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An Introduction to
BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
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CONTENT
Overview of Bluetooth History
The Bluetooth Specifications
Typical Bluetooth Scenario
Protocols
Profiles
Security
Comparison with other technologies Future of Bluetooth
Summary
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Example : The Networked Home
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What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a
low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc
wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the
world.
One of the first modules (Ericsson) A recent module
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Ultimate Headset
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Cordless Computer
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Bluetooth Goals & Vision
Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology
Short-Range Wireless Solutions
Open Specification
Voice and Data Capability
Worldwide Usability
Other usage models began to develop:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Ad-hoc networks
Data/voice access points
Wireless telematics
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Overview of Bluetooth History
What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.
Why this name?
It was taken from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand who
unified Denmark and Norway.
When does it appear?
1994Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones &
accessories.
5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
in 1998.
First specification released in July 1999.
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Timeline
1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision
1995 : Engineering work begins
1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate
1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba
1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A
SIG promoter group expanded: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft &Motorola
2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters
2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1
2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2
2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)
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Special Interest Group
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Technical features
Connection Type Spread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping)& Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/sec)
Spectrum2.4 GHz ISM Open Band (79 MHz of
spectrum = 79 channels)
Modulation Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
Transmission Power 1 mw100 mw
Data Rate 1 Mbps
Range 30 ft
Supported Stations 8 devices
Data SecurityAuthentication Key 128 bit key
Data SecurityEncryption Key 8-128 bits (configurable)
Module size 9 x 9 mm
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Bluetooth FHSS
Employs frequency hopping
spread spectrum
Reduce interference with
other devices
Pseudorandom hopping
1600 hops/sec- time slot is
defined as 625 microseconds
Packet 1-5 time slots long
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Time-Division Duplex Scheme
Channel is divided into consecutive slots (each 625 s) One packet can be transmitted per slot
Subsequent slots are alternatively used for transmitting and receiving
Strict alternation of slots between the master and the slaves
Master can send packets to a slave only in EVEN slots
Slave can send packets to the master only in the ODD slots
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Classification
POWER RANGE
CLASS I 20 dBm 100 m
CLASS II 0-4 dBm 10 m
CLASS III 0 dBm 1 m
Classification of devices on the basis of Power dissipated &
corresponding maximum Range.
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Typical Bluetooth Scenario
Bluetooth will support wireless point-to-point andpoint-to-multipoint (broadcast) between devices in apiconet.
Point to Point Link
Master - slave relationship
Bluetooth devices can function as masters or slaves
Piconet
It is the network formed by a Master and one or more slaves
(max 7) Each piconet is defined by a different hopping channel to
which users synchronize to
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps)
m s
s s s
m
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Piconet Structure
Master
Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby
All devices in piconet hop together.
Masters ID and masters clock determines frequency hopping
sequence & phase.
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Ad-hoc Networkthe Scatternet
Inter-piconet communication
Up to 10 piconets in a
scatternet
Multiple piconets can operate
within same physical space
This is an ad-hoc, peer to
peer (P2P) network
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
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Baseband
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Baseband
Addressing
Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR) 48 bit IEEE MAC address
Active Member address (AM_ADDR) 3 bits active slave address
all zero broadcast address
Parked Member address (PM_ADDR)
8 bit parked slave address
This MAC address is split into three parts
The Non-significant Address Part (NAP)
Used for encryption seed
The Upper Address part (UAP)
Used for error correction seed initialization & FH sequence generation
The Lower Address Part (LAP)
Used for FH sequence generation
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Packet Structure
Voice
No CRC
Data CRC
ARQFEC (optional) FEC (optional)
72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2744 bits
Access
CodeHeader Payload
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Connection State Machine
Standby
Inquiry Page
Connected
Transmit data
Park Hold Sniff
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Channel Establishment
There are two managed situations
A device knows the parameters of
the other
It followspagingprocess
No knowledge about the other Then it follows inquiring &
pagingprocess
Two main states and sub-states
Standby (no interaction)
Connection (working)
Seven more sub-states for
attaching slaves & connection
establishment
Connection
State
Machine
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Channel Establishment (contd.)
Seven sub-states
Inquiry
Inquiry scan Inquiry response
Page
Page scan
Master response
Slave response
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Link Manager Protocol
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Link Manager Protocol
The Link Manager carries out link setup, authentication & link
configuration.
Channel Control All the work related to the channel control is managed by the master
The master usespollingprocess for this
The master is the first device which starts the connection
This roles can change (master-slave role switch)
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Service provided to the higher layer:
L2CAP provides connection-oriented and connectionless data
services to upper layer protocols
Protocol multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities
Segmentation & reassembly of large packets
L2CAP permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit
and receive L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length.
L2CAP
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Middleware Protocol Group
RF
Baseband
Audio Link Manager
L2CAP
Data
SDP RFCOMM
IP
Applications
Middleware Protocol Group
Additional transport protocols to
allow existing and new applications to
operate over Bluetooth.
Packet based telephony control
signaling protocol also present.
Also includes Service Discovery
Protocol.
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Middleware Protocol Group (contd.)
Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)
Means for applications to discover device info, services and its
characteristics.
TCP/IP
Network Protocols for packet data communication, routing.
RFCOMM
Cable replacement protocol, emulation of serial ports over wireless network.
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IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.0
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IP Over Bluetooth
IP over Bluetooth v 1.1
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File Transfer Profile
Profile provides: Enhanced client-server interactions:
-browse, create, transfer folders
- browse, pull, push, delete files
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Headset Profile
Profile provides:
Both devices must provide capability to initiate connection &
accept/terminate calls.
Volume can be controlled from either device.
Audio gateway can notify headset of an incoming call.
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Core Bluetooth Products
Notebook PCs & Desktopcomputers
Printers
PDAs
Other handheld devices
Cell phones
Wireless peripherals:
Headsets
Cameras
CD Player
TV/VCR/DVD
Access Points
Telephone AnsweringDevices
Cordless Phones
Cars
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Other Products
2004 Toyota Prius & Lexus LS 430 hands free calls
Digital Pulse Oximetry System
Toshiba Washer & Dryer
Nokia N-gage
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Security
Security Measures
Link Level Encryption & Authentication.
Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) for device access.
Long encryption keys are used (128 bit keys).
These keys are not transmitted over wireless. Other parameters are
transmitted over wireless which in combination with certain
information known to the device, can generate the keys.
Further encryption can be done at the application layer.
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A Comparison
WLAN
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Bluetooth vs. IrD
Bluetooth
Point to Multipoint
Data & Voice
Easier Synchronization due
to omni-directional and no
LOS requirement
Devices can be mobile
Range 10 m
IrD
Point to point
Intended for Data
Communication
Infrared, LOS communication
Can not penetrate solid objects
Both devices must be stationary,
for synchronization
Range 1 m
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Bluetooth: Today & Tomorrow
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Will Bluetooth become a household name?
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Future of Bluetooth
Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated intoconsumer products
Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology
Bluetooth must be successfully integrated into consumer products
Must provide benefits for consumer
Must not destroy current product benefits
Key Success Factors
Interoperability Mass Production at Low Cost
Ease of Use
End User Experience
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Summary
A new global standard for data and voice
Eliminate Cables
Low Power, Low range, Low Cost network devices
Future Improvements
Master-Slave relationship can be adjusted dynamically for optimal
resource allocation and utilization.
Adaptive, closed loop transmit power control can be implemented
to further reduce unnecessary power usage.
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Things that think
dont make sense unless they link.
- Nicholas Negroponte, MIT Media Laboratory
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Thank You