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RFID Based Toll Tax Collection System 100630111081

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RFID BASED TOLL TAX COLLECTION SYSTEM

By

Patel Krishna Pradipkumar (100630111081)

Guided ByAsst. Prof. Dhara Patel

A Project Report Submitted toGujarat Technological University

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements forthe Degree of Bachelor of Engineering

in Electronics & Communication

May-2014

Madhuben & Bhanubhai Patel Women’s Institute Of Engineering

For Studies & Research In Computer & Communication

Technology

New Vallabh Vidhyanagar,Vitthal Udhyognagar

Anand, Gujarat-388121


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Madhuben & Bhanubhai Patel Women’s Institute of Engineering

For Studies & Research in Computer & Communication

Technology

Electronics & Communication 2014

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “RFID BASED TOLL TAXCOLLECTION SYSTEM” has been carried out by KRISHNA PATEL undermy guidance in fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering InElectronics & Communication Engineering (8th Semester) of GujaratTechnological University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2013-14.

Internal Guide Head of the DepartmentAsst. Prof. Dhara Patel Prof. Vipul Dabhi


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DECLARATION

I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this report and that neither any part of thiswork nor the whole of the work has been submitted for a degree to any other University orInstitution.

I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my work does not infringe upon anyone’scopyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or anyother material from the work of other people included in my report, published or otherwise,are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, tothe extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealingwithin the meaning of the Indian Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a writtenpermission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my work and haveincluded copies of such copyright clearances to my appendix.

I declare that this is a true copy of my report, including any final revisions, as approvedby my supervisor.

Date: 09/05/2014Place: New V.V.Nagar

PATEL KRISHNA PRADIPKUMAR


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Behind every achievement there lies an unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who activated

it, without whom it would never ever come into existence. To them, lay the words of gratitude

imprinted within.

A report is all-encompassing as this is never the work of one or two people labouring in quiet

solitude. It is the product of many hands, and countless hours from many people. Our thanks

go to all those who helped me in this Project.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Head of the EC Department Prof. Vipul

Dabhi and all faculty members who helped me throughout my studies.

And my deepest and sincere thanks go to my guide Prof. Dhara Patel for her extensive

guidance, encouragement, immense help and cooperation throughout.

Krishna Patel (100630111081)

B.E. (EC)


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Table of Contents

ChapterNo.

Title PageNo.

Certificate IDeclaration IIAcknowledgement IIITable of Contents IVList Of Figures VIList Of Tables VIIAbstract VIII

Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definition 1 1.2 Brief overview 1 1.2.1 Scope & Objective 1 1.2.2 Purpose 1 1.2.3 Problem Summary 2 1.3 History 2 1.3.1 AVR 2 1.3.2 RFID 2

Chapter 2 Speculative Analysis 3 2.1 AVR Microcontroller 3 2.1.1 Types of Microcontrollers 6 2.1.2 RISC & CISC 6 2.1.3 Serial Communication USART 8 2.2 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification & Detection) 11 2.2.1 What is RFID 12 2.2.2 Working 12 2.2.3 RFID Readers 13 2.2.3.1 Block Diagram 14 2.2.3.2 Detailed Description 15 2.2.4 RFID Tags 15

2.2.4.1 Types of RFID Tags 162.2.5 Differences 18

2.2.5.1 Active & Passive Tags 182.2.5.2 RFID Readers & IR Sensors 182.2.5.3 RFID Readers & Barcode Readers 19

Chapter 3 Evolution Of Project 203.1 Block Diagram Of the Project 20

3.1.1 Description 20 3.1.2 Data Flow Diagram 22


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3.2 Components Used 22 3.2.1 ATMega16 Microcontroller 22

3.2.1.1 Architecture 233.2.1.2 Pin Diagram 253.2.1.3 Pin Description 25

3.2.2 LCD 28 3.2.3 DC Motor 30 3.2.4 7805 Voltage Regulator 31 3.2.5 RFID Reader 32 3.2.6 RFID Tags 33 3.2.7 L293 IC 34 3.2.7.1 Pin Diagram of L293 34 3.2.7.2 Description of L293 34 3.3 Schematic Diagram 36

Chapter 4 Software Requirement Specification 38 4.1 AVR Studio 38 4.2 Proteus Simulator 41 4.2.1 Simulation of Project 42

Chapter 5 Hardware of Project 47

Chapter 6 Result & Conclusion 496.1 Result 496.2 Enhancements 496.3 Conclusion 50

References 51


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List of FiguresFig No. Title Page no.

2.1 Block diagram of AVR 32.2 Architecture of AVR 52.3 RFID Working 132.4 Block Diagram of RFID Reader 143.1 Block Diagram of Project 203.2 Data Flow Chart 223.3 Block Diagram of AVR for ATmega16 243.4 Pin Diagram of ATmega16 253.5 LCD Pin Diagram 293.6 DC Motor 303.7 Motor Structure 313.8 Pin Diagram of 7805 323.9 Pin Diagram of L293 IC 343.10 Schematic of L293 IC 353.11 Circuit Diagram of the project 363.12 Switch Symbols Pin Diagram 37


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List of TablesTable No. Name Page No.2.1 Categories of AVR 42.2 Difference Between Microcontrollers 62.3 RISC v/s CISC Comparison 72.4 Active v/s Passive Tags 182.5 RFID Readers v/s IR Sensors 182.6 RFID v/s Barcode Readers 193.1 ATmega16 Pin Configuration 263.2 LCD Pin Description 293.3 7805 Pin Description 32


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AbstractThe RFID tag is used as a unique identity for account of a particular user. In beginning, theuser is prompted to scan his tag or ID. The serial code of the tag is identified by the readermodule and is sent to ATmega16 for comparison with stored data. If the identity (serialnumber of the tag, i.e., 12 byte data) is matched with the one already stored in the system, thetoll amount is deducted from his account and user gets to drive through the plaza.

On the contrary, if the tag is not identified, a message (‘Wrong ID’) is displayed on the LCDscreen. The system also shows ‘Error’ if the tags do not match during verification. If balancein user’s account is low, then a message is displayed on LCD screen (‘Wrong ID Please Pay inCash’) and the user needs to get recharged the RFID card afterwards.


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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Definition

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying onstoring and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. Thisproject focuses on an electronic toll collection (ETC) system using Radio frequencyidentification (RFID) technology. The RFID system uses tags, through which informationembedded on the tags are read by RFID readers. The proposed system eliminates the need formotorists and toll authorities to manually perform ticket payments and toll fee collections,respectively.

1.2 Brief Overview

1.2.1 Scope & Objective

A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to beidentified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal tothe tag and read its response.

Here Basic idea is to develop the automatic challan system that can check for signal break byany vehicle. The RFID Reader reads the information like vehicles no. and automatically send areport to the owner of vehicles and simultaneously an information is given on the site itselfthrough LCD.

1.2.2 Purpose

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying onstoring and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. Thetechnology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag. An RFIDtag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for thepurpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from severalmeters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.

Purpose of Radio frequency Identification and Detection system is to facilitate datatransmission through the portable device known as tag that is read with the help of RFIDreader; and process it as per the needs of an application. Information transmitted with the help


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of tag offers location or identification along with other specifics of product tagged – purchasedate, colour, and price. Typical RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna, mounted onsubstrate.

The RFID tags are configured to respond and receive signals from an RFID transceiver. Thisallows tags to be read from a distance, unlike other forms of authentication technology. TheRFID system has gained wide acceptance in businesses, and is gradually replacing the barcodesystem.

1.2.3 Problem Summary

Makes traveling more convenient, reduces travel times especially during festive seasons whentraffic tends to be heavier than normal. Saves fuel and thus increases fuel economy. Reducesauto emissions. Reduces wait time at toll booths. Increase highway capacity. Processes 250 –300% more vehicles per lane, reducing delays and traffic congestion. Easy mounting, easy tooperate (user friendly).

1.3 History

1.3.1 AVR

AVR was developed in the year 1996 by Atmel Corporation. The architecture of AVR wasdeveloped by Alif Egil, Bogen Vegard, Wollan RISC microcontroller, also known asAdvanced Virtual RISC. The AT90S8515 was the first microcontroller which was based onAVR architecture. However the first microcontroller to hit the commercial market wasAT90S1200 in the year 1997.

1.3.2 RFID

The early 20th century saw the beginning of modern radio communication. The convergenceof radar with the ability to broadcast radio led to the idea for Radio Frequency Identification.Even though one of the first papers exploring RFID was written in 1948, it would take thedevelopment of other technologies before RFID could become practical. One of the firstcommercial was Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) as a way to curtail theft. The possibilityof using RFID as a tracking device led many companies to build systems for this purpose. Thedesire by highway transportation authorities to see traffic move quicker through toll boothssaw the invention of electronic toll collection systems and the need to limited access to certainareas also drove the development of RFID. Radio Frequency identification (RFID) is acontactless form of automatic identification and data capture. RFID first appeared in trackingand access applications during the 1980s.

http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/what-is-barcode-reader-scanner-printer-working

http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/what-is-barcode-reader-scanner-printer-working


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Chapter 2: Speculative Analysis

2.1 AVR Microcontroller

Microcontroller: Microcontroller can be termed as a single on chip computer which includesnumber of peripherals like RAM, EEPROM, Timers etc., required to perform some predefinedtask.

Fig 2.1 Block Diagram of AVR

The computer on one hand is designed to perform all the general purpose tasks on a singlemachine like you can use a computer to run a software to perform calculations or you can usea computer to store some multimedia file or to access internet through the browser, whereasthe microcontrollers are meant to perform only the specific tasks, for e.g., switching the ACoff automatically when room temperature drops to a certain defined limit and again turning itON when temperature rises above the defined limit.

There are number of popular families of microcontrollers which are used in differentapplications as per their capability and feasibility to perform the desired task, most common ofthese are 8051, AVR and PIC microcontrollers. In this article we will introduce youwith AVR family of microcontrollers.

The CPU takes values from two input registers INPUT-1 and INPUT-2, performs the logicaloperation and stores the value into the OUTPUT register. All this happens in 1 executioncycle.


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Some of the features of Atmega16 are:

16KB of Flash memory1KB of SRAM512 Bytes of EEPROMAvailable in 40-Pin DIP8-Channel 10-bit ADCTwo 8-bit Timers/CountersOne 16-bit Timer/Counter4 PWM ChannelsIn System Programmer (ISP)Serial USARTSPI InterfaceDigital to Analog Comparator.

AVR microcontrollers are available in three categories:

Tiny AVR – Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applicationsMega AVR – These are the most popular ones having good amount of memory (upto 256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to complex applications.Xmega AVR – Used commercially for complex applications, which require large programmemory and high speed.

The following table compares the above mentioned AVR series of microcontrollers:

Table 2.1 Categories of AVR

Series Name Pins Flash Memory Special FeatureTiny AVR 6-32 0.5-8 KB Small in sizeMega AVR 28-100 4-256 KB Extended peripheralsXmega AVR 44-100 16-384 KB DMA, Event System

included

IMPORTANCE OF AVR

What’s special about AVR?They are fast. AVR microcontroller executes most of the instructions in single executioncycle. AVRs are about 4 times faster than PICs, they consume less power and can be operatedin different power saving modes.


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Architecture of AVR

The AVR microcontrollers are based on the advanced RISC architecture and consist of 32 x8-bit general purpose working registers. Within one single clock cycle, AVR can take inputsfrom two general purpose registers and put them to ALU for carrying out the requestedoperation, and transfer back the result to an arbitrary register. The ALU can performarithmetic as well as logical operations over the inputs from the register or between theregister and a constant. Single register operations like taking a complement can also beexecuted in ALU. We can see that AVR does not have any register like accumulator as in8051 family of microcontrollers; the operations can be performed between any of the registersand can be stored in either of them.

AVR follows Harvard Architecture format in which the processor is equipped with separatememories and buses for Program and the Data information. Here while an instruction is beingexecuted, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory.

Fig 2.2 Architecture of AVR

Since AVR can perform single cycle execution, it means that AVR can execute 1 millioninstructions per second if cycle frequency is 1MHz. The higher is the operating frequency ofthe controller, the higher will be its processing speed. We need to optimize the powerconsumption with processing speed and hence need to select the operating frequencyaccordingly.


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2.1.1 Types of microcontrollers

Table 2.2 Difference between Microcontrollers

8051 PIC AVRSPEED Slow Moderate FastMEMORY Small Large LargeARCHITECHTURE CISC RISC RISCADC Not Present Inbuilt InbuiltTimers Inbuilt Inbuilt InbuiltPWM Channels Not Present Inbuilt Inbuilt

Instruction Set: It is a group of instructions that can be given to the computer. Theseinstructions direct the computer in terms of data manipulation. A typical instruction consists oftwo parts, Opcode and Operand. Opcode or operational code is the instruction applied. It canbe loading data, storing data etc. Operand is the memory register or data upon whichinstruction is applied.

Addressing Modes: Addressing modes are the manner in the data is accessed. Dependingupon the type of instruction applied, addressing modes are of various types such as directmode where straight data is accessed or indirect mode where the location of the data isaccessed. Processors having identical ISA may be very different in organization. Processorswith identical ISA and nearly identical organization are still not nearly identical.CPU performance is given by the fundamental law:

Thus, CPU performance is dependent upon Instruction Count, CPI (Cycles per instruction)and Clock cycle time. And all three are affected by the instruction set architecture.

2.1.2 RISC & CISC

There are two prevalent instruction set architectures:

Complex Instruction Set Architecture (CISC): The CISC approach attempts to minimizethe number of instructions per program, sacrificing the number of cycles per instruction.


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Reduced Instruction Set Architecture (RISC): RISC does the opposite, reducing the cyclesper instruction at the cost of the number of instructions per program.

PIPELINING-UNIQUE FEATURE OF RISC

Typically, after the execution of one instruction is over, execution of next instruction starts.But, processors which support pipelining, the instruction execution time is divided in severalstages (machine cycles). As soon as processing of one stage is finished, the machine proceedswith executing the second stage. However, when the stage becomes free it is used to executethe same operation that belongs to the next instruction. The operation of the instructions isperformed in a pipeline fashion, similar to the assembly line in the factory process. An exampleof five pipeline stage is shown below:

By overlapping the execution of several instructions in a pipeline fashion, RISC achieves itsinherent execution parallelism which is responsible for the performance advantage over theComplex Instruction Set Architectures (CISC).

Table 2.3 RISC V/S CISC – Comparison

CISC RISCEmphasis on hardware Emphasis on softwareIncludes multi-clock complex instructions Single-clock, reduced instruction onlyMemory-to-memory:“LOAD” and “STORE” incorporated inInstructions

Register-to-register:“LOAD” and “STORE” are independentinstructions

Small code sizes, high cycles per second Low cycles per second, large code SizesTransistors used for storing complexInstructions

Spends more transistors on memory registers


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2.1.3 Serial Communication USART

USART Registers

Atmega16 USART has following features:

Different Baud Rates.Variable data size with options ranging from 5bits to 9bits.One or two stop bits.Hardware generated parity check.USART can be configured to operate in synchronous mode.Three separate interrupts for RX Complete, TX complete and TX data register empty. To use the USART of Atmega16, certain registers need to be configured.

UCSR: USART control and status register. It’s is basically divided into three parts UCSRA,UCSRB and UCSRC. These registers are basically used to configure the USART.UBRR: USART Baud Rate Registers. Basically use to set the baud rate of USARTUDR: USART data register.

1.) UCSRA: (USART Control and Status Register A)

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0RXC TXC UDRE FE DOR PE U2X MPCM

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

RXC (USART Receive Complete): RXC flag is set to 1 if unread data exists in receivebuffer, and set to 0 if receive buffer is empty.TXC (USART Transmit complete): TXC flag is set to 1 when data is completelytransmitted to Transmit shift register and no data is present in the buffer register UDR.UDRE (USART Data Register Empty): This flag is set to logic 1 when the transmit bufferis empty, indicating it is ready to receive new data.UDRE bit is cleared by writing to the UDR register.

2.) UCSRB: (USART Control and Status Register B)

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0RXCIE TXCIE UDRIE RXEN TXEN UCSZ2 RXB8 TXB8

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

RXCIE: RX Complete Interrupt EnableWhen 1 -> RX complete interrupt is enabled.


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When 0 -> RX complete interrupt is disabled.

TXCIE: TX Complete Interrupt EnableWhen 1 -> TX complete interrupt is enabled.When 0 -> TX complete interrupt is disabled.

UDRIE: USART Data Register Empty Interrupt EnableWhen 1 -> UDRE flag interrupt is enabled.When 0 -> UDRE flag interrupt is disabled.

RXEN: Receiver Enabled,When 1 -> USART Receiver is enabled.When 0 -> USART Receiver is disabled.

TXEN: Transmitter Enabled,When 1 -> USART Transmitter is enabled.When 0 -> USART Transmitter is disabled.

3.) UCSRC (USART Control & Status Registers C)

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0URSEL UMSEL UPM1 UPM0 USBS UCSZ1 UCSZ0 UCPOL0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Parity Bits 00 - Parity Mode Disabled 10 - Even Parity 01 - Reserved 11 - Odd Parity

URSEL: USART Register select. This bit must be set due to sharing of I/O location byUBRRH and UCSRC.UMSEL: USART Mode SelectWhen 1 -> Synchronous OperationWhen 0 -> Asynchronous OperationUPM[0:1]: USART Parity Mode, Parity mode selection bits.USBS: USART Stop Select Bit,When 0 -> 1 Stop BitWhen 1 -> 2 Stop BitsUCSZ[0:1]: The UCSZ[1:0] bits combined with the UCSZ2 bit in UCSRB sets size of dataframe i.e., the number of data bits. The table shows the bit combinations withrespective character size.


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4.) UDR: (USART Data Register)

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0UDR(Read) RXB7 RXB6 RXB5 RXB4 RXB3 RXB2 RXB1 RXB0UDR(Write) TXB7 TXB6 TXB5 TXB4 TXB3 TXB2 TXB1 TXB0

The USART Data receive and data transmit buffer registers share the same address referred asUSART UDR register, when data is written to the register it is written in transmit data bufferregister (TXB). Received data is read from the Receive data buffer register (RXB).

5.) UBRRH & UBRRL (USART Baud Rate Registers)

Bit 15 Bit 14 Bit 13 Bit 12 Bit 11 Bit 10 Bit 9 Bit 8U B R RH

URSEL - - - UBRR11 UBRR10 UBRR9 UBRR8

UBRRL UBRR7 UBRR6 UBRR5 UBRR4 UBRR3 UBRR2 UBRR1 UBRR0

The UBRRH register shares the same I/O address with the UCSRC register.The differentiation is done on the basis of value of URSEL bit.When URSEL=0; write operation is done on UBRRH register.When URSEL=1; write operation is done on UCSRC register.

The UBRRH and UBRRL register together stores the 12-bit value of baud rate, UBRRHcontains the 4 most significant bits and UBRRL contains the other 8 least significant bits.Baud rates of the transmitting and receiving bodies must match for successful communication.

UBRR register value is calculated by the following formula:


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The HyperTerminal software is used to send data to microcontroller via COM port.

2.2 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification & Detection)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying onstoring and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. Thetechnology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag. An RFIDtag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for thepurpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from severalmeters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.

Frequency hopping is a technique used to keep two or more RFID readers from interferingwith each other while reading RFID tags in the same area.

For example, UHF RFID readers in the United States are said to operate at 915 MHz Theyactually operate between 902 and 928 MHz, jumping randomly (or in a predeterminedsequence) to frequencies in between 902 and 928 MHz.

The chances of interference (of two readers attempting to interrogate the same tag) are smallif the band of the reader is wide enough.

http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=54



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When product data is placed on an RFID tag, a special piece of data called an error correctingcode is created based on the product data using a known algorithm. The algorithm (or rule)used to create the correcting code is called the error correcting protocol. When the tag isactivated and read, the reader pulls out the product data as well as the ECC.

The reader uses the error correcting protocol on the product data, and compares the result tothe ECC. If they match, the reader knows that the data has been read correctly. Similarmethods are used in most data transfer systems to ensure the correctness of each data packetas it moves from one part of the system to another.

A reader that performs this check automatically is said to be in error correcting mode.

2.2.1 What is RFID?

RFID is a tracking technology used to identify and authenticate tags that are applied to anyproduct, individual or animal. Radio frequency Identification and Detection is a generalterm used for technologies that make use of radio waves in order to identify objects andpeople.A basic RFID system consists of three components:a) An antenna or coilb) A transceiver (with decoder)c) A transponder (RF tag)

Electronically programmed with unique information. There are many different types of RFIDsystems out in the market. They are categorized according to there frequency ranges.Some of the most commonly used RFID kits are as follows:1) Low-frequency (30 KHz to 500 KHz)2) Mid-Frequency (900 KHz to 1500MHz)3) High Frequency (2.4 GHz to 2.5GHz)

These frequency ranges mostly tell the RF ranges of the tags from low frequency tag rangingfrom 3m to 5m, mid-frequency ranging from 5m to 17m and high frequency ranging from 5ftto 90ft. The cost of the system is based according to there ranges with low-frequency systemranging from a few hundred dollars to a high-frequency system ranging somewhere near 5000dollars.

2.2.2 Working

Basic RFID consists of an antenna, transceiver and transponder. To understand the working ofa typical RFID system, check the following animation. Antenna emits the radio signals toactivate tag and to read as well as write information to it. Reader emits the radio waves,




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ranging from one to 100 inches, on the basis of used radio frequency and power output. Whilepassing through electronic magnetic zone, RFID tag detects activation signals of readers.

Powered by its internal battery or by the reader signals, the tag sends radio waves back to thereader. Reader receives these waves and identifies the frequency to generate a unique ID.Reader then decodes data encoded in integrated circuit of tags and transmits it to thecomputers for use. Get in-depth about RFID tag and its working through exclusive images atthe Insight about RFID tags.

Fig 2.3 Far field Technique of RFID working

In the far field technique, the tag captures EM waves transmitted from the dipole antennawhich is attached to the reader. The small dipole antenna receives this energy in the form ofalternating potential difference that appears across the arms of the dipole. After therectification it is linked to the capacitor which results in accumulation of energy in order tosupply power to the tags.

2.2.3 RFID Readers

The RFID reader is designed for fast and easy system integration without losing performance,functionality or security. The RFID reader consists of a real time processor, operating system,virtual portable memory, and transmitter/receiver unit in one small self-contained module thatis easily installed in the ceiling or in any other convenient location.


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2.2.3.1 Block Diagram

Fig 2.4 Block Diagram of RFID Reader


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2.2.3.2 Detailed Description

HF Tags

A wide range of HF Tags are available. Physical form factor and processing requirements ofthe HF Tag are the primary factors that help decide which tag to use. In addition, the amount,type and security level of the information which needs to be stored on the card determine theappropriate tag. TI provides HF Tags, suitable for paper and plastic lamination. Memory sizesup to 2kBit with different security levels are available.

RFID Reader/Writer (Transceiver)

The RFID Transceiver represents the core of the RFID reader. Besides the interface to thereader’s antenna, a parallel or serial communication can be used between the Processor andthe Transceiver unit. Various programming options make the TI's RFID Transceiver suitablefor a wide range of proximity (communication distance to Transceiver - Tag: <10cm) andvicinity (communication distance to Transceiver - Tag: >50cm) RFID applications.ISO15693, IOS14443-A bit rates ranging from 106kbps to 848kbps, ISO18000-3 and Tag-itRFID communication protocols are supported. Included with the on chip datacoding/encoding is the automatic generation of SOF (Start of Frame), EOF (End of Frame),CRC and/or parity bits. The transceiver unit supports data communication levels to theMCU/I/O Interface ranging from 1.8V to 5.5V while also providing a data synchronous clock.

Processor

For both, the Fixed and Mobile RFID Reader, the power consumption of the Processor is animportant care about. The broad product portfolio of the Ultra low power MSP430 familymakes it an ideal processor choice for this application. Their high level of system integrationalso simplifies the design and reduces system cost.

2.2.4 RFID Tags

A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to beidentified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal tothe tag and read its response.RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has anon-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive (BAP) hasa small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader. A passive tagis cheaper and smaller because it has no battery.


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Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a keyinto a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag bythe system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple; "blank" tags maybe written with an electronic product code by the user.The tag's information is stored electronically in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includesa small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal tointerrogate the tag. The tag receives the message and responds with its identificationinformation. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-relatedinformation such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specificinformation. RFID tags contain at least two parts: an integrated circuit for storing andprocessing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal,collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and anantenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

2.2.4.1 Types of RFID Tags

Passive RFID Tags

The passive RFID tags do not have any power source and hence they have indistinctoperational life span. The power needed for functioning is taken from the reader when the tagcomes in the vicinity of the reader. They are available in a variety of sizes ranging from sizeswhich can fit into adhesive label. The passive RFID is basically made up of three parts:Antenna which is responsible for capturing energy and transferring the tag ID, Semiconductorchip appended to the antenna and an encapsulation which maintains the tag integrity. Theencapsulation protects the antenna and chip from harsh environmental conditions. Theseencapsulations can be made up of small glass vial or from a laminar plastic substrate withadhesive on one side so that it can be easily attached to the goods.

Active RFID Tags

The active RFID tags have their own source of power. They can transmit stronger signalsover long distances and can operate in rugged environment for many years. Because of theon-board source of power they are larger in size and expensive. Then too Active RFID andReal-Time Location solutions (RTLS) are saving millions of dollars for enterprises around theworld. The low power active tags usually look like a deck of playing cards.The tags consist of an antenna and IC's. The reader in their range communicates with the tagsin accordance with the protocol (standard/ proprietary) that they follow. The readers cancollect information from multiple tags at the same time. The readers then pass this informationon to the servers through Serial ports (e.g. RS-232), USB, Ethernet or wireless means. Theservers have software running on them which uses the information sent by the readers to carryout tasks such as locating the tag.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)

http://www.engineersgarage.com/rfid-radio-frequency-identification-and-detection


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The recent Active RFID tags use 2.4 GHz as their operating frequency because this frequencyrange is available worldwide. Although these tags require transmitting power, the timeduration of transmitting radio signal is very short. So most of the time, they remain quiescent.Because of this steady state mode, they control the battery life of the tag. The normal lifespanof the battery is approximately one year.

There is no need for the RFID reader to transmit a large amount of power as the active RFIDtag has an onboard powers source. The advanced Active tags can also form ad hoc peernetworks with each other.


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2.2.5 Differences

2.2.5.1 Active v/s Passive Tags

Table no. 2.4 Passive v/s Active tags

Passive ActiveRead Range Up to 40 feet (fixed readers)

Up to 20 feet (handheldreaders)

Up to 300 feet or more

Power No power source Battery poweredTag Life Up to 10 years depending

upon the environment the tagis in

3-8 years depending upon thetag broadcast rate

Tag costs $.10-4.00 or more dependingupon the quantity, durability,and form factor

$15-50 depending uponquantity, options (motionsensor, tamper detection,temperature sensor), andform- factor

Ideal-Use For inventorying assets usinghandheld RFID readers(daily, weekly, monthly,quarterly, annually). Can alsobe used with fixed RFIDreaders to track themovement of assets as longas security is not arequirement.

For use with fixed RFIDreaders to perform real-timeasset monitoring at choke-points or within zones. Canprovide a better layer ofsecurity than passive RFID.

Readers Typically higher cost Typically lower cost

2.2.5.2 RFID Readers v/s IR Sensors

Table no. 2.5 RFID readers v/s IR sensors

IR Sensors RF ReadersIR sensors detect infrared light and transformit into an electric current.

RF sensors operate on electromagnetic wavespropagated by antennas.

IR sensors don’t pass through opaque or solidobstacles.

RF sensors can detect vehicle identification attoll roads, as well as breaking glass and evenfluid flow levels.

IR sensors have to be in the line of sight. RF sensors need not to be in the line of sight.


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2.2.5.3 RFID v/s Barcodes Readers

Table no.2.6 RFID v/s Barcode Readers

RFID BarcodesLine of Sight Not required (in most cases) RequiredRead range Passive UHF RFID:

-Up to 40 feet (fixed readers)-Up to 20 feet (handheldreaders)

Active RFID:-Up to 100’s of feet or more

Several inches up to severalfeet

Read Rate 10’s, 100’s or 1000’ssimultaneously

Only one at a time

Identification Can uniquely identify eachitem/asset tagged.

Most barcodes only identifythe type of item (UPC Code)but not uniquely.

Read/Write Many RFID tags areRead/Write

Read only

Technology RF (Radio Frequency) Optical (Laser)Interference Like the TSA (Transportation

Security Administration),some RFID frequencies don’tlike Metal and Liquids. Theycan interfere with some RFFrequencies.

Obstructed barcodes cannotbe read (dirt coveringbarcode, torn barcode, etc.)

Automation Most “fixed” readers don’trequire human involvement tocollect data (automated)

Most barcode scannersrequire a human to operate(labour intensive)


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Chapter 3: Evolution of Project

3.1 Block Diagram of the Project

Fig.3.1 Block diagram of Project

3.1.1 Description

The “RFID based Toll Collection System” basically consists of following main blocks

1. RFID card: RFID cards have diverse range of functions, while provides convenience, asthe cards must simply be waived or tapped in front of a reader rather than swiped. These cardsare used for applications as access control in security systems, time and attendance, networklogin security, biometric verification, cashless payment, and even event management.

2. RFID reader: An RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID tag. Thereader has an inbuilt antenna that emits radio waves; the tag responds by sends back its data.

3. Micro controller: Micro controller senses the signal given from switches and decides themode of operation i.e. recharge mode or toll collection mode. It fetches data from memorylocation and sends it to output devices like display, motor driver and buzzer. At the same time


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it can accept data from Keypad for recharging options and from IR receiver to sense thatvehicle has passed from toll collection booth.

4. Liquid crystal Display: It consists of Liquid Crystal display (LCD).The display is variousmessages like valid card, invalid card, access allowed, manual access etc. We are going to use16x2 alphanumeric displays.

5. Motor Driver: Microcontroller output is 5 volts and DC motor requires 12 volts supply.Motor driver IC is used to convert 5v to 12v, which is required to drive the motor.

6. DC Motor: DC Motor is used to open the Gate barrier. This will be done when user hassuccessfully performed the RFID swap operation with sufficient balance.

7. Buzzer: Buzzer will be turned on when invalid card is shown at the RFID reader.

8. Switch: If some user doesn’t have the RFID card and he doesn’t want to purchase the cardthen he can pay the cash to the government authority persons at the toll plaza. Authorityperson will then press the manual switch to open the Gate.

9. Keypad: Keypad is provided for the recharge option. Authority person can recharge theRFID cards using this keypad.


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3.1.2 Data flow Diagram

Fig 3.2 Data flow Chart

3.2 Components Used

3.2.1 ATMega16 Microcontroller

ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller of Atmel’s Mega AVR family withlow power consumption. Atmega16 is based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction SetComputing architecture with 131 powerful instructions. Most of the instructions execute inone machine cycle. Atmega16 can work on a maximum frequency of 16MHz.

ATmega16 has 16 KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1 KB and EEPROM of512 Bytes. The endurance cycle of flash memory and EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000,respectively.


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ATmega16 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines which are dividedinto four 8-bit ports designated as PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD.

3.2.1.1 Architecture

We have chosen the ATmega16 as a representative of the Atmel AVR line of microcontrollers.Lessons learned with the ATmega16 may be easily adapted to all other processors in the AVRline. A block diagram of the Atmel ATmega16’s architecture is provided in figure. As can beseen from the figure, the ATmega16 has external connections for power supplies (VCC, GND,AVCC, and AREF), an external time base (XTAL1 and XTAL2) input pins to drive its clocks,processor reset (active low RESET), and four 8-bit ports (PA0-PA7, PC0-PC7, PB0-PB7,and PD0-PD7), which are used to interact with the external world. These ports may be used asgeneral purpose digital input/output (I/O) ports or they may be used for the alternatefunctions.

The ports are interconnected with the ATmega16’s CPU and internal subsystems via aninternal bus. The ATmega16 also contains a timer subsystem, an analog-to-digital converter(ADC), an interrupt subsystem, memory components, and a communication subsystem.


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Fig 3.3 Block diagram of AVR microcontroller ATmega16


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3.2.1.2 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.4 Pin Diagram of ATMega16

3.2.1.3 Pin Descriptions

VCC Digital supply voltage

GND Ground

Port A (PA7-PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Portpins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffershave symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pinsPA0 to PA7are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if theinternal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset conditionbecomes active, even if the clock is not running.


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Port B (PB7-PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics withboth high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low willsource current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a resetcondition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Port C (PC7-PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics withboth high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low willsource current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a resetcondition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled,the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even ifa reset occurs.

Port D (PD7-PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics withboth high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low willsource current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a resetcondition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

RESET A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset,even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.

XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operatingcircuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externallyconnected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected toVCC through a low-pass filter.

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

Table 3.1 ATMega16 Pin configuration

Pin No. Pin name Description Alternate Function

1 (XCK/T0)PB0 I/O PORTB, Pin 0 T0: Timer0 External Counter Input.

XCK : USART External Clock I/O2 (T1) PB1 I/O PORTB, Pin 1 T1:Timer1 External Counter Input


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3 (INT2/AIN0) PB2 I/O PORTB, Pin 2 AIN0: Analog Comparator Positive I/P

INT2: External Interrupt 2 Input

4 (OC0/AIN1)PB3 I/O PORTB, Pin 3

AIN1: Analog Comparator Negative I/POC0 : Timer0 Output Compare MatchOutput

5 (SS) PB4 I/O PORTB, Pin 4

In System Programmer (ISP)Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

6 (MOSI) PB5 I/O PORTB, Pin 5

7 (MISO) PB6 I/O PORTB, Pin 6

8 (SCK) PB7 I/O PORTB, Pin 7

9 RESET Reset Pin, ActiveLow Reset

10 Vcc Vcc = +5V11 GND GROUND

12 XTAL2 Output to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier13 XTAL1 Input to Inverting Oscillator Amplifier14 (RXD) PD0 I/O PORTD, Pin 0

USART Serial Communication Interface15 (TXD) PD1 I/O PORTD, Pin 1

16 (INT0) PD2 I/O PORTD, Pin 2 External Interrupt INT017 (INT1) PD3 I/O PORTD, Pin 3 External Interrupt INT1

18 (OC1B)PD4 I/O PORTD, Pin 4

PWM Channel Outputs19 (OC1A)

PD5 I/O PORTD, Pin 5

20 (ICP) PD6 I/O PORTD, Pin 6 Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin

21 PD7 (OC2) I/O PORTD, Pin 7 Timer/Counter2 Output Compare MatchOutput

22 PC0 (SCL) I/O PORTC, Pin 0TWI Interface

23 PC1 (SDA) I/O PORTC, Pin 1

24 PC2 (TCK) I/O PORTC, Pin 2

JTAG Interface25 PC3 (TMS) I/O PORTC, Pin 3

26 PC4 (TDO) I/O PORTC, Pin 4

27 PC5 (TDI) I/O PORTC, Pin 5

28 PC6(TOSC1) I/O PORTC, Pin 6 Timer Oscillator Pin 1

29 PC7(TOSC2) I/O PORTC, Pin 7 Timer Oscillator Pin 2


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30 AVcc Voltage Supply = Vcc for ADC

31 GND GROUND

32 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC

33 PA7(ADC7) I/O PORTA, Pin 7 ADC Channel 7








3.2.2 LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range ofapplications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in variousdevices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multisegment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have nolimitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has tworegisters, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the commandinstructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefinedtask like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value ofthe character to be displayed on the LCD.

http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-display

http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/led

http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51


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Fig 3.5 LCD pin diagram(http://blowtech.blogspot.in/2013/08/162-lcd-interfacing-with-8051.html)

Table 3.2 LCD Pin Description

Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable

7 8-bit data pins DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3

11 DB4

http://blowtech.blogspot.in/2013/08/162-lcd-interfacing-with-8051.html


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12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

3.2.3 DC Motor

The specific type of motor we are addressing is the permanent magnet brushed DC motor(PMDC). These motors have two terminals. Applying a voltage across the terminals results ina proportional speed of the output shaft in steady state.There are two pieces to the motor: 1) stator and 2) rotor. The stator includes the housing,permanent magnets, and brushes. The rotor consists of the output shaft, windings andcommutator.

Fig 3.6 DC Motor


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Motor Physics

The forces inside a motor that cause the rotor to rotate are called Lorentz Forces. If anelectron is moving through a magnetic field, it experiences a force. If we have a current

passing through a wire in a magnetic field , the wire experiences a force proportionalto the cross product of the current (expressed as a vector, including the direction of flow) andthe magnetic field:

You can easily find the direction of this force using the Right Hand Rule. The Right HandRule states that if you point your right hand's index finger along the direction of current, I, andyour middle finger in the direction of magnetic flux, B, the direction of force is along thethumb. See the picture below.

Fig 3.7 Motor Structure

3.2.4 7805 Voltage Regulator

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linearvoltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would notgive the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at aconstant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide.7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected atinput and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

http://hades.mech.northwestern.edu/index.php/File:Lorentz_Force.png


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Fig 3.8 7805 pin diagram(http://www.researchcell.com/electronics/7805-pin-configuration-and-voltage-regulator-circuit/)

Table No.3.3: 7805 Pin Description

Pin No Function Name1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input2 Ground (0V) Ground3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

Advantages:

78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated sourceof power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. Theyhave protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in mostapplications.

Disadvantages:

The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum amount(typically 2 volts). This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some devices fromcertain types of power sources (for example, powering a circuit that requires 5 volts using6-volt batteries will not work using a 7805).

3.2.5 RFID Reader

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a contactless form of automatic identification anddata capture. Dating back to World War II, RFID transponders were used to identify friendlyaircraft. The RFID system consists of a reader, transponder, and antenna utilizing severalfrequency ranges. Radio frequency identification is used in access control, asset control, andanimal identification. The advantages of RFID are the capability for multiple reads, ability tobe used in almost any environment, and the accuracy. The Automatic IdentificationManufacturers, International Standards Organization, and the American National StandardsInstitute are currently developing standards.

http://www.researchcell.com/electronics/7805-pin-configuration-and-voltage-regulator-circuit/


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The RFID (Radio Frequency Identification-13.56MHz RFID system) essentially consistsof an RFID Reader/Writer (Transceiver), an HF Tag and a Processor unit interfacing tovarious peripherals.

3.2.6 RFID Tags

Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) comes in two forms, active or passive. Bothtypes are very different from each other in many ways. We will discuss both active and passivetypes of RFID's in great detail in this article.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a term used to describe any identification device thatcan be sensed at a distance with few problems of obstruction or mis-orientation. The devicesare often referred to 'RFID tags' or 'smart labels'.

A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to beidentified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal tothe tag and read its response.

RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has anon-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive (BAP) hasa small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID reader. A passive tagis cheaper and smaller because it has no battery.

Tags may either be read-only, having a factory-assigned serial number that is used as a keyinto a database, or may be read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag bythe system user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple "blank" tags maybe written with an electronic product code by the user.

The tag's information is stored electronically in a non-volatile memory. The RFID tag includesa small RF transmitter and receiver. An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal tointerrogate the tag. The tag receives the message and responds with its identificationinformation. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-relatedinformation such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specificinformation. RFID tags contain at least two parts: an integrated circuit for storing andprocessing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal,collecting DC power from the incident reader signal, and other specialized functions; and anantenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2756291/verichip_the_computer_chip_in_you.html?cat=15


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3.2.7 L293 IC

3.2.7.1 Pin Diagram

Fig 3.9 Pin Diagram of L293 IC

Some Features

Wide Supply Voltage Range: 4.5V to 36VSeparate Input-Logic SupplyInternal ESD ProtectionThermal ShutdownHigh-Noise-Immunity InputsOutput Current 1A per ChannelPeak Output Current 2A per ChannelOutput Clamp Diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression

3.2.7.2 Description information

The L293 is a quadruple high-current half-H driver. The L293 is designed to providebidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. It is designed todrive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as

L293 IC


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other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. All inputs are TTLcompatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistorsink and a pseudo-Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, theassociated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs.When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in thehigh-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (orbridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, externalhigh-speed output clamp diodes should be used for inductive transient suppression. A VCC1terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to minimize device powerdissipation. The L293 is characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.

Schematics of inputs and outputs (L293)

Fig 3.10 Schematic of L293 IC (Datasheet Texas Instruments)


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3.3 Schematic Diagram

Fig 3.11 Circuit Diagram of Project


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Fig 3.12 Switch symbols pin diagram


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Chapter 4: Software Requirement Specification

4.1 AVR Studio

Starting AVR Studio Creating a New Project Simulating the Code

Starting AVR Studio

Start the AVR Studio program by clicking on:Start->Programs->ATMEL AVR Tools->AVR Studio 4Once the program has started, you will be looking at a screen like this:

To create a new project, click on "New Project" on the Welcome Screen or go to the"Project" menu and select "New". The dialog boxshown in the next figure appears.


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After this select AVR GCC for writing code in C language OR Atmel AVR Assembler forwriting code in assembly language.

After selecting any one of the two write any name of your project and always check on boxcreate folder.


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Click next and then this will open a next page of dialog box as shown belowThis would give the list of microcontroller that this software supports.

Select AVR Simulator and corresponding microcontroller usedClick finish and this will open a window as shown below

Write code in the coding window


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4.2 Proteus Simulator

Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic capture, and Printed CircuitBoard (PCB) design. It is developed by Labcenter Electronics.

System Components

ISIS Schematic Capture - a tool for entering designs.PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simulation - industry standard SPICE3F5 simulatorcombined with a digital simulator.ARES PCB Layout - PCB design system with automatic component placer, rip-up and retryauto-router and interactive design rule checking.VSM - Virtual System Modeling lets co-simulate embedded software for popularmicro-controllers alongside hardware design.System Benefits - Integrated package with common user interface and fully context sensitivehelp.


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4.2.1 Simulation of Project

When a vehicle enters it asks for detecting the rfid tag and the following is displayed on theLCD screen:


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After it detects the tag number which is of 12 digits, the following is displayed on screen:


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The motor opens the gate after the amount is deducted from the card and the car is allowed tomove:


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Gate is then closed automatically after some delay of time:


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In case, if the vehicle is unregistered and the rfid reader does not detect the rfid tag then thefollowing is displayed on LCD screen:


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Chapter 5. Hardware of Project

RFID Reader


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LCD

DC Motor


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Chapter 6: Result & Conclusion

6.1 Result

Use of RFID Readers and tags makes the toll tax collection system time efficient and hencereduces the traffic on the highways due to the toll tax collection manually. AVRmicrocontroller is a little advanced then the 8051 microcontroller. When the RFID readerdetects the RFID tag by its 12 digit code, the money balance from the card is deducted for thetoll tax. And then only the vehicle is allowed to go further by making the gate open after theamount is being paid.

6.2 Enhancements

Limitations

As generally all systems have some limitations, here are some for the proposed system.1.) The proposed system will take care of only single toll depot. It is not the centralizedsystem.2.) Multiple RF transmitters cannot work together.

Drawbacks

This system has certain drawbacks also as listed:1.) This system will increase the stationery cost.2.) A person is required to print and send the bill to the user

Future Modifications

There is always chance to improve any system as research & development is an endlessprocess. Our system is no exception to this phenomenon. The following improvements can bedone.1.) Centralised system for toll tax collection among all the toll depots.2.) Monthly bill can be automatic send by email or the bill amount can be informed by SMS tothe user.3.) Zigbee, RFID, Bluetooth or other technology can be used to avoid data confliction.


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Scope & Applications

Only the imagination can limit the applications of the above proposed system.1.) Automated Vehicle Identification & Classification.2.) Transaction Processing (Toll Calculation). 3.) Can be used to trace the vehicle if this system is centralized.

6.3 Conclusion

RFID Technology has brought a vast difference in day-to-day life. This project for a toll taxcollection system would reduce the time and work efficiency of human beings working at thetoll tax for collection of toll amount. The development of RFID based toll deduction systemhas proved that RFID technology have good results in implementing in different applicationsbut the standard company have develop the framework of applications. Also the traffic at thetoll tax due to time consuming steps of putting up the entries and paying would be reduced.Hence traffic is maintained.


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References

http://www.rfidreader.info/ http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/ http://www.ti.com/solution/rfid_reader http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification http://www.engineersgarage.com/rfid-radio-frequency-identification-and-detection http://www.ehow.com/list_7672241_differences-ir-sensors-rf-sensors.html http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=21 AVR Microcontroller & Embedded Systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice

Gillispie Mazidi, Prentice-Hall. AVR Studio tutorials Issued Paper on RFID Toll tax published Online April 2012 in MECS

(http://www.mecs-press.org/) DOI: 10.5815/ijitcs.2012.04.06 Volume 3, Special Issue, March-April 2013, An ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal.

E-NSPIRE, A National Level Conference held at Pravara Rural Engineering College,Loni, Maharashtra, INDIA.

http://www.rfidreader.info/

http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/

http://www.ti.com/solution/rfid_reader

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification

http://www.engineersgarage.com/rfid-radio-frequency-identification-and-detection

http://www.ehow.com/list_7672241_differences-ir-sensors-rf-sensors.html


http://www.mecs-press.org/