers,âsocialâandâmarineâscientists,ânongovernmentâorganiza-tions,âandâotherâglobalâseafoodâsectorârepresentatives,âincludingâfromâindig-enousâinterests.âThreeâconceptualâpitchesâforâwhyâaâcompanyâshouldâuseânaturalâcapitalâandâecosystemâservicesâarose,âincludingâveryârelevantâfisheriesâimprovementâscenariosârelatingâtoâpoleâandâlineâtunaâandâbaitfish,âtropicalâreefâecosystemsâandâlocalâtourism,âandâPacificâNorthwestâwatersheds,âsustainableâtimberâpro-duction,âandâsalmon.
Feedbackâandâinterestâinâsubse-quentâactivityâtoâdevelopâtheseâideasâwasâgenerous,âandâtheâresultingâdiscus-sionâamongâparticipantsâmadeâclearâtheâfollowingâpoints:
1.â Interdisciplinaryâworkâisâhard;2.â Weâeachâhadâwholeâorâpartsâofâsolu-
tionsâtoâeachâotherâsâchallenges;3.â Theâimmatureâscienceâandâlackâofâ
accountableâfinancingâareâtheâgreat-estâchallenges;
4.â Thereâisâaâneedâtoâestablishâaâcol-laborativeâconsortiumâtoâprovideâaâfoundationâuponâwhichâtheâopportunitiesâofâecosystemâservicesâandâPESâcanâsupportâseafoodâsus-tainabilityâtoâgoâtoâscale,âandâthat;
5.â Learningâfromâterrestrialâexperienceâshowsâecosystemâserviceâapproachesâcanâaddressâcriticalâchallengesâinâfisheries,âincludingâtheâfollowing:â˘â appropriateârights-basedâ
managementâframeworks,âespeciallyâinâindigenousâandâdevelopingâcountryâcontexts,âthroughâmechanismsâsuchâasâconservationâtrustâfunds,âand
â˘â accountabilityâandâproducingâqualityâoutcomesâforâpeople,âtheâsupplyâchain,âinvestorsâand,âmoreâimportantly,ânature.
Initiativesâtoâprogressâtheâintegra-tionâofâtheâthreeâspheresâofâecosystemâservices,âsustainableâseafood,âandâcorporateâtransparencyâforâseafoodâwillâcontinueâtoâbeâexplored.âAFL,âSanford,âTerraâMoanaâLtd.,âandâFutureâofâFishâareâworkingâthroughâoptionsâforâprogressingâthisâworkâbothâinternationallyâandâinâNewâZealand,âincludingâwithâtheâNewâZealandâSustainableâBusinessâCouncil.
Usingâecosystemâservicesâoffersâaâwayâtoâexpressâmultipleâvaluesâaboutâtheânaturalâworldâandâsoâbetterâshareâtheâresponsibilitiesâandâcostsâforârestoringâtheâplanet.â
References1.â Grafton,âQâ&âKompas,âT.âFisheriesâforever.âSolutionsâ
[online]â4,â47â53â(2014).âwww.thesolutionsjournal.
com/node/237110.
2.â MarinâStewardshipâCouncil.âGlobalâimpactsâ
reportâ2014.â[online]â(2014).âhttp://www.msc.org/
documents/environmental-benefits/global-impacts/
msc-global-impacts-report-2014.
3.â Blomquist,âJ,âBartolino,âVâ&âWaldo,âS.âPriceâ
premiumsâforâprovidingâeco-labelledâseafood:â
EvidenceâfromâMSC-certifiedâcodâinâSweden.â
Journal of Agricultural Economicsâ[online]â(2015)â(doi:â
10.1111/1477-9552.12106).
4.â Short,âK.âExploringâseafoodâsectorâevaluationâofâ
ecosystemâservicesâtoâguideâinvestmentâinâfisheriesâ
rebuildingâ(MasterâsâThesis,âImperialâCollegeâ
London,âpp.â48)â(2012).
5.â Webster,âN.âPersonalâcommunicationâ(2010).
6.â Short,âK.âStakeholderâperspectivesâonâecosystem-
basedâmanagementâofâmarineâfisheries:âaâbasisâforâ
improvedâseafoodâsustainability?â(MasterâsâThesis,â
ImperialâCollegeâLondon,âpp.â65)â(2011).
Devin Harvey Katherine Short speaking at the SeaWeb Seafood Summit in New Orleans in February 2015. Joining her on the panel, from left to right were Annabelle Bladon, Allyn Glaysher, and Nia Evans.
50â |â Solutionsâ |â March-April 2015â |â www.thesolutionsjournal.org
GOVERNANCE SCORE
Leadership
Enforcement of legislation
Incentives
Harvest control
Def ined boundaries and access rights
Legislation
Management plan
Governance structure and function
User involvement mechanisms
Presence of MPAsChemicals/drugs/pesticides
Food-web integrity
Connectivity
Native biodiversity
Stock abundancy
Water quality
Interaction with endangered species
Resilience
Bycatch
Habitat integrity
Traceability
Education
Compliance with child labour laws
Equity
Occupational health and safety
Fair wages and benef its
Fair conditions of employment
Free labour
Diversif ication
Socioeconomic development
SOCIOECONOMIC SCOREECOLOGICAL SCORE
These come from the Global Reporting Initiative G4 Reporting Framework, 2013 and a paper: Fiorenza Micheli, Giulio De Leo, Geoff G Shester, Rebecca G Martone, Salvador E Lluch-Cota, Cheryl Butner, Larry B Crowder, Rod Fujita, Stefan Gelcich, Monica Jain, Sarah E Lester, Bonnie McCay, Robin Pelc, and Andrea SĂĄenz-Arroyo 2014. A system-wide approach to supporting improvements in seafood production practices and outcomes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12: 297â305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110257 â reproduced with permission. The Seafood Sector can report methodically using these and the GRI Food Processing Sector Supplement which is currently being reorganised to align with the G4 framework. This is a step towards full Integrated Reporting (IIRC) which is a deeper assessment of Natural Capital. N.B. The indicators are set randomly for illustration purposes only.
Annette Ellis Infographic 5. R&D on tracking and metrics system is needed: These thirty indicators could significantly strengthen seafood company corporate reporting in both the GRI G4 and Integrated Reporting Frameworks.21 With refinement, it will become possible to calculate and weigh criteria to score across ecological, socioeconomic, and governanceâof increasing interest to future employees, c-suite advisers, finance analysts, stock exchanges, investors, and insurers.
AnnabelleâBladon,âaâPhDâcandidateâatâImperialâCollegeâLondon,âexplainedâherâresearchâintoâusingâPES,âandâspecificallyâconservationâtrustâfunds,âtoâenableâfairerâandâmoreâaccountableâfinancialâsupportâtoâtheâBangladeshâhilsaâfishermenâduringâtheâno-fishingâseason.36âNiaâEvans,âtheâSustainabilityâManagerâatâSanford,âintroducedâtheâcompanyâsâcorporateâreport.âBasingâitsâ
reportâonâtheâGRIâmaterialityâanalysisâframeworkâdrivesâtheâcompanyâtoâconsiderâitsârisksâandâdependenciesâonânaturalâcapitalâandâecosystemâservices,âorâasâSanfordâcallsâthem,âitsâenablers.
DiscussionâfollowingâtheâpanelâincludedâconcernsâexpressedâbyâaâLouisianaâfishermanâaboutâtheâinformationâcostsâforâecosystemâapproaches.âFromâtheâaudience,â
FiorenzaâMicheli,âDavidâandâLucileâPackardâProfessorâofâMarineâScienceâatâStanfordâUniversity,âresponded,âpointingâtoâtheâefficiencyâopportuni-tiesâfromâecosystemâapproachesâforâbothâtheâseafoodâsectorâhavingâtheirâownâinformation,âandâthroughâmoreâintegratedâmanagement.
Theâfollowingâday,âTerraâMoanaâLtdâandâFutureâofâFish,37âanâ
52
â|âSo
luti
onsâ
|âM
arch
-Apr
il 2
015â
|âww
w.th
esol
utio
nsjo
urna
l.org
ww
w.th
esol
utio
nsjo
urna
l.org
â|âM
arch
-Apr
il 2
015â|âS
olut
ions
â|â5
3
Anne
tte E
llis
Info
grap
hic
6. E
cosy
stem
Ser
vice
Rev
iew
of
New
Zea
land
aba
lone
(pa u
a): T
he A
FL E
SR fo
und
that
, am
ong
othe
r thr
eats
to p
a ua,
sedi
men
tatio
n in
th
e M
arlb
orou
gh S
ound
s was
a se
vere
impa
ct a
nd
affe
cted
kel
p ha
bita
t, an
d th
at in
oth
er lo
catio
ns
whe
re co
asta
l nat
ive
fore
st re
mai
ned
inta
ct, t
here
ar
e m
ore
prod
uctiv
e pa
ua fi
sher
ies.
54â |â Solutionsâ |â March-April 2015â |â www.thesolutionsjournal.org
7.â TheâEconomicsâofâEcosystemsâandâBiodiversity.â
ReportâforâBusinessâ(ExecutiveâSummary) [online]â
(2010).âhttp://www.teebweb.org.
8.â MilleniumâEcosystemsâAssessment.âEcosystems and
human well-being: synthesisâ(IslandâPress,âWashingtonâ
DC,â2005b).
9.â Naidoo,âR,âWeaver,âL,âDeâLongcamp,âMâ&âDuâPlessis,â
P.âNamibiaâsâcommunity-basedânaturalâresourceâ
managementâprogramme:âanâunrecognizedâ
paymentâforâecosystemâservicesâscheme.â
Environmental Conservationâ[online]â38,â445â453â
(2011).â(doi:10.1017/S0376892911000476).
10.âHerbert,âTâetâal.âEnvironmentalâfundsâandâpaymentsâ
forâecosystemsâservices:âRedLACâcapacityâbuildingâ
projectâforâenvironmentalâfunds. RedLACâ[online]â
(2010).âhttp://redlac.org/.
11.âWunder,âS.âPaymentsâforâenvironmentalâservices:â
someânutsâandâbolts.âCIFORâOccasionalâPaperâNo.â
42.âCenterâforâInternationalâForestryâResearchâ
[online]â(2005).âhttp://www.cifor.org/publications/
pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-42.pdf.
12.âZwick,âSâetâal.âEcosystemâmarketplaceâpayingâ
Poseidon:âfinancingâtheâprotectionâofâvaluableâ
ecosystemâservicesâecosystemâmarketplace. IUCN,â
ForestâTrendsâ40â[online]â(2010).âwww.forest-trends.
org/publication_details.php?publicationID=2375.
13.âBladon,âAâ,âM,âYassinâ&âMilner-Gulland,âE.â2014.âAâ
reviewâofâconservationâtrustâfundsâforâsustainableâ
marineâresourcesâmanagement:âconditionsâforâ
success.âIIEDâWorkingâPaperâ[online]â(2014).ââ
http://pubs.iied.org/16574IIED.
14.âTheâEconomicsâofâEcosystemsâandâBiodiversity.â
TEEBâOceansâ[online].âhttp://teeboceans.org/.
15.âLau,âWWY.âBeyondâcarbon:âConceptualizingâ
paymentsâforâecosystemâservicesâinâblueâforestsâonâ
carbonâandâotherâmarineâandâcoastalâecosystemâ
services.âOcean and Coastal Managementâ[online]â
(2012)â(doi:â10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.03.011).
16.âChan,âKâ&âRuckelshaus,âM.âCharacterizingâchangesâ
inâmarineâecosystemâservices.âF1000 Biology Reports
[online]â2,â54â(2010).âhttp://f1000biology.com/
reports/10.3410/B2-54.
17.âTallis,âHâetâal.âNewâmetricsâforâmanagingâandâ
sustainingâtheâoceanâsâbounty.âMarine Policy 36,â
303â306â(2012).
18.âMicheli,âMâetâal.âAâsystem-wideâapproachâtoâ
supportingâimprovementsâinâseafoodâproductionâ
practicesâandâoutcomes.âFrontiers in Ecology and the
Environmentâ12,â297â305â(2014).
19.âGlobalâReportingâInitiativeâ[online].ââ
www.globalreporting.org.
20.âInternationalâIntegratedâReportingâCouncilâ
[online].âwww.theiirc.org.
21.âInvestopedia.âC-Suiteâ[online]â(2015).ââ
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/c-suite.asp.
22.âHighliner,âPacificâAndes,âSanford,âBumblebee,â
ChickenâofâtheâSea,âGriegâSeafood,âLeroyâ
Seafood,âThaiâUnionâFrozenâProducts,âTassalâ(notâ
exhaustive).
23.âWorm,âBâetâal.âRebuildingâglobalâfisheries.âScience
[online]â325,â578â585â(2009)â(doi:â10.1126/science,â
1173146.).
24.âTallis,âHâetâal.âNewâmetricsâforâmanagingâandâ
sustainingâtheâoceanâsâbounty.âMarine Policy 36,â
303â306â(2012).
25.âSumaila,âUâetâal.âBenefitsâofârebuildingâglobalâ
marineâfisheriesâoutweighâcosts.âPLoS ONE,â[online]â
7,â40542â(2012)â(doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040542).
26.âFishâ2.0â[online].âwww.fish20.org/.
27.â50-in-10â[online].âwww.50in10.org/.
28.âPrinceâCharlesâInternationalâSustainbilityâUnitâ
[online].âwww.pcfisu.org/.
29.âSustainableâSeafoodâFinanceâProjectâ[online].ââ
www.sustainableseafoodfinance.org.
30.âTerraâMoanaâLtd.â[online].âwww.terramoana.co.nz.
31.âAotearoaâFisheriesâLtd.âP auaâasâtaongaâ[online]â
(2014).âwww.afl.maori.nz/documents/AFL%20
1501%20ESR%20Paua%20Book%20V7%20
%5BLR%5D.pdf.
32.âHanson,âC,âRanganathan,âJ,âIceland,âCâ&âFinisdore,â
J.âTheâcorporateâecosystemâservicesâreview.âWorldâ
ResourcesâInstituteâ[online]â(Februaryâ2012).ââ
http://www.wri.org/publication/corporate-
ecosystem-services-review.
33.âAotearoaâFisheriesâLtd.âSustainabilityâstrategyâ
[online].âwww.afl.maori.nz/documents/
AFLSustainabilityStategy281114_000.pdf.
34.âSeafoodâSummitâ[online].âwww.seafoodsummit.org.
35.âPandya-Dalal,âS.âPersonalâcommunication,âFebruaryâ
2015.
36.âBladon,âA,âShort,âK,âMohammed,âEâ&âMilner-
Gulland,âE.âPaymentsâforâecosystemâservicesâ
inâdevelopingâworldâfisheries.âFish and Fisheriesâ
[Online]â(2014)â(doi:â10.1111/faf.12095).
37.âFutureâofâFishâ[online].âwww.futureoffish.org.
Katherine Short Tony Craig from Terra Moana Ltd presents the Pacific North West watershed, forestry, and salmon ecosystem services model at the SeaWeb Seafood Summit in New Orleans in February 2015.