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Research Methods in Computing
and TechnologyCT098-3.5-2
DATA ANALYSIS
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Topic & Structure of the lesson
• Ana%&sin# '"antitati(e Data – Techni)"es
–
Considerations *or )"antitati(e data ana%&sis
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Learning Outcomes
At the end o* this to!ic+ &o" sho"%d ,e a,%e to
• /!%ain )"antitati(e data and )"antitati(e
ana%&sis techni)"es
• Descri,e the (ario"s considerations *or
)"antitati(e data ana%&sis
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'"antitati(e Data
• Ra *or
• Con(e& %itt%e eanin# to ost !eo!%e
•
N"erica% data• Sho"%d he%! to
– Anser research )"estions
–
Meet research o,1ecti(es• Needs to ,e ana%&sed and inter!reted
)"antitati(e ana%&sis techni)"es
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'"antitati(e Ana%&sis Techni)"es
• /a!%es – Creatin# si!%e ta,%es or dia#ras that sho
*re)"enc& o* occ"rrence
– se statistics to ena,%e co!arisons
– Co!%e/ statistica% ode%%in#
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Considerations *or )"antitati(e
ana%&sis
• T&!e o* data
• 4orat data i%% ,e in!"t to the ana%&sis
so*tare %a&o"t• I!act o* data codin# on s",se)"ent
ana%&ses
•
Need to ei#h cases• Methods "sed to chec data *or errors
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T&!e o* data
Cate#orica%
Descri!ti(e Raned
'"anti*ia,%e
Interna% 6Ratio Data
Contin"o"s 6
DiscreteData
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Cate#orica% Data
• cannot ,e eas"red n"erica%%&
• can ,e c%assi*ied into sets 7cate#ories accordin#
to characteristics
• can ,e !%aced in ran order
• can *"rther ,e s",di(ided into descri!ti(e
7noina% data and raned 7ordina% data
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Descri!ti(e Data
• Aa noina% data
• # Cate#orisin# Cars
• I!ossi,%e to de*ine cate#or& n"erica%%& 6 ran
it
• Co"nts the no. o* occ"rrences in each cate#or&
• Cate#ories sho"%d ,e "na,i#"o"s 6 discrete
• I* on%& 2 cate#ories a%e 6 *ea%e dichotoo"s data:
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Raned Data
• Aa ordina% data
• More !recise *or o* cate#orica% data
•
;no the re%ati(e !osition o* each case• # Ranin# 6 sca%e )"estions
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T&!e o* data
Cate#orica%
Descri!ti(e Raned
'"anti*ia,%e
Interna% 6Ratio Data
Contin"o"s 6
DiscreteData
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'"anti*ia,%e Data
•
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Inter(a% 6 Ratio Data
• Inter(a% data
Yesterday = 20 deg C
Today = 30 deg C
Difference = 10 deg C not 1.5 degrees warmer
• Ratio data
Last year = RM3 m
This year = RM m
Ratio = do!"#e
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Contin"o"s 6 Discrete Data
• Contin"o"s data – (a%"es that can tae an& (a%"e
– # #ength of ser$ice% tem&erat!re of f!rnace%
• Discrete data – can ,e eas"red !recise%&
– # no. of c!stomers
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= What factors determine the most
appropriate statistical techniques?
= Research o,1ecti(es 6 )"estions 6 !"r!ose o*
&o"r st"d&
= Meas"reent sca%es &o" "sed in &o"r
research instr"ent
= Research desi#n o* &o"r st"dies.
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'"ic Re(ie '"estion
= Di**erentiate ,eteen
= Inter(a% and ratio data
= Contin"o"s and discrete data= Descri!ti(e and raned data
= >ro(ide a!!ro!riate e/a!%es to
i%%"strate the di**erences
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Data La&o"t
• Data is "s"a%%& stored in atri/ 6 ta,%e
*orat
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Codin#
• A%% data t&!es sho"%d ,e recorded "sin#
n"erica% codes – '"icer "se n"eric e&!ad %ess errors
– S",se)"ent ana%&ses ore strai#ht*orard
• Codin# )"anti*ia,%e data – Act"a% n",ers are "sed
– Recodin# e.#. Sa%ar& entered as
)"anti*ia,%e discrete data then re-coded as
cate#orica% raned data
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Codin#
• Codin# cate#orica% data – Need to desi#n and "se a codin# schee
• enco"ra#ed to "se e/istin# codin# schee. ?h&@ – Sa(es tie
– Nora%%& e%% tested
– A%%os co!arisons ith other 7%ar#er s"r(e&s
– Inc%"de on data co%%ection *or as !re-set
codes 7%iit the n",er o* cate#ories
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Codin#
• Codin# a*ter data co%%ection - necessar& – "nc%ear o* %ie%& res!onses
– Lar#e n",er o* !ossi,%e res!onses in the
codin# schee
• Code,oo de(e%o! codin# schee a*ter
co%%ectin# *ro 50 B00 cases
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Codin#
• Codin# issin# data – sed to indicate h& data are issin#
• Data o!tiona% not re)"ired *ro e(er& !artici!ant
si! #enerated ,& a *i%ter )"estion
• Non-res!onse res!ondent re*"se to anser
• Res!ondent did not no the anser 6 ha(e an
o!inion
• Res!ondent issed a )"estion ,& istae
• Res!ondents anser "nc%ear
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Codin#
– S!ecia% code *or issin# data di**erent codes *or
di**erent reasons *or issin# data
– Not issin# data %ea(in# !art o* a )"estion in a
s"r(e& ,%an indicates an anser
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nterin# data
• ns"re data entered correct%& - IE
• Data ana%&sis so*tare –
a%#oriths that chec the data *or o,(io"serrors
– A%%os researcher to attach %a,e%s to each
(aria,%es and the codes associated ith each
o* the• Red"ces isinter!retation hen ana%&sin# data
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?ei#htin# cases
B. Ca%c"%ate the H o* the !o!"%ation res!ondin#
*or each strat"
2. sta,%ish hich strat" has the hi#hest H o*
the !o!"%ation res!ondin#
3. Ca%c"%ate ei#ht *or each strat"
hi#hest !ro!ortion !o!"%ation res!ondin# *or
an& strat" 6!ro!ortion o* !o!"%ationres!ondin# in strat" *or hich ca%c"%atin#
ei#ht
. A!!%& the a!!ro!riate ei#ht to each case
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'"ic Re(ie '"estion
Descri,e hat a researcher o"%d need to
consider hen doin# a )"antitati(e ana%&sis
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To sho s!eci*ic (a%"es
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To sho hi#hest and %oest
7cate#orica% and discrete data
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To sho hi#hest and %oest
7cate#orica% and discrete data
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To sho hi#hest and %oest
7contin"o"s data
Histograms ith e!en class inter!als
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To sho hi#hest and %oest
7contin"o"s data
Histograms ith une!en class inter!als
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To sho hi#hest and %oest
7contin"o"s data
4re)"enc& !o%on
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To sho trend
Line #ra!h
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To sho !ro!ortions
>ie Chart
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To sho distri,"tion
7Contin"o"s data
4re)"enc& !o%on Gisto#ra
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To sho distri,"tion
7Discrete data
4re)"enc& !o%on Jar chart
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>ositi(e%& 6 Ne#ati(e%& Seed
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S&etrica%%& Seed
7Nora% Distri,"tion
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Jo/ !%ot
Co!arin# (aria,%es sho
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Co!arin# (aria,%es sho
s!eci*ic (a%"es and
interde!endence
Contin#enc& ta,%e 6 cross-ta,"%ation
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Co!arin# (aria,%es co!are
hi#hest and %oest (a%"es
M"%ti!%e ,ar chart
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Co!arin# (aria,%es co!are
!ro!ortions
>ercenta#e co!onent ,ar chart
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Co!arin# (aria,%es co!are
trends
M"%ti!%e %ine #ra!h
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Co!arin# (aria,%es co!are
tota%s
Staced ,ar chart
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Co!arin# (aria,%es co!are
!ro!ortions and tota%s
Co!arati(e >ro!ortiona% >ie Charts
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Co!arin# (aria,%es co!are
distri,"tion o* (a%"es
M"%ti!%e *re)"enc& !o%ons
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Co!arin# (aria,%es co!are
distri,"tion o* (a%"es
M"%ti!%e ,ar charts
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Co!arin# (aria,%es co!are
distri,"tion o* (a%"es
M"%ti!%e ,o/ !%ots
Co!arin# (aria,%es sho
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Co!arin# (aria,%es sho
re%ationshi! ,eteen cases *or
(aria,%es
Scatter #ra!h
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'"ic Re(ie '"estion
/!%ain hen and h& &o" o"%d "se each o* the *o%%oin#
charts 6 #ra!hs 6 ta,%es hen ana%&sin# )"antitati(e data
– Scatter #ra!h
–
M"%ti!%e *re)"enc& !o%ons – Contin#enc& ta,%e
– Staced ,ar chart
– Gisto#ra
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' $ A
"uestion and #nser Session