S S W H 3 : T H E S T U D E N T W I L L E X A M I N E T H E P O L I T I C A L , P H I L O S O P H I C A L , A N D C U LT U R A L I N T E R A C T I O N O F

C L A S S I C A L M E D I T E R R A N E A N S O C I E T I E S F R O M 7 0 0 B C E T O 4 0 0 C E

A. C O M PA R E T H E O R I G I N S A N D S T R U C T U R E O F T H E G R E E K P O L I S , T H E R O M A N R E P U B L I C , A N D T H E R O M A N

E M P I R EC . A N A LY Z E T H E C O N T R I B U T I O N S O F H E L L E N I S T I C A N D

R O M A N C U LT U R E ; I N C L U D E L A W, G E N D E R , A N D S C I E N C E

Rome: Republic

Rome Geography

Italy

Tiber River

The Alps

Mediterranean

Early Republic

Latin & Etruscan immigrants est. Rome in 1000 BCE

Initially kings ruledBuilt Forum

Open air; center of public life (gov’t, law, business)

Citizens drive out last king

Declare gov’t a democratic republic Citizens vote for leaders Citizens were free-born

men

Social Classes in Rome

Patricians Wealthy Owned land Made laws

Plebeians Artisans, farmers,

commoners/everybody else (majority)

Could vote Could not hold office

Rebellion & Government Changes

Plebeians rebelPatricians give them more

power

Plebeian Accomplishments:Tribune – elected

representative who protect the rights of plebeians from unfair patrician officials

Twelve Tables – written law code (all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law)

Government

Consul – 2 Rule army, directed

gov’t 1 year term, veto

power Senate – 300

Legislative (made laws)

Assemblies – Lots Voice of people

Dictator – 1 Absolute power Consuls choose 6 month term during

times of crisis

Rise & Fall of the Roman Empire

S S W H 3 T H E S T U D E N T W I L L E X A M I N E T H E P O L I T I C A L , P H I L O S O P H I C A L , A N D C U L T U R A L I N T E R A C T I O N O F C L A S S I C A L M E D I T E R R A N E A N S O C I E T I E S F R O M

7 0 0 B C E T O 4 0 0 C E . A . C O M P A R E T H E O R I G I N S A N D S T R U C T U R E O F T H E G R E E K P O L I S , T H E

R O M A N R E P U B L I C , A N D T H E R O M A N E M P I R E . B . I D E N T I F Y T H E I D E A S A N D I M P A C T O F I M P O R T A N T I N D I V I D U A L S ; I N C L U D E

S O C R A T E S , P L A T O , A N D A R I S T O T L E A N D D E S C R I B E T H E D I F F U S I O N O F G R E E K C U L T U R E B Y A R I S T O T L E ’ S P U P I L A L E X A N D E R T H E G R E A T A N D T H E I M P A C T O F

J U L I U S A N D A U G U S T U S C A E S A R . E . A N A L Y Z E T H E F A C T O R S T H A T L E D T O T H E C O L L A P S E O F T H E W E S T E R N

R O M A N E M P I R E .

Collapse of the Republic

Why does the republic collapse? Large size of territory Economic Turmoil

Gap between rich & poor Rich land owners lived on

estates & used slave labor Small farmers couldn’t compete sell land homeless

Military Upheaval Generals take power & pay poor

to work as soldiers Soldiers loyal to generals instead

of Republic

Julius Caesar

Military geniusConsul for 1 yearConquers Gaul (France)People & troops love himPompey (political rival)

jealousCaesar marches to Rome w/

his armyPompey flees & is later

defeated44 B.C.E. declares himself

dictator for life

Caesar’s Reforms

Expanded Senate Increased pay for

soldiers Started colonies Created jobs Citizenship

Photo: Brutus & Cassius plot

Caesar’s assassination in

the Roman Forum

After Julius Caesar’s Death…

Civil war breaks outTriumvirate (rule of three):

Octavian (Caesar’s grandson) Mark Antony (general) Lepidus (politician)

Triumvirate fight with each other for power: Octavian is victorious

Octavian & Empire

Becomes “Augustus” – exalted one; Rome’s first emperor

27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E. “Pax Romana” = Roman peace

Set up a civil service – paid workers to manage gov’t affairs

“Pax Romana” Ends180 C.E. after

Marcus Aurelius

Rulers cannot handle Empire’s size

Century of Crisis

Foreign invasion trade affected inflation (rising prices)

Soil over-farmed famine

Military not loyal Mercenaries (foreign soldiers who were paid) no loyalty to Rome

Emperors Try Reform

Diocletian 248 C.E.Limits freedomDoubles militaryControls inflationDivides the Empire:

East – spoke Greek West – spoke Latin

Constantine 330 C.E. Moves capital to

Byzantine (East) Names capital after self

– Constantinople Ends persecution of

Christians in empire

Eastern & Western Roman Empire

West Collapses

Why? Invasions:

Huns invade Germanic homelands

Germanic tribes move south

Sack and overtake Rome

Last Roman emperor ousted by the Germanic tribes in 476 A.D.

Eastern Empire Survives

Byzantine (Byzantium)

Preserves Greek/Roman culture

Lasts until 1453 when Ottoman Turks take over

The Spread of Christianity