Review ArticleMedicinally Important Herbal Flowers in Sri Lanka
S L A Gunawardana andW J A B N Jayasuriya
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of AlliedHealth Sciences University of Sri Jayewardenepura Sri Lanka
Correspondence should be addressed to W J A B N Jayasuriya banukiesjpaclk
Received 6 February 2019 Revised 29 March 2019 Accepted 28 April 2019 Published 27 May 2019
Academic Editor Raffaele Capasso
Copyright copy 2019 S L A Gunawardana and W J A B N Jayasuriya This is an open access article distributed under the CreativeCommons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided theoriginal work is properly cited
Background The plant kingdom is rich with a numerous number of plants with various medical properties which can be usedto treat various medical issues Sri Lanka is a country full of biodiversity which is gifted with many plant resources It has a richhistory of traditional medicine systems consisting of Ayurveda Unani and Deshiya Chikitsa where these plant resources are usedas remedies for the diseases In the traditional medicine system various plant parts such as leaves roots fruits flowers and barkare used to treat disease conditions Although less attention is paid to the medicinal importance of the flowers some of themhave been used to treat many diseases from the ancient time Some properties of the flowers may differ from the properties of theother plant parts For example Sesbania grandiflora (Katuru murunga) flowers have shown anticancer properties against variouscell models whereas some flowers have shown antispermatogenic properties Flowers ofWoodfordia floribunda (Militta) are addedas fermenting agents in the preparation of Arishtas in Ayurveda Also the most popular Clove oil is obtained from the flowerbuds of Syzygium aromaticum (Karabu-neti) which is used to treat toothaches since it has antibiotic and antiseptic propertiesThis article gives an overview of herbal flowers used in the traditional medicine system of Sri Lanka and their pharmacologicalimportance Method A comprehensive literature survey was done on the medicinally important flowers in Sri Lanka Data wascollected from Libraries of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka and from scientific databases Results According to the survey many flowers areused as astringent cardiac tonic and febrifuge Also some flowers are used to treat dysentery diarrhoea and indigestion Someflowers are useful in the treatment of bleeding piles while some are useful in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis ConclusionIt was revealed that there are many flowers with valuable therapeutic effects Traditional medicine systems prevailing in Sri Lankahave made use of these flowers with therapeutic effects to cure so many diseases The review of medicinally important herbalflowers provides knowledge and pharmacological leads which will help for the wellbeing of the human beings Although there arephytochemical studies done to identify the chemical compounds on some flowers chemical composition of many flowers remainsunrevealed So further studies need to be done to identify the chemical composition of these flowers
1 Introduction
Plants have been used by human beings to cure diseasesfrom ancient time Therefore herbal drugs play a majorrole in traditional medicine According to the World HealthOrganization (WHO) herbal drugs are the best source toobtain a variety of drugs In developing countries about 80of the population depends on traditional medicine [1] Thetraditional medicine which is mainly based on plant sourcesconsists of significant amounts of bioactive compoundsThese compounds provide valuable health effects Sincemod-ern medicine claimed to possess irreversible adverse events
herbal plants play a major role in delivering therapeuticeffects with less adverse events to human beings [2]
Sri Lanka is a country full of biodiversity which is giftedwith many plant resources It has been reported that thereare 3771 flowering plant species grown in Sri Lanka Outof them about 927 (24) are endemic to the country Also1430 species are considered to have medicinal value Out ofthese medicinal plants 174 (12) are endemic to Sri LankaAlso it is reported that around 250 species are commonlyused in traditional medicine Since there are a huge numberof medicinal plants in Sri Lanka it has a rich historyof traditional medicine systems [72] The main traditional
HindawiEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2019 Article ID 2321961 18 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520192321961
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
medicine systems that prevail in Sri Lanka are AyurvedaSiddha Unani and Deshiya Chikitsa In Ayurveda herbalpreparations are used mostly to cure diseases while in Siddhamineral preparations are used mostly Deshiya Chikitsa alsouses herbal preparations The Unani differs from these con-cepts Ayurveda system of Sri Lanka nearly uses 2000 herbs[73] These systems fulfill 60-70 of the rural populationsrsquoprimary health care needs The knowledge regarding the useof these herbal plants has been passed from generation togeneration in the traditional medicine systems So there arenumerous plants with valuable health benefits used in thesetraditional formulations where the knowledge regarding thetherapeutic use is depleting day by day [72]
In the recent past there has been a tremendous increasein the research done on herbal medicine and there has beenan increase in the use of herbal products in the developingcountries and in developed countries Today nearly 51 ofthe approved drugs are directly or indirectly derived fromthe herbal plants [74] Plants provide the constituents forthe synthesis of new drugs and chemical compounds Thesecondarymetabolites such as tannins terpenoids alkaloidsflavonoids phenols steroids glycosides volatile oils etc alsoare a major source of therapeutically valuable compounds[75] These compounds of pharmacological importance canbe obtained from various plant parts such as leaves rootsflowers bark etc [76] Flowers are reproductive parts of aplant which are also used for nutritive and medicinal prop-erties Flowers are used either directly or as a decoction tinc-ture or mixed with other ingredients to treat diseases [77]Flowers such as Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb)BignoniasuaveolensRoxb (Palol) are used to treatmalaria and bronchi-tis [61] Some flowers such asWoodfordia floribunda (Militta)are added as fermenting agents in the preparation of Arishtasin Ayurveda [3] Also some flowers possess properties thatare different from the pharmacological properties of the otherparts of the plant For example flowers of Butea monospermahave diuretic astringent and tonic properties while the rootof this plant has analgesic properties [18]
According to the literature survey there were numerousreview articles about medicinal plants But only few researchpapers were focused on the particular parts of the medicinalplantsTherefore the study of pharmacological importance ofthe flowers is benefitted in the development of novel drugs
2 Methodology
A comprehensive literature survey was done on the medic-inally important herbal flowers in Sri Lanka The data wasobtained from the Libraries of Navinna Ayurveda Hospi-tal Maharagama Sri Lanka and Institute of IndigenousMedicine University of Colombo Rajagiriya Sri LankaBooks likeMedicinal Herbs and Flowers [78]The Chemistryand Pharmacology of Ceylon and Indian Medicinal Plants[3] Medicinal Plants Used in Ceylon-Part I [7] Part II [25]Part III [24] Part IV [27] and Part V [51] Sri Lankawe OsuShaka Saha EwayeWadagathkama [8] andMedicinal Herbal[5] were used Further research was carried out based on thescientific names collected from the flowering ayurvedic plants
from these books using scientific databases PubMed GoogleScholar and Web of Science Nine Ayurveda books and 69journal articles were referred in this article
3 Results and Discussion
Table 1 includes the information collected from the extensiveliterature survey and Figure 1 includes some of the chemicalstructures of the phytochemicals found in Sri Lankan herbalflowers
In this review an attempt has been taken to presentthe medicinally important flowers in Sri Lanka and theirtherapeutic uses Generally flowers have similar pharmaco-logical properties as their other parts But several flowerswere reported to have special medicinal uses Flowers such asStereospermum suaveolens (Roxb)Bignonia suaveolens Roxb(Palol) flowers are used to treat malaria and bronchitis Alsothe most popular Clove oil is obtained from the flower budsof Syzygium aromaticum (Karabu-neti) which is used to treattoothaches since it has antibiotic and antiseptic propertiesSome flowers such as Woodfordia floribunda (Militta) areadded as fermenting agents in the preparation of Arishtas inAyurveda Also powder of this flower is administered withhoney in the treatment of leucorrhoea andwater decoction ofthe fresh flowers of this plant either alone or in combinationwith ginger (Zingiber officinale) is used for the treatment ofdysentery Flowers of Wrightia antidysenterica Linn (SuduiddaWal-idda) are important for the treatment of Russellrsquosviper snake bite and to treat Gonorrhea The leaf flower andseeds of Sphaeranthus hirtusindicus (Mudamahana) plantare ground into a paste and applied topically to treat skindiseases Juice of Saraca indica (Asoka) flowers are used as acardiac tonic Also some flowers possess properties that aredifferent from the pharmacological properties of the otherparts of the plant For example Butea monosperma flowershave diuretic astringent and tonic properties while the rootof this plant has analgesic properties The flowers of Punicagranatum had been used in traditional medicine to treatvaginal discharge and diarrhoeawhile the juice of fruit is usedto treat gallbladder diseases
4 Conclusion
An extensive literature survey done on the flowers withmedicinal importance in Sri Lanka revealed that there aremany flowers with valuable therapeutic effects Some plantsare endemic to Sri Lanka while some are distributed through-out the world Traditional medicine systems prevailing in SriLanka havemade use of these flowers with therapeutic effectsto cure so many diseases Considering these facts need wasfelt to collect details regarding the chemical composition andtheir ailments Although there are number of phytochemicalstudies were carried out using these flowers exact chemicalcomposition is remain unrevealed Hence further studiesare warrants on these flowers in order to identify theirbiological activities mechanisms of action and the chemicalcomposition Further there is a possibility of developingnovel formulations for various diseases for the betterment of
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
Table1Medicinallyim
portanth
erbalfl
owersinSriL
anka
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
AbutilonindicumAbutilon
asiaticum
English
Cou
ntry
mallow
Sinh
alaAno
daTamilPerunu
tti
Dry
coun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Localapp
licationforthe
boils
andulcers[3]
Flow
ersa
reused
toincrease
thev
olum
eof
semen
inhu
man
beings
[4]
Ithase
mollient
prop
ertie
s[4]
AcaciaArabica
Sinh
alaBa
bbula
Along
thec
oastof
Sri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
ndpo
dsareu
sedas
astringent
indiarrhoeadysenteryspermatorrhoea
leucorrhoeaa
ndprem
aturee
jaculationin
the
form
ofpo
wder
ordecoction
Thisisused
externallyforw
ashing
bleeding
ulcersandwou
ndsa
ndin
redu
cing
body
temperatureearache
andas
aton
ic[5]
Ithasa
stringent
prop
ertie
s[5]
Stearic
acid
kaem
pferol-3-glucosid
eiso
quercetin
andleucocyanidin
[6]
Adhatoda
vasica
Sinh
alaPawattaAdh
atod
aTamil
Adadod
iKattumurun
gai
Dry
coun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
reregarded
asantiseptic
insecticidalandexpectorantused
totre
atcoug
hchronicb
ronchitis
andasthma
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
foro
phthalmia[78]
Flow
ersa
regivenas
aninfusio
nto
treatfever
andused
inthetreatmento
fgon
orrhea
jaun
dicerheum
atism
andabdo
minaltumou
r[9]Th
esea
realso
used
toim
proveb
lood
circulationandhecticheatof
bloo
d[10]
Flow
ersh
aveb
roncho
dilatorsedativ
eexpectorant
antiseptic
andantispasm
odicprop
ertie
s[11]
Ethylacetateextracto
fthese
flowersp
ossesses
significantantibacteria
land
antifun
galactivity
againstm
icroorganism
slike(Ba
cteria)S
almonella
typhiEscherich
iacoliEscherich
iafaecalis
Bcereus
and(fu
ngi)Ca
ndidalunataC
andida
albicans
[12]
Vasic
ine(Figure
1(a))ab
itter
quinazolinea
lkaloidand
chem
icalcompo
unds
such
astriterpenes
(a-amyrin)
flavono
ids(astragalin
kaem
pferolquercetin)alkanes
[9]a
nd21015840-4-dihydroxychalcone-
4-glucoside
[13]
Ascle
pias
curassa
vica
English
WestInd
ian
Ipecacuanh
aSinh
alaKa
nkum
bala
Com
mon
lyfoun
din
open
wasteplaces
particularlyalon
gthe
seac
oasts
ofSri
Lank
a
Thep
owderedflo
wersa
reused
fortreating
soresa
ndwou
nds[7]
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Bauh
iniavarie
gate
Sinh
alaKo
boleela
Drie
dbu
dsof
thisplantare
used
ford
ysentery
pileswormdiarrheaa
ndtumors
Thejuice
offlo
wer
isused
totre
atdiarrhea
dysenteryandotherstomachdisorders[14]
Flow
ersa
ndflo
wer
buds
have
laxativ
epropertiesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ity[15]
Thefl
owersh
avec
hemop
reventiver
olea
gainst
712-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA
)-indu
ced
skin
carcinogenesisin
mice[14]
Thep
alew
hileflo
wersc
ontain
cynidin-3-glucoside
(Figure1(b))
malvidin-3-glucoside
(Figure1(c))
malvidin-3-diglucosidea
ndpeon
idin-3-glucosid
e(Figure1(d))and
peon
idin-3-diglucosid
eTh
ewhite
flowersc
ontain
kaem
pferol-3-galactosid
e(Figure1(g))and
kaem
pferol-3-rhamno
glucoside
[16]
Butea
frond
osamonosperm
aSinh
alaKe
la
Thefl
owersa
reuseful
inthetreatmento
fliver
disordersdiarrhealeprosyleucorrho
eagou
tandas
aton
ic[17]
Thefl
owersp
ossessantistre
ssdiureticastrin
gent
depu
rativ
eno
otropica
ctivities
andantifun
gal
activ
ityagainstH
elminthosporiu
msativ
um[17]
Triterpenesseveralflavono
ids
buteinbutinisobu
trin
coreop
sinisocoreop
sin(butin
7-glucoside)sulph
urein
mon
osperm
oside(bu
tein
3-e-D-glucosid
e)and
isomon
osperm
osidechalcones
auronesiso
butyinepalasitrin
3101584041015840 7-tr
ihydroxy
flavone
Myricylalcoho
lste
aricacid
palm
itica
cidarachidica
cid
ligno
ceric
acidglucosefructose
histidineasparticacidalanine
andph
enylalanine[18]
Boerhaaviadiffu
saSinh
alaPitasudu
sarana
Thefl
owersa
ndseedsa
reused
ascontraceptives
inayurvedicm
edicine[19]
Flow
ersh
aved
iuretic
andanti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[19
]
Ceibapentandra
English
Silk
cotto
nSinh
alaIm
bulP
ulun
gTamilIla
vam
Karukk
anam
Very
common
plant
inthelow
coun
try
They
aren
early
always
plantedas
fencep
ots
alon
gbo
undarie
sin
SriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthe
bark
andflo
wer
isgivenforthree
days
totre
atsexu
aldiseases
like
leucorrhoeagono
rrho
eaandto
regulate
menstr
ualabn
ormalities
inwo
men
Thesea
reused
asan
astringent
andareu
sedfor
thetreatmento
fskintro
ublesspleno
megaly
andhaem
orrhoidsTh
eyareg
iven
with
seeds
ofPa
paversom
nifer
umsug
arand
milk
tocure
piles
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
possesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactivity
Thesea
lsopo
ssessa
ntioxidant
andantip
roliferative
activ
ityagainsth
uman
severalcancerc
elllines
120573-d-glucosid
eof120573
-sito
sterol
free120573
-sito
sterolhentria
contane
hentria
contanoltraceso
fessentialoilkaem
pferoland
quercetin
[20]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5Ta
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Chrysanthemum
indicum
Sinh
alaKa
puru
Thesefl
owersa
reused
totre
atsto
matitis
burningsensationsurin
arydischargesgleet
lumbagoinob
structivea
ffections
oftheb
rain
andcalculus
andto
removed
epressionsta
tes
Ithasb
eenused
inconjun
ctionwith
black
pepp
erforg
onorrhea
Flow
erheadsinfusionissaid
tobe
frequ
ently
appliedas
collyriu
min
eyea
ffectionsA
lsoadministered
forsoree
yesa
ndforthe
internal
orexternalabdo
minalinflammations
Thefl
owersa
reappliedon
thes
kinto
treat
leprosy[5]
Italso
used
asah
eat-c
learinganddetoxifying
herb
[21]
Thefl
owersh
avea
ntibacteria
lantio
xidant
andanti-inflammatoryprop
ertie
s[21]
Them
ainvolatile
oilspresentin
thefl
owersa
re266-trim
ethyl
bicycle[311]hept-2
-en-4-oland
2-(24-hexadiynylid
ene)-16-
dioxaspiro[44]non
-3-ene
germ
acrene
Da-neoclo
vene
eucalyptola-pinene
14-bis(1-m
ethylethyl)-benzene
asesqu
iphelland
rene
long
ipinanea
nd711-dimethyl-3
-methylene-1610
-dod
ecatrie
ne
Flavon
oids
area
lsopresentie
quercitrinm
yricetin
luteolin-7-glucosid
eVitexinand
apigenin
arethe
leastabu
ndant
flavono
idsinthep
lant
[22]
New
sesquiterpenoids
identifi
edare
7-epi-e
udesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-
11205733120573-diol(Figure
1(h))a
nd7-epi-
1120573-hydroxy-120573-eud
esmol
(Figure1(i))inthee
thanolic
extracto
fthe
flower
[21]
Cochlospermum
gossy
pium
English
Goldensilkcotto
nSinh
alaKinihiriy
a
Thep
owderedflo
wer
isgivento
child
renin
emptysto
machto
improveimmun
ityand
mem
orypo
wer
inchild
ren
Thefl
owersc
onsis
tofstim
ulantp
roperties[23]
Cymbopogonjwarancusa
English
Lem
ongrass
Sinh
alaSera
Thep
asteof
root
andflo
wer
buds
iseffectiv
ein
dissolving
theh
ardinflammations
inthe
internalorgansO
ilof
thefl
ower
budisag
ood
embrocation
also
useful
inmou
thgarglesto
strengthentheg
umsAlso
effectiv
easa
digestiveton
icandto
stopdiarrhoea[
24]
Eclipta
prostra
taEn
glish
False
daisy
Sinh
alaKikirin
diTamilKa
ikeshi
Adecoctionof
thefl
ower
tops
andleaves
isgivenforh
epatitis[25]
Flow
ersa
reused
forthe
treatmento
furin
ary
prob
lemsjaun
diceasthm
aand
coug
hs[26]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstPvulgarisSaureus
andSsaprophyticus
[26]
Hibiscus
rose-sinensis
English
Sho
eflow
erSinh
ala
Wadam
alSapaththu
mal
TamilAratta
m
Thesea
recommon
lycultivatedin
the
gardensItgrow
swell
anyw
here
from
the
seac
oastto
theh
illcoun
tryandin
the
dryzone
inSriL
anka
Shoe
flowersa
reused
asan
expectorantfor
bron
chitisparalysisdysmenorrhea
andcoug
hFlow
ersa
reeatenwith
papaya
seedstocause
abortio
nTh
esho
eflow
erleaves
andyoun
gflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
apou
ltice
onbo
ilsand
swellin
gs
Thefl
owersp
ossessanti-spermatogenicand
rogenic
anti-tumou
ranti-diabeticandantic
onvulsa
ntactiv
ities
Smallamou
ntof
hibiscetin
[27]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Hibiscus
tiliaceus
Sinh
alaBe
li-patta
TamilNir-paratth
i
Very
common
inthe
lowcoun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Flow
ersa
rebo
iledin
milk
totre
atearache[27]
Thes
limysapof
theb
arkbranches
andflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
amild
laxativ
eora
salubricant
inchild
birthor
labo
rpains
andrubb
edon
stomachandto
treatbron
chitisTh
eaqu
eous
extracto
fwoo
dandfre
shflo
werso
fthisp
lant
isused
asatreatmentfor
skin
diseases
[28]
Thefl
owersc
onsisto
femollient
prop
ertie
sand
anti-depressant
likea
ctivity
[27]
Them
ethano
lextractconsistso
fstigmasterolstigm
astadienoland
stigmastadienon
e[29]
Horsfield
iairy
aghedhi
Sinh
alaRu
k
Oftenfoun
din
the
low-cou
ntry
upto
1000
feetaltitud
e
Thefl
owersa
reused
totre
atdysentery
hiccou
ghandwastin
gdiseases
[27]
Impatiens
balsa
mina
English
Jew
elweed
Sinh
alaKu
udalu
Grownas
agarden
plantcom
mon
lyin
SriL
anka
Flow
ersa
reappliedforb
urnsscaldslumbago
andintercostaln
euralgia[30]
Thefl
owersa
rehaving
coolingdemulcent
andtonic
effectanti-anaphylacticandanti-hypo
tensive
prop
ertie
sTh
ealcoh
olicextracto
fflow
ersh
asantib
iotic
activ
ityagainstFructicolaandotherp
atho
genicfun
giand
bacteriaandthem
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flowers
hasa
nti-tum
ourp
romotingactiv
ityperipheraland
centralanti-n
ociceptiv
eactivity
[3132]
Itwas
foun
dthatthee
ffectsw
erer
apid
andlong
lastingandthesee
ffectsw
erem
ediatedby
the
inhibitio
nof
opioid
receptorsa
ndperip
heral
inflammatorymediatorslik
ecyclooxygenase2
[33]
Thek
amph
erolandqu
ercetin
possessesa
ntibacteria
lactiv
ityagainstP
ropionibacteriu
macnes[34]
Also
the
isolatedkamph
erolhassho
wnmushroo
mtyrosin
aseinh
ibito
ryactiv
itywhich
proves
the
fairn
essa
ctivity
ofthefl
ower
extract[32]
Flavanolkam
pherolquercetin
myricetin
[35]pheno
liccompo
undsimpatie
nolate
balsa
minolatelaw
sone
methyl
etherkaem
pferol3-rutin
oside
2-hydroxy14-naphtho
quinon
ep-coum
aricandferulic
acids
[33]
Ipom
oeaaquatic
English
Water
spinach
Sinh
alaKa
ngkong
TamilKa
laka
Very
common
inshallowwater
and
moistplaces
inthe
dryregion
ofSri
Lank
a
Theb
udisappliedto
treatrin
gworm
infections
[25]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Ixoracoccinea
Sinh
alaRa
tmal
TamilVe
dchi
Thefl
owersa
refriedin
melted
butte
rrubb
eddo
wnwith
alittlecumin
andnagakesara
and
madeintoab
olus
with
sugarc
andyTh
ispreparationisused
asar
emedyford
ysentery
[3]Also
the
flowersa
refamou
sfor
itsuseto
treatcatarrhalbronchitisdysmenorrhea
hemop
tysis
andleucorrhoeainAy
urvedic
medicine[32]
Thea
queous
flower
extractshave
also
show
nanti-diarrhoealactiv
ityagainsta
casto
roilindu
ced
diarrhoeam
odelin
ratsandalcoho
licextracth
asshow
nwou
ndhealingactiv
ityin
dead
spacew
ound
mod
elin
rats[36]Th
emethano
licextractw
asrepo
rted
topo
ssessthe
analgesic
anti-infl
ammatory
antiu
lcerfairness[37]a
ndbroad-spectrum
anti-microbialactiv
ity[38]A
ntitu
mou
ractivity
ofI
coccinea
flowersw
asstu
died
onDaltonslym
phom
a(ascitica
ndsolid
tumou
rs)a
ndEh
rlich
Ascites
Carcinom
a(EA
C)tumou
rsin
micea
nditwas
repo
rted
thatthereisa
significantantitu
mou
ractiv
ityin
thefl
ower
extracts
Also
chem
oprotective
effecto
fflow
erse
xtractsh
asshow
nas
ignificant
effecto
ncisplatin
indu
cedtoxicityin
mice[37]
Essentialoilextractedfro
mthe
flowersc
ontainstriterpenes
mon
oterpenessesquiterpenes
andan
esterTh
econ
stituentsof
triterpenes
detected
areu
rsolic
acidoleanolicandlupeolwhile
geranylacetateisdetected
asthe
major
mon
oterpeneFurther
analysisof
them
ethano
licflo
wer
extracth
asrevealed
thep
resence
ofbiochinAm
yricetin
quercetin
rutindiadzeinand
form
onon
etin
compo
unds
[37]
Ixoraparviflora
English
Toreb
tree
Sinh
alaMahar
atam
bala
TamilKa
rank
utti
Thefl
owersp
ound
edin
milk
areg
iven
inwho
opingcoug
h[3]
Laws
oniaalba
English
Henna
Sinh
alaMarith
ondii
TamilMarito
ndi
Aninfusio
nof
flowe
rsof
thisplantissaidto
beag
oodapplicationto
bruises[3]D
ecoctio
nof
thefl
owersisu
sedas
anem
menagogue
[39]
Essentialoil(002)richin
iono
nes(90
)120572
-iono
nes
(Figure1(e))and120573-io
nones
(Figure1(f))in
which120573-io
nones
predom
inated
[39]
Mesua
ferrea
English
Ironwoo
dtre
eSinh
alaNa
TamilNagacuram
Thep
asteof
flowersisa
ppliedto
bleeding
piles
andforb
urning
ofthefeetasa
paste
madew
ithbu
ttera
ndsugarAlso
theyareu
sedagainst
snakea
ndscorpion
sting
[40]A
syrupof
the
flower
buds
isgivenin
treatmento
fdysentery
[3]Adecoctionof
2-3flo
wersw
ithsugar
cand
yisgiventwicea
dayfortosto
pbloo
dysto
olTh
eflow
erbu
dsareu
sedto
treatsore
throatcou
ghandasthma[
40]
Methano
licextracto
fthe
flower
consistso
fantio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
and
methano
licanddichloromethane
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wnantim
icrobialactiv
ityagainst
MicrococcusluteusE
coilCa
ndidaalbicans
and
Aspergillus
niger
Thefl
owersh
aves
tomachicexpectorantand
astringent
prop
ertie
s[40
]
120572-cop
aene
(Figure1(j))a
ndgerm
acrene
Dcompo
unds
[40]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Magnolia
fuscata
Sinh
alaMadana-kama
TamM
adanakam
-poo
Thisplantis
cultivatedbo
thin
the
hillcoun
tryandmid
coun
tryof
SriL
anka
Thes
eeds
andflo
werso
fthisp
lant
areu
sedfor
makingpreparations
forstre
ngtheningsexu
alvirility
[27]
Meliaazedarach
English
Beadtre
eIndian
Lilac
Sinh
alaMahanim
baTamilMalaivenb
u
Apaste
offlo
wersisa
ppliedon
theh
eadto
destroylicea
ndfore
ruptions
ofthes
calpTh
eflo
wersa
ndleaves
area
ppliedas
apou
ltice
torelieve
nervou
sheadaches
Theo
ilof
thefl
ower
contains
sulphu
rand
inorganicc
ombinatio
nandisuseful
fora
llcutaneou
sailm
entsandrheumatism
The
flowersa
realso
used
totre
atceph
alalgia
gastropathyverm
inosis
strangury
dysm
enorrhoeaa
ndfever
Accordingto
thes
tudiesthe
methano
licextracto
fMazedarach
flowersa
lsoshow
spotentantibacteria
lactiv
ity
Thefl
owersh
avea
stringentrefrig
erantanod
yne
stomachicverm
ifugediuretic
abo
rtifa
cient
deob
struentand
alexipharm
icactiv
ities
[41]
Nelumbo
nucifera
English
Chinese
water
lilySacred
lotus
Sinh
alaNelu
mTamilAmbal
Com
mon
inthetanks
ofdryzone
ofSri
Lank
a
Thes
tamenso
fthe
flowersa
reused
bleeding
pilesa
nddebilityandweakn
essinchild
ren
Thefl
owersw
ithstam
ensa
ndJuiceo
fflow
erstalkareu
sedford
iarrho
eacho
lerafevers
liver
complaintsandas
acardiac
tonic
Thefl
ower
ismadeintosyrupandgivenfor
coug
hsdysentery
andto
checkhaem
orrhages
from
bleeding
pilesTh
egroun
dpetalsare
administered
forsyphilis
inMalayaTh
emilk
yjuiceo
fthe
leaves
andflo
wer
stalkisgivenfor
diarrhoeaIn
Chinaa
ndMalayathe
dried
petalsandsta
men
ofthep
inkflo
wer
varie
tyare
used
asac
osmeticto
improvethe
complexion
Also
the
flowersa
reused
ascoolingand
astringent
agents
Thefl
ower
beveragesa
reused
totre
atcancerw
eakn
essa
ndbo
dyheat
balanceStam
ensa
reused
totre
atconsolidationof
kidn
eyfunctio
naphrod
isiac
males
exuald
isordersa
ndfemaleleucorrhea
Poun
dedpetalsof
thefl
owersa
reused
for
syph
ilisFlow
ersta
lkareu
sedto
treatuterine
bleeding
andflo
wer
receptaclestosto
pbleeding
andto
elim
inates
tagn
ated
bloo
dFlow
ersa
ndrhizom
esared
emulcent
astringentm
ildsedativ
espasmolytic
antiseptic
usedin
infusio
ninternallyfor
chronicd
iarrheaas
adou
chefor
leucorrhea
andvaginitis
asag
arglefor
sore
throatalso
giveninternallyforp
rosta
teprob
lems[42]
Thefl
ower
stalksa
reused
totre
atexcessive
menstr
uatio
nbleeding
gastr
iculcersand
postp
artum
haem
orrhageTh
elotus
honeyis
used
inthetreatmento
feye
infections
[43]
Flow
ersd
emon
strateh
ypoglycemicantipyretic
antid
iabetic
antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityantim
icrobialactiv
ityvasod
ilatin
geffects
antih
ypertensivea
ndantia
rrhythmicabilitie
sFlow
ersa
reric
hin
aldo
seredu
ctaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ityantiplateletactivity
andaphrod
isiac
activ
itytoo[41]
Nornu
ciferin
eN-m
ethylasim
ilobine
N-m
ethylco
claurin
eiso
quercitrin
(hirsutrin
)dehydroemerineliriodenine
quercetin
dehydronu
ciferin
elirinidinedemethylcoclaurine
asim
ilobineluteolin
glucoside
andlin
aloo
l[44
]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
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Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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ObesityJournal of
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Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
medicine systems that prevail in Sri Lanka are AyurvedaSiddha Unani and Deshiya Chikitsa In Ayurveda herbalpreparations are used mostly to cure diseases while in Siddhamineral preparations are used mostly Deshiya Chikitsa alsouses herbal preparations The Unani differs from these con-cepts Ayurveda system of Sri Lanka nearly uses 2000 herbs[73] These systems fulfill 60-70 of the rural populationsrsquoprimary health care needs The knowledge regarding the useof these herbal plants has been passed from generation togeneration in the traditional medicine systems So there arenumerous plants with valuable health benefits used in thesetraditional formulations where the knowledge regarding thetherapeutic use is depleting day by day [72]
In the recent past there has been a tremendous increasein the research done on herbal medicine and there has beenan increase in the use of herbal products in the developingcountries and in developed countries Today nearly 51 ofthe approved drugs are directly or indirectly derived fromthe herbal plants [74] Plants provide the constituents forthe synthesis of new drugs and chemical compounds Thesecondarymetabolites such as tannins terpenoids alkaloidsflavonoids phenols steroids glycosides volatile oils etc alsoare a major source of therapeutically valuable compounds[75] These compounds of pharmacological importance canbe obtained from various plant parts such as leaves rootsflowers bark etc [76] Flowers are reproductive parts of aplant which are also used for nutritive and medicinal prop-erties Flowers are used either directly or as a decoction tinc-ture or mixed with other ingredients to treat diseases [77]Flowers such as Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb)BignoniasuaveolensRoxb (Palol) are used to treatmalaria and bronchi-tis [61] Some flowers such asWoodfordia floribunda (Militta)are added as fermenting agents in the preparation of Arishtasin Ayurveda [3] Also some flowers possess properties thatare different from the pharmacological properties of the otherparts of the plant For example flowers of Butea monospermahave diuretic astringent and tonic properties while the rootof this plant has analgesic properties [18]
According to the literature survey there were numerousreview articles about medicinal plants But only few researchpapers were focused on the particular parts of the medicinalplantsTherefore the study of pharmacological importance ofthe flowers is benefitted in the development of novel drugs
2 Methodology
A comprehensive literature survey was done on the medic-inally important herbal flowers in Sri Lanka The data wasobtained from the Libraries of Navinna Ayurveda Hospi-tal Maharagama Sri Lanka and Institute of IndigenousMedicine University of Colombo Rajagiriya Sri LankaBooks likeMedicinal Herbs and Flowers [78]The Chemistryand Pharmacology of Ceylon and Indian Medicinal Plants[3] Medicinal Plants Used in Ceylon-Part I [7] Part II [25]Part III [24] Part IV [27] and Part V [51] Sri Lankawe OsuShaka Saha EwayeWadagathkama [8] andMedicinal Herbal[5] were used Further research was carried out based on thescientific names collected from the flowering ayurvedic plants
from these books using scientific databases PubMed GoogleScholar and Web of Science Nine Ayurveda books and 69journal articles were referred in this article
3 Results and Discussion
Table 1 includes the information collected from the extensiveliterature survey and Figure 1 includes some of the chemicalstructures of the phytochemicals found in Sri Lankan herbalflowers
In this review an attempt has been taken to presentthe medicinally important flowers in Sri Lanka and theirtherapeutic uses Generally flowers have similar pharmaco-logical properties as their other parts But several flowerswere reported to have special medicinal uses Flowers such asStereospermum suaveolens (Roxb)Bignonia suaveolens Roxb(Palol) flowers are used to treat malaria and bronchitis Alsothe most popular Clove oil is obtained from the flower budsof Syzygium aromaticum (Karabu-neti) which is used to treattoothaches since it has antibiotic and antiseptic propertiesSome flowers such as Woodfordia floribunda (Militta) areadded as fermenting agents in the preparation of Arishtas inAyurveda Also powder of this flower is administered withhoney in the treatment of leucorrhoea andwater decoction ofthe fresh flowers of this plant either alone or in combinationwith ginger (Zingiber officinale) is used for the treatment ofdysentery Flowers of Wrightia antidysenterica Linn (SuduiddaWal-idda) are important for the treatment of Russellrsquosviper snake bite and to treat Gonorrhea The leaf flower andseeds of Sphaeranthus hirtusindicus (Mudamahana) plantare ground into a paste and applied topically to treat skindiseases Juice of Saraca indica (Asoka) flowers are used as acardiac tonic Also some flowers possess properties that aredifferent from the pharmacological properties of the otherparts of the plant For example Butea monosperma flowershave diuretic astringent and tonic properties while the rootof this plant has analgesic properties The flowers of Punicagranatum had been used in traditional medicine to treatvaginal discharge and diarrhoeawhile the juice of fruit is usedto treat gallbladder diseases
4 Conclusion
An extensive literature survey done on the flowers withmedicinal importance in Sri Lanka revealed that there aremany flowers with valuable therapeutic effects Some plantsare endemic to Sri Lanka while some are distributed through-out the world Traditional medicine systems prevailing in SriLanka havemade use of these flowers with therapeutic effectsto cure so many diseases Considering these facts need wasfelt to collect details regarding the chemical composition andtheir ailments Although there are number of phytochemicalstudies were carried out using these flowers exact chemicalcomposition is remain unrevealed Hence further studiesare warrants on these flowers in order to identify theirbiological activities mechanisms of action and the chemicalcomposition Further there is a possibility of developingnovel formulations for various diseases for the betterment of
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
Table1Medicinallyim
portanth
erbalfl
owersinSriL
anka
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
AbutilonindicumAbutilon
asiaticum
English
Cou
ntry
mallow
Sinh
alaAno
daTamilPerunu
tti
Dry
coun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Localapp
licationforthe
boils
andulcers[3]
Flow
ersa
reused
toincrease
thev
olum
eof
semen
inhu
man
beings
[4]
Ithase
mollient
prop
ertie
s[4]
AcaciaArabica
Sinh
alaBa
bbula
Along
thec
oastof
Sri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
ndpo
dsareu
sedas
astringent
indiarrhoeadysenteryspermatorrhoea
leucorrhoeaa
ndprem
aturee
jaculationin
the
form
ofpo
wder
ordecoction
Thisisused
externallyforw
ashing
bleeding
ulcersandwou
ndsa
ndin
redu
cing
body
temperatureearache
andas
aton
ic[5]
Ithasa
stringent
prop
ertie
s[5]
Stearic
acid
kaem
pferol-3-glucosid
eiso
quercetin
andleucocyanidin
[6]
Adhatoda
vasica
Sinh
alaPawattaAdh
atod
aTamil
Adadod
iKattumurun
gai
Dry
coun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
reregarded
asantiseptic
insecticidalandexpectorantused
totre
atcoug
hchronicb
ronchitis
andasthma
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
foro
phthalmia[78]
Flow
ersa
regivenas
aninfusio
nto
treatfever
andused
inthetreatmento
fgon
orrhea
jaun
dicerheum
atism
andabdo
minaltumou
r[9]Th
esea
realso
used
toim
proveb
lood
circulationandhecticheatof
bloo
d[10]
Flow
ersh
aveb
roncho
dilatorsedativ
eexpectorant
antiseptic
andantispasm
odicprop
ertie
s[11]
Ethylacetateextracto
fthese
flowersp
ossesses
significantantibacteria
land
antifun
galactivity
againstm
icroorganism
slike(Ba
cteria)S
almonella
typhiEscherich
iacoliEscherich
iafaecalis
Bcereus
and(fu
ngi)Ca
ndidalunataC
andida
albicans
[12]
Vasic
ine(Figure
1(a))ab
itter
quinazolinea
lkaloidand
chem
icalcompo
unds
such
astriterpenes
(a-amyrin)
flavono
ids(astragalin
kaem
pferolquercetin)alkanes
[9]a
nd21015840-4-dihydroxychalcone-
4-glucoside
[13]
Ascle
pias
curassa
vica
English
WestInd
ian
Ipecacuanh
aSinh
alaKa
nkum
bala
Com
mon
lyfoun
din
open
wasteplaces
particularlyalon
gthe
seac
oasts
ofSri
Lank
a
Thep
owderedflo
wersa
reused
fortreating
soresa
ndwou
nds[7]
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Bauh
iniavarie
gate
Sinh
alaKo
boleela
Drie
dbu
dsof
thisplantare
used
ford
ysentery
pileswormdiarrheaa
ndtumors
Thejuice
offlo
wer
isused
totre
atdiarrhea
dysenteryandotherstomachdisorders[14]
Flow
ersa
ndflo
wer
buds
have
laxativ
epropertiesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ity[15]
Thefl
owersh
avec
hemop
reventiver
olea
gainst
712-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA
)-indu
ced
skin
carcinogenesisin
mice[14]
Thep
alew
hileflo
wersc
ontain
cynidin-3-glucoside
(Figure1(b))
malvidin-3-glucoside
(Figure1(c))
malvidin-3-diglucosidea
ndpeon
idin-3-glucosid
e(Figure1(d))and
peon
idin-3-diglucosid
eTh
ewhite
flowersc
ontain
kaem
pferol-3-galactosid
e(Figure1(g))and
kaem
pferol-3-rhamno
glucoside
[16]
Butea
frond
osamonosperm
aSinh
alaKe
la
Thefl
owersa
reuseful
inthetreatmento
fliver
disordersdiarrhealeprosyleucorrho
eagou
tandas
aton
ic[17]
Thefl
owersp
ossessantistre
ssdiureticastrin
gent
depu
rativ
eno
otropica
ctivities
andantifun
gal
activ
ityagainstH
elminthosporiu
msativ
um[17]
Triterpenesseveralflavono
ids
buteinbutinisobu
trin
coreop
sinisocoreop
sin(butin
7-glucoside)sulph
urein
mon
osperm
oside(bu
tein
3-e-D-glucosid
e)and
isomon
osperm
osidechalcones
auronesiso
butyinepalasitrin
3101584041015840 7-tr
ihydroxy
flavone
Myricylalcoho
lste
aricacid
palm
itica
cidarachidica
cid
ligno
ceric
acidglucosefructose
histidineasparticacidalanine
andph
enylalanine[18]
Boerhaaviadiffu
saSinh
alaPitasudu
sarana
Thefl
owersa
ndseedsa
reused
ascontraceptives
inayurvedicm
edicine[19]
Flow
ersh
aved
iuretic
andanti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[19
]
Ceibapentandra
English
Silk
cotto
nSinh
alaIm
bulP
ulun
gTamilIla
vam
Karukk
anam
Very
common
plant
inthelow
coun
try
They
aren
early
always
plantedas
fencep
ots
alon
gbo
undarie
sin
SriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthe
bark
andflo
wer
isgivenforthree
days
totre
atsexu
aldiseases
like
leucorrhoeagono
rrho
eaandto
regulate
menstr
ualabn
ormalities
inwo
men
Thesea
reused
asan
astringent
andareu
sedfor
thetreatmento
fskintro
ublesspleno
megaly
andhaem
orrhoidsTh
eyareg
iven
with
seeds
ofPa
paversom
nifer
umsug
arand
milk
tocure
piles
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
possesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactivity
Thesea
lsopo
ssessa
ntioxidant
andantip
roliferative
activ
ityagainsth
uman
severalcancerc
elllines
120573-d-glucosid
eof120573
-sito
sterol
free120573
-sito
sterolhentria
contane
hentria
contanoltraceso
fessentialoilkaem
pferoland
quercetin
[20]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5Ta
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Chrysanthemum
indicum
Sinh
alaKa
puru
Thesefl
owersa
reused
totre
atsto
matitis
burningsensationsurin
arydischargesgleet
lumbagoinob
structivea
ffections
oftheb
rain
andcalculus
andto
removed
epressionsta
tes
Ithasb
eenused
inconjun
ctionwith
black
pepp
erforg
onorrhea
Flow
erheadsinfusionissaid
tobe
frequ
ently
appliedas
collyriu
min
eyea
ffectionsA
lsoadministered
forsoree
yesa
ndforthe
internal
orexternalabdo
minalinflammations
Thefl
owersa
reappliedon
thes
kinto
treat
leprosy[5]
Italso
used
asah
eat-c
learinganddetoxifying
herb
[21]
Thefl
owersh
avea
ntibacteria
lantio
xidant
andanti-inflammatoryprop
ertie
s[21]
Them
ainvolatile
oilspresentin
thefl
owersa
re266-trim
ethyl
bicycle[311]hept-2
-en-4-oland
2-(24-hexadiynylid
ene)-16-
dioxaspiro[44]non
-3-ene
germ
acrene
Da-neoclo
vene
eucalyptola-pinene
14-bis(1-m
ethylethyl)-benzene
asesqu
iphelland
rene
long
ipinanea
nd711-dimethyl-3
-methylene-1610
-dod
ecatrie
ne
Flavon
oids
area
lsopresentie
quercitrinm
yricetin
luteolin-7-glucosid
eVitexinand
apigenin
arethe
leastabu
ndant
flavono
idsinthep
lant
[22]
New
sesquiterpenoids
identifi
edare
7-epi-e
udesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-
11205733120573-diol(Figure
1(h))a
nd7-epi-
1120573-hydroxy-120573-eud
esmol
(Figure1(i))inthee
thanolic
extracto
fthe
flower
[21]
Cochlospermum
gossy
pium
English
Goldensilkcotto
nSinh
alaKinihiriy
a
Thep
owderedflo
wer
isgivento
child
renin
emptysto
machto
improveimmun
ityand
mem
orypo
wer
inchild
ren
Thefl
owersc
onsis
tofstim
ulantp
roperties[23]
Cymbopogonjwarancusa
English
Lem
ongrass
Sinh
alaSera
Thep
asteof
root
andflo
wer
buds
iseffectiv
ein
dissolving
theh
ardinflammations
inthe
internalorgansO
ilof
thefl
ower
budisag
ood
embrocation
also
useful
inmou
thgarglesto
strengthentheg
umsAlso
effectiv
easa
digestiveton
icandto
stopdiarrhoea[
24]
Eclipta
prostra
taEn
glish
False
daisy
Sinh
alaKikirin
diTamilKa
ikeshi
Adecoctionof
thefl
ower
tops
andleaves
isgivenforh
epatitis[25]
Flow
ersa
reused
forthe
treatmento
furin
ary
prob
lemsjaun
diceasthm
aand
coug
hs[26]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstPvulgarisSaureus
andSsaprophyticus
[26]
Hibiscus
rose-sinensis
English
Sho
eflow
erSinh
ala
Wadam
alSapaththu
mal
TamilAratta
m
Thesea
recommon
lycultivatedin
the
gardensItgrow
swell
anyw
here
from
the
seac
oastto
theh
illcoun
tryandin
the
dryzone
inSriL
anka
Shoe
flowersa
reused
asan
expectorantfor
bron
chitisparalysisdysmenorrhea
andcoug
hFlow
ersa
reeatenwith
papaya
seedstocause
abortio
nTh
esho
eflow
erleaves
andyoun
gflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
apou
ltice
onbo
ilsand
swellin
gs
Thefl
owersp
ossessanti-spermatogenicand
rogenic
anti-tumou
ranti-diabeticandantic
onvulsa
ntactiv
ities
Smallamou
ntof
hibiscetin
[27]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Hibiscus
tiliaceus
Sinh
alaBe
li-patta
TamilNir-paratth
i
Very
common
inthe
lowcoun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Flow
ersa
rebo
iledin
milk
totre
atearache[27]
Thes
limysapof
theb
arkbranches
andflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
amild
laxativ
eora
salubricant
inchild
birthor
labo
rpains
andrubb
edon
stomachandto
treatbron
chitisTh
eaqu
eous
extracto
fwoo
dandfre
shflo
werso
fthisp
lant
isused
asatreatmentfor
skin
diseases
[28]
Thefl
owersc
onsisto
femollient
prop
ertie
sand
anti-depressant
likea
ctivity
[27]
Them
ethano
lextractconsistso
fstigmasterolstigm
astadienoland
stigmastadienon
e[29]
Horsfield
iairy
aghedhi
Sinh
alaRu
k
Oftenfoun
din
the
low-cou
ntry
upto
1000
feetaltitud
e
Thefl
owersa
reused
totre
atdysentery
hiccou
ghandwastin
gdiseases
[27]
Impatiens
balsa
mina
English
Jew
elweed
Sinh
alaKu
udalu
Grownas
agarden
plantcom
mon
lyin
SriL
anka
Flow
ersa
reappliedforb
urnsscaldslumbago
andintercostaln
euralgia[30]
Thefl
owersa
rehaving
coolingdemulcent
andtonic
effectanti-anaphylacticandanti-hypo
tensive
prop
ertie
sTh
ealcoh
olicextracto
fflow
ersh
asantib
iotic
activ
ityagainstFructicolaandotherp
atho
genicfun
giand
bacteriaandthem
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flowers
hasa
nti-tum
ourp
romotingactiv
ityperipheraland
centralanti-n
ociceptiv
eactivity
[3132]
Itwas
foun
dthatthee
ffectsw
erer
apid
andlong
lastingandthesee
ffectsw
erem
ediatedby
the
inhibitio
nof
opioid
receptorsa
ndperip
heral
inflammatorymediatorslik
ecyclooxygenase2
[33]
Thek
amph
erolandqu
ercetin
possessesa
ntibacteria
lactiv
ityagainstP
ropionibacteriu
macnes[34]
Also
the
isolatedkamph
erolhassho
wnmushroo
mtyrosin
aseinh
ibito
ryactiv
itywhich
proves
the
fairn
essa
ctivity
ofthefl
ower
extract[32]
Flavanolkam
pherolquercetin
myricetin
[35]pheno
liccompo
undsimpatie
nolate
balsa
minolatelaw
sone
methyl
etherkaem
pferol3-rutin
oside
2-hydroxy14-naphtho
quinon
ep-coum
aricandferulic
acids
[33]
Ipom
oeaaquatic
English
Water
spinach
Sinh
alaKa
ngkong
TamilKa
laka
Very
common
inshallowwater
and
moistplaces
inthe
dryregion
ofSri
Lank
a
Theb
udisappliedto
treatrin
gworm
infections
[25]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Ixoracoccinea
Sinh
alaRa
tmal
TamilVe
dchi
Thefl
owersa
refriedin
melted
butte
rrubb
eddo
wnwith
alittlecumin
andnagakesara
and
madeintoab
olus
with
sugarc
andyTh
ispreparationisused
asar
emedyford
ysentery
[3]Also
the
flowersa
refamou
sfor
itsuseto
treatcatarrhalbronchitisdysmenorrhea
hemop
tysis
andleucorrhoeainAy
urvedic
medicine[32]
Thea
queous
flower
extractshave
also
show
nanti-diarrhoealactiv
ityagainsta
casto
roilindu
ced
diarrhoeam
odelin
ratsandalcoho
licextracth
asshow
nwou
ndhealingactiv
ityin
dead
spacew
ound
mod
elin
rats[36]Th
emethano
licextractw
asrepo
rted
topo
ssessthe
analgesic
anti-infl
ammatory
antiu
lcerfairness[37]a
ndbroad-spectrum
anti-microbialactiv
ity[38]A
ntitu
mou
ractivity
ofI
coccinea
flowersw
asstu
died
onDaltonslym
phom
a(ascitica
ndsolid
tumou
rs)a
ndEh
rlich
Ascites
Carcinom
a(EA
C)tumou
rsin
micea
nditwas
repo
rted
thatthereisa
significantantitu
mou
ractiv
ityin
thefl
ower
extracts
Also
chem
oprotective
effecto
fflow
erse
xtractsh
asshow
nas
ignificant
effecto
ncisplatin
indu
cedtoxicityin
mice[37]
Essentialoilextractedfro
mthe
flowersc
ontainstriterpenes
mon
oterpenessesquiterpenes
andan
esterTh
econ
stituentsof
triterpenes
detected
areu
rsolic
acidoleanolicandlupeolwhile
geranylacetateisdetected
asthe
major
mon
oterpeneFurther
analysisof
them
ethano
licflo
wer
extracth
asrevealed
thep
resence
ofbiochinAm
yricetin
quercetin
rutindiadzeinand
form
onon
etin
compo
unds
[37]
Ixoraparviflora
English
Toreb
tree
Sinh
alaMahar
atam
bala
TamilKa
rank
utti
Thefl
owersp
ound
edin
milk
areg
iven
inwho
opingcoug
h[3]
Laws
oniaalba
English
Henna
Sinh
alaMarith
ondii
TamilMarito
ndi
Aninfusio
nof
flowe
rsof
thisplantissaidto
beag
oodapplicationto
bruises[3]D
ecoctio
nof
thefl
owersisu
sedas
anem
menagogue
[39]
Essentialoil(002)richin
iono
nes(90
)120572
-iono
nes
(Figure1(e))and120573-io
nones
(Figure1(f))in
which120573-io
nones
predom
inated
[39]
Mesua
ferrea
English
Ironwoo
dtre
eSinh
alaNa
TamilNagacuram
Thep
asteof
flowersisa
ppliedto
bleeding
piles
andforb
urning
ofthefeetasa
paste
madew
ithbu
ttera
ndsugarAlso
theyareu
sedagainst
snakea
ndscorpion
sting
[40]A
syrupof
the
flower
buds
isgivenin
treatmento
fdysentery
[3]Adecoctionof
2-3flo
wersw
ithsugar
cand
yisgiventwicea
dayfortosto
pbloo
dysto
olTh
eflow
erbu
dsareu
sedto
treatsore
throatcou
ghandasthma[
40]
Methano
licextracto
fthe
flower
consistso
fantio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
and
methano
licanddichloromethane
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wnantim
icrobialactiv
ityagainst
MicrococcusluteusE
coilCa
ndidaalbicans
and
Aspergillus
niger
Thefl
owersh
aves
tomachicexpectorantand
astringent
prop
ertie
s[40
]
120572-cop
aene
(Figure1(j))a
ndgerm
acrene
Dcompo
unds
[40]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Magnolia
fuscata
Sinh
alaMadana-kama
TamM
adanakam
-poo
Thisplantis
cultivatedbo
thin
the
hillcoun
tryandmid
coun
tryof
SriL
anka
Thes
eeds
andflo
werso
fthisp
lant
areu
sedfor
makingpreparations
forstre
ngtheningsexu
alvirility
[27]
Meliaazedarach
English
Beadtre
eIndian
Lilac
Sinh
alaMahanim
baTamilMalaivenb
u
Apaste
offlo
wersisa
ppliedon
theh
eadto
destroylicea
ndfore
ruptions
ofthes
calpTh
eflo
wersa
ndleaves
area
ppliedas
apou
ltice
torelieve
nervou
sheadaches
Theo
ilof
thefl
ower
contains
sulphu
rand
inorganicc
ombinatio
nandisuseful
fora
llcutaneou
sailm
entsandrheumatism
The
flowersa
realso
used
totre
atceph
alalgia
gastropathyverm
inosis
strangury
dysm
enorrhoeaa
ndfever
Accordingto
thes
tudiesthe
methano
licextracto
fMazedarach
flowersa
lsoshow
spotentantibacteria
lactiv
ity
Thefl
owersh
avea
stringentrefrig
erantanod
yne
stomachicverm
ifugediuretic
abo
rtifa
cient
deob
struentand
alexipharm
icactiv
ities
[41]
Nelumbo
nucifera
English
Chinese
water
lilySacred
lotus
Sinh
alaNelu
mTamilAmbal
Com
mon
inthetanks
ofdryzone
ofSri
Lank
a
Thes
tamenso
fthe
flowersa
reused
bleeding
pilesa
nddebilityandweakn
essinchild
ren
Thefl
owersw
ithstam
ensa
ndJuiceo
fflow
erstalkareu
sedford
iarrho
eacho
lerafevers
liver
complaintsandas
acardiac
tonic
Thefl
ower
ismadeintosyrupandgivenfor
coug
hsdysentery
andto
checkhaem
orrhages
from
bleeding
pilesTh
egroun
dpetalsare
administered
forsyphilis
inMalayaTh
emilk
yjuiceo
fthe
leaves
andflo
wer
stalkisgivenfor
diarrhoeaIn
Chinaa
ndMalayathe
dried
petalsandsta
men
ofthep
inkflo
wer
varie
tyare
used
asac
osmeticto
improvethe
complexion
Also
the
flowersa
reused
ascoolingand
astringent
agents
Thefl
ower
beveragesa
reused
totre
atcancerw
eakn
essa
ndbo
dyheat
balanceStam
ensa
reused
totre
atconsolidationof
kidn
eyfunctio
naphrod
isiac
males
exuald
isordersa
ndfemaleleucorrhea
Poun
dedpetalsof
thefl
owersa
reused
for
syph
ilisFlow
ersta
lkareu
sedto
treatuterine
bleeding
andflo
wer
receptaclestosto
pbleeding
andto
elim
inates
tagn
ated
bloo
dFlow
ersa
ndrhizom
esared
emulcent
astringentm
ildsedativ
espasmolytic
antiseptic
usedin
infusio
ninternallyfor
chronicd
iarrheaas
adou
chefor
leucorrhea
andvaginitis
asag
arglefor
sore
throatalso
giveninternallyforp
rosta
teprob
lems[42]
Thefl
ower
stalksa
reused
totre
atexcessive
menstr
uatio
nbleeding
gastr
iculcersand
postp
artum
haem
orrhageTh
elotus
honeyis
used
inthetreatmento
feye
infections
[43]
Flow
ersd
emon
strateh
ypoglycemicantipyretic
antid
iabetic
antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityantim
icrobialactiv
ityvasod
ilatin
geffects
antih
ypertensivea
ndantia
rrhythmicabilitie
sFlow
ersa
reric
hin
aldo
seredu
ctaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ityantiplateletactivity
andaphrod
isiac
activ
itytoo[41]
Nornu
ciferin
eN-m
ethylasim
ilobine
N-m
ethylco
claurin
eiso
quercitrin
(hirsutrin
)dehydroemerineliriodenine
quercetin
dehydronu
ciferin
elirinidinedemethylcoclaurine
asim
ilobineluteolin
glucoside
andlin
aloo
l[44
]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
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Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
Table1Medicinallyim
portanth
erbalfl
owersinSriL
anka
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
AbutilonindicumAbutilon
asiaticum
English
Cou
ntry
mallow
Sinh
alaAno
daTamilPerunu
tti
Dry
coun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Localapp
licationforthe
boils
andulcers[3]
Flow
ersa
reused
toincrease
thev
olum
eof
semen
inhu
man
beings
[4]
Ithase
mollient
prop
ertie
s[4]
AcaciaArabica
Sinh
alaBa
bbula
Along
thec
oastof
Sri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
ndpo
dsareu
sedas
astringent
indiarrhoeadysenteryspermatorrhoea
leucorrhoeaa
ndprem
aturee
jaculationin
the
form
ofpo
wder
ordecoction
Thisisused
externallyforw
ashing
bleeding
ulcersandwou
ndsa
ndin
redu
cing
body
temperatureearache
andas
aton
ic[5]
Ithasa
stringent
prop
ertie
s[5]
Stearic
acid
kaem
pferol-3-glucosid
eiso
quercetin
andleucocyanidin
[6]
Adhatoda
vasica
Sinh
alaPawattaAdh
atod
aTamil
Adadod
iKattumurun
gai
Dry
coun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
reregarded
asantiseptic
insecticidalandexpectorantused
totre
atcoug
hchronicb
ronchitis
andasthma
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
foro
phthalmia[78]
Flow
ersa
regivenas
aninfusio
nto
treatfever
andused
inthetreatmento
fgon
orrhea
jaun
dicerheum
atism
andabdo
minaltumou
r[9]Th
esea
realso
used
toim
proveb
lood
circulationandhecticheatof
bloo
d[10]
Flow
ersh
aveb
roncho
dilatorsedativ
eexpectorant
antiseptic
andantispasm
odicprop
ertie
s[11]
Ethylacetateextracto
fthese
flowersp
ossesses
significantantibacteria
land
antifun
galactivity
againstm
icroorganism
slike(Ba
cteria)S
almonella
typhiEscherich
iacoliEscherich
iafaecalis
Bcereus
and(fu
ngi)Ca
ndidalunataC
andida
albicans
[12]
Vasic
ine(Figure
1(a))ab
itter
quinazolinea
lkaloidand
chem
icalcompo
unds
such
astriterpenes
(a-amyrin)
flavono
ids(astragalin
kaem
pferolquercetin)alkanes
[9]a
nd21015840-4-dihydroxychalcone-
4-glucoside
[13]
Ascle
pias
curassa
vica
English
WestInd
ian
Ipecacuanh
aSinh
alaKa
nkum
bala
Com
mon
lyfoun
din
open
wasteplaces
particularlyalon
gthe
seac
oasts
ofSri
Lank
a
Thep
owderedflo
wersa
reused
fortreating
soresa
ndwou
nds[7]
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Bauh
iniavarie
gate
Sinh
alaKo
boleela
Drie
dbu
dsof
thisplantare
used
ford
ysentery
pileswormdiarrheaa
ndtumors
Thejuice
offlo
wer
isused
totre
atdiarrhea
dysenteryandotherstomachdisorders[14]
Flow
ersa
ndflo
wer
buds
have
laxativ
epropertiesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ity[15]
Thefl
owersh
avec
hemop
reventiver
olea
gainst
712-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA
)-indu
ced
skin
carcinogenesisin
mice[14]
Thep
alew
hileflo
wersc
ontain
cynidin-3-glucoside
(Figure1(b))
malvidin-3-glucoside
(Figure1(c))
malvidin-3-diglucosidea
ndpeon
idin-3-glucosid
e(Figure1(d))and
peon
idin-3-diglucosid
eTh
ewhite
flowersc
ontain
kaem
pferol-3-galactosid
e(Figure1(g))and
kaem
pferol-3-rhamno
glucoside
[16]
Butea
frond
osamonosperm
aSinh
alaKe
la
Thefl
owersa
reuseful
inthetreatmento
fliver
disordersdiarrhealeprosyleucorrho
eagou
tandas
aton
ic[17]
Thefl
owersp
ossessantistre
ssdiureticastrin
gent
depu
rativ
eno
otropica
ctivities
andantifun
gal
activ
ityagainstH
elminthosporiu
msativ
um[17]
Triterpenesseveralflavono
ids
buteinbutinisobu
trin
coreop
sinisocoreop
sin(butin
7-glucoside)sulph
urein
mon
osperm
oside(bu
tein
3-e-D-glucosid
e)and
isomon
osperm
osidechalcones
auronesiso
butyinepalasitrin
3101584041015840 7-tr
ihydroxy
flavone
Myricylalcoho
lste
aricacid
palm
itica
cidarachidica
cid
ligno
ceric
acidglucosefructose
histidineasparticacidalanine
andph
enylalanine[18]
Boerhaaviadiffu
saSinh
alaPitasudu
sarana
Thefl
owersa
ndseedsa
reused
ascontraceptives
inayurvedicm
edicine[19]
Flow
ersh
aved
iuretic
andanti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[19
]
Ceibapentandra
English
Silk
cotto
nSinh
alaIm
bulP
ulun
gTamilIla
vam
Karukk
anam
Very
common
plant
inthelow
coun
try
They
aren
early
always
plantedas
fencep
ots
alon
gbo
undarie
sin
SriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthe
bark
andflo
wer
isgivenforthree
days
totre
atsexu
aldiseases
like
leucorrhoeagono
rrho
eaandto
regulate
menstr
ualabn
ormalities
inwo
men
Thesea
reused
asan
astringent
andareu
sedfor
thetreatmento
fskintro
ublesspleno
megaly
andhaem
orrhoidsTh
eyareg
iven
with
seeds
ofPa
paversom
nifer
umsug
arand
milk
tocure
piles
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
possesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactivity
Thesea
lsopo
ssessa
ntioxidant
andantip
roliferative
activ
ityagainsth
uman
severalcancerc
elllines
120573-d-glucosid
eof120573
-sito
sterol
free120573
-sito
sterolhentria
contane
hentria
contanoltraceso
fessentialoilkaem
pferoland
quercetin
[20]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5Ta
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Chrysanthemum
indicum
Sinh
alaKa
puru
Thesefl
owersa
reused
totre
atsto
matitis
burningsensationsurin
arydischargesgleet
lumbagoinob
structivea
ffections
oftheb
rain
andcalculus
andto
removed
epressionsta
tes
Ithasb
eenused
inconjun
ctionwith
black
pepp
erforg
onorrhea
Flow
erheadsinfusionissaid
tobe
frequ
ently
appliedas
collyriu
min
eyea
ffectionsA
lsoadministered
forsoree
yesa
ndforthe
internal
orexternalabdo
minalinflammations
Thefl
owersa
reappliedon
thes
kinto
treat
leprosy[5]
Italso
used
asah
eat-c
learinganddetoxifying
herb
[21]
Thefl
owersh
avea
ntibacteria
lantio
xidant
andanti-inflammatoryprop
ertie
s[21]
Them
ainvolatile
oilspresentin
thefl
owersa
re266-trim
ethyl
bicycle[311]hept-2
-en-4-oland
2-(24-hexadiynylid
ene)-16-
dioxaspiro[44]non
-3-ene
germ
acrene
Da-neoclo
vene
eucalyptola-pinene
14-bis(1-m
ethylethyl)-benzene
asesqu
iphelland
rene
long
ipinanea
nd711-dimethyl-3
-methylene-1610
-dod
ecatrie
ne
Flavon
oids
area
lsopresentie
quercitrinm
yricetin
luteolin-7-glucosid
eVitexinand
apigenin
arethe
leastabu
ndant
flavono
idsinthep
lant
[22]
New
sesquiterpenoids
identifi
edare
7-epi-e
udesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-
11205733120573-diol(Figure
1(h))a
nd7-epi-
1120573-hydroxy-120573-eud
esmol
(Figure1(i))inthee
thanolic
extracto
fthe
flower
[21]
Cochlospermum
gossy
pium
English
Goldensilkcotto
nSinh
alaKinihiriy
a
Thep
owderedflo
wer
isgivento
child
renin
emptysto
machto
improveimmun
ityand
mem
orypo
wer
inchild
ren
Thefl
owersc
onsis
tofstim
ulantp
roperties[23]
Cymbopogonjwarancusa
English
Lem
ongrass
Sinh
alaSera
Thep
asteof
root
andflo
wer
buds
iseffectiv
ein
dissolving
theh
ardinflammations
inthe
internalorgansO
ilof
thefl
ower
budisag
ood
embrocation
also
useful
inmou
thgarglesto
strengthentheg
umsAlso
effectiv
easa
digestiveton
icandto
stopdiarrhoea[
24]
Eclipta
prostra
taEn
glish
False
daisy
Sinh
alaKikirin
diTamilKa
ikeshi
Adecoctionof
thefl
ower
tops
andleaves
isgivenforh
epatitis[25]
Flow
ersa
reused
forthe
treatmento
furin
ary
prob
lemsjaun
diceasthm
aand
coug
hs[26]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstPvulgarisSaureus
andSsaprophyticus
[26]
Hibiscus
rose-sinensis
English
Sho
eflow
erSinh
ala
Wadam
alSapaththu
mal
TamilAratta
m
Thesea
recommon
lycultivatedin
the
gardensItgrow
swell
anyw
here
from
the
seac
oastto
theh
illcoun
tryandin
the
dryzone
inSriL
anka
Shoe
flowersa
reused
asan
expectorantfor
bron
chitisparalysisdysmenorrhea
andcoug
hFlow
ersa
reeatenwith
papaya
seedstocause
abortio
nTh
esho
eflow
erleaves
andyoun
gflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
apou
ltice
onbo
ilsand
swellin
gs
Thefl
owersp
ossessanti-spermatogenicand
rogenic
anti-tumou
ranti-diabeticandantic
onvulsa
ntactiv
ities
Smallamou
ntof
hibiscetin
[27]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Hibiscus
tiliaceus
Sinh
alaBe
li-patta
TamilNir-paratth
i
Very
common
inthe
lowcoun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Flow
ersa
rebo
iledin
milk
totre
atearache[27]
Thes
limysapof
theb
arkbranches
andflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
amild
laxativ
eora
salubricant
inchild
birthor
labo
rpains
andrubb
edon
stomachandto
treatbron
chitisTh
eaqu
eous
extracto
fwoo
dandfre
shflo
werso
fthisp
lant
isused
asatreatmentfor
skin
diseases
[28]
Thefl
owersc
onsisto
femollient
prop
ertie
sand
anti-depressant
likea
ctivity
[27]
Them
ethano
lextractconsistso
fstigmasterolstigm
astadienoland
stigmastadienon
e[29]
Horsfield
iairy
aghedhi
Sinh
alaRu
k
Oftenfoun
din
the
low-cou
ntry
upto
1000
feetaltitud
e
Thefl
owersa
reused
totre
atdysentery
hiccou
ghandwastin
gdiseases
[27]
Impatiens
balsa
mina
English
Jew
elweed
Sinh
alaKu
udalu
Grownas
agarden
plantcom
mon
lyin
SriL
anka
Flow
ersa
reappliedforb
urnsscaldslumbago
andintercostaln
euralgia[30]
Thefl
owersa
rehaving
coolingdemulcent
andtonic
effectanti-anaphylacticandanti-hypo
tensive
prop
ertie
sTh
ealcoh
olicextracto
fflow
ersh
asantib
iotic
activ
ityagainstFructicolaandotherp
atho
genicfun
giand
bacteriaandthem
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flowers
hasa
nti-tum
ourp
romotingactiv
ityperipheraland
centralanti-n
ociceptiv
eactivity
[3132]
Itwas
foun
dthatthee
ffectsw
erer
apid
andlong
lastingandthesee
ffectsw
erem
ediatedby
the
inhibitio
nof
opioid
receptorsa
ndperip
heral
inflammatorymediatorslik
ecyclooxygenase2
[33]
Thek
amph
erolandqu
ercetin
possessesa
ntibacteria
lactiv
ityagainstP
ropionibacteriu
macnes[34]
Also
the
isolatedkamph
erolhassho
wnmushroo
mtyrosin
aseinh
ibito
ryactiv
itywhich
proves
the
fairn
essa
ctivity
ofthefl
ower
extract[32]
Flavanolkam
pherolquercetin
myricetin
[35]pheno
liccompo
undsimpatie
nolate
balsa
minolatelaw
sone
methyl
etherkaem
pferol3-rutin
oside
2-hydroxy14-naphtho
quinon
ep-coum
aricandferulic
acids
[33]
Ipom
oeaaquatic
English
Water
spinach
Sinh
alaKa
ngkong
TamilKa
laka
Very
common
inshallowwater
and
moistplaces
inthe
dryregion
ofSri
Lank
a
Theb
udisappliedto
treatrin
gworm
infections
[25]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Ixoracoccinea
Sinh
alaRa
tmal
TamilVe
dchi
Thefl
owersa
refriedin
melted
butte
rrubb
eddo
wnwith
alittlecumin
andnagakesara
and
madeintoab
olus
with
sugarc
andyTh
ispreparationisused
asar
emedyford
ysentery
[3]Also
the
flowersa
refamou
sfor
itsuseto
treatcatarrhalbronchitisdysmenorrhea
hemop
tysis
andleucorrhoeainAy
urvedic
medicine[32]
Thea
queous
flower
extractshave
also
show
nanti-diarrhoealactiv
ityagainsta
casto
roilindu
ced
diarrhoeam
odelin
ratsandalcoho
licextracth
asshow
nwou
ndhealingactiv
ityin
dead
spacew
ound
mod
elin
rats[36]Th
emethano
licextractw
asrepo
rted
topo
ssessthe
analgesic
anti-infl
ammatory
antiu
lcerfairness[37]a
ndbroad-spectrum
anti-microbialactiv
ity[38]A
ntitu
mou
ractivity
ofI
coccinea
flowersw
asstu
died
onDaltonslym
phom
a(ascitica
ndsolid
tumou
rs)a
ndEh
rlich
Ascites
Carcinom
a(EA
C)tumou
rsin
micea
nditwas
repo
rted
thatthereisa
significantantitu
mou
ractiv
ityin
thefl
ower
extracts
Also
chem
oprotective
effecto
fflow
erse
xtractsh
asshow
nas
ignificant
effecto
ncisplatin
indu
cedtoxicityin
mice[37]
Essentialoilextractedfro
mthe
flowersc
ontainstriterpenes
mon
oterpenessesquiterpenes
andan
esterTh
econ
stituentsof
triterpenes
detected
areu
rsolic
acidoleanolicandlupeolwhile
geranylacetateisdetected
asthe
major
mon
oterpeneFurther
analysisof
them
ethano
licflo
wer
extracth
asrevealed
thep
resence
ofbiochinAm
yricetin
quercetin
rutindiadzeinand
form
onon
etin
compo
unds
[37]
Ixoraparviflora
English
Toreb
tree
Sinh
alaMahar
atam
bala
TamilKa
rank
utti
Thefl
owersp
ound
edin
milk
areg
iven
inwho
opingcoug
h[3]
Laws
oniaalba
English
Henna
Sinh
alaMarith
ondii
TamilMarito
ndi
Aninfusio
nof
flowe
rsof
thisplantissaidto
beag
oodapplicationto
bruises[3]D
ecoctio
nof
thefl
owersisu
sedas
anem
menagogue
[39]
Essentialoil(002)richin
iono
nes(90
)120572
-iono
nes
(Figure1(e))and120573-io
nones
(Figure1(f))in
which120573-io
nones
predom
inated
[39]
Mesua
ferrea
English
Ironwoo
dtre
eSinh
alaNa
TamilNagacuram
Thep
asteof
flowersisa
ppliedto
bleeding
piles
andforb
urning
ofthefeetasa
paste
madew
ithbu
ttera
ndsugarAlso
theyareu
sedagainst
snakea
ndscorpion
sting
[40]A
syrupof
the
flower
buds
isgivenin
treatmento
fdysentery
[3]Adecoctionof
2-3flo
wersw
ithsugar
cand
yisgiventwicea
dayfortosto
pbloo
dysto
olTh
eflow
erbu
dsareu
sedto
treatsore
throatcou
ghandasthma[
40]
Methano
licextracto
fthe
flower
consistso
fantio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
and
methano
licanddichloromethane
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wnantim
icrobialactiv
ityagainst
MicrococcusluteusE
coilCa
ndidaalbicans
and
Aspergillus
niger
Thefl
owersh
aves
tomachicexpectorantand
astringent
prop
ertie
s[40
]
120572-cop
aene
(Figure1(j))a
ndgerm
acrene
Dcompo
unds
[40]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Magnolia
fuscata
Sinh
alaMadana-kama
TamM
adanakam
-poo
Thisplantis
cultivatedbo
thin
the
hillcoun
tryandmid
coun
tryof
SriL
anka
Thes
eeds
andflo
werso
fthisp
lant
areu
sedfor
makingpreparations
forstre
ngtheningsexu
alvirility
[27]
Meliaazedarach
English
Beadtre
eIndian
Lilac
Sinh
alaMahanim
baTamilMalaivenb
u
Apaste
offlo
wersisa
ppliedon
theh
eadto
destroylicea
ndfore
ruptions
ofthes
calpTh
eflo
wersa
ndleaves
area
ppliedas
apou
ltice
torelieve
nervou
sheadaches
Theo
ilof
thefl
ower
contains
sulphu
rand
inorganicc
ombinatio
nandisuseful
fora
llcutaneou
sailm
entsandrheumatism
The
flowersa
realso
used
totre
atceph
alalgia
gastropathyverm
inosis
strangury
dysm
enorrhoeaa
ndfever
Accordingto
thes
tudiesthe
methano
licextracto
fMazedarach
flowersa
lsoshow
spotentantibacteria
lactiv
ity
Thefl
owersh
avea
stringentrefrig
erantanod
yne
stomachicverm
ifugediuretic
abo
rtifa
cient
deob
struentand
alexipharm
icactiv
ities
[41]
Nelumbo
nucifera
English
Chinese
water
lilySacred
lotus
Sinh
alaNelu
mTamilAmbal
Com
mon
inthetanks
ofdryzone
ofSri
Lank
a
Thes
tamenso
fthe
flowersa
reused
bleeding
pilesa
nddebilityandweakn
essinchild
ren
Thefl
owersw
ithstam
ensa
ndJuiceo
fflow
erstalkareu
sedford
iarrho
eacho
lerafevers
liver
complaintsandas
acardiac
tonic
Thefl
ower
ismadeintosyrupandgivenfor
coug
hsdysentery
andto
checkhaem
orrhages
from
bleeding
pilesTh
egroun
dpetalsare
administered
forsyphilis
inMalayaTh
emilk
yjuiceo
fthe
leaves
andflo
wer
stalkisgivenfor
diarrhoeaIn
Chinaa
ndMalayathe
dried
petalsandsta
men
ofthep
inkflo
wer
varie
tyare
used
asac
osmeticto
improvethe
complexion
Also
the
flowersa
reused
ascoolingand
astringent
agents
Thefl
ower
beveragesa
reused
totre
atcancerw
eakn
essa
ndbo
dyheat
balanceStam
ensa
reused
totre
atconsolidationof
kidn
eyfunctio
naphrod
isiac
males
exuald
isordersa
ndfemaleleucorrhea
Poun
dedpetalsof
thefl
owersa
reused
for
syph
ilisFlow
ersta
lkareu
sedto
treatuterine
bleeding
andflo
wer
receptaclestosto
pbleeding
andto
elim
inates
tagn
ated
bloo
dFlow
ersa
ndrhizom
esared
emulcent
astringentm
ildsedativ
espasmolytic
antiseptic
usedin
infusio
ninternallyfor
chronicd
iarrheaas
adou
chefor
leucorrhea
andvaginitis
asag
arglefor
sore
throatalso
giveninternallyforp
rosta
teprob
lems[42]
Thefl
ower
stalksa
reused
totre
atexcessive
menstr
uatio
nbleeding
gastr
iculcersand
postp
artum
haem
orrhageTh
elotus
honeyis
used
inthetreatmento
feye
infections
[43]
Flow
ersd
emon
strateh
ypoglycemicantipyretic
antid
iabetic
antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityantim
icrobialactiv
ityvasod
ilatin
geffects
antih
ypertensivea
ndantia
rrhythmicabilitie
sFlow
ersa
reric
hin
aldo
seredu
ctaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ityantiplateletactivity
andaphrod
isiac
activ
itytoo[41]
Nornu
ciferin
eN-m
ethylasim
ilobine
N-m
ethylco
claurin
eiso
quercitrin
(hirsutrin
)dehydroemerineliriodenine
quercetin
dehydronu
ciferin
elirinidinedemethylcoclaurine
asim
ilobineluteolin
glucoside
andlin
aloo
l[44
]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
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Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Bauh
iniavarie
gate
Sinh
alaKo
boleela
Drie
dbu
dsof
thisplantare
used
ford
ysentery
pileswormdiarrheaa
ndtumors
Thejuice
offlo
wer
isused
totre
atdiarrhea
dysenteryandotherstomachdisorders[14]
Flow
ersa
ndflo
wer
buds
have
laxativ
epropertiesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ity[15]
Thefl
owersh
avec
hemop
reventiver
olea
gainst
712-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA
)-indu
ced
skin
carcinogenesisin
mice[14]
Thep
alew
hileflo
wersc
ontain
cynidin-3-glucoside
(Figure1(b))
malvidin-3-glucoside
(Figure1(c))
malvidin-3-diglucosidea
ndpeon
idin-3-glucosid
e(Figure1(d))and
peon
idin-3-diglucosid
eTh
ewhite
flowersc
ontain
kaem
pferol-3-galactosid
e(Figure1(g))and
kaem
pferol-3-rhamno
glucoside
[16]
Butea
frond
osamonosperm
aSinh
alaKe
la
Thefl
owersa
reuseful
inthetreatmento
fliver
disordersdiarrhealeprosyleucorrho
eagou
tandas
aton
ic[17]
Thefl
owersp
ossessantistre
ssdiureticastrin
gent
depu
rativ
eno
otropica
ctivities
andantifun
gal
activ
ityagainstH
elminthosporiu
msativ
um[17]
Triterpenesseveralflavono
ids
buteinbutinisobu
trin
coreop
sinisocoreop
sin(butin
7-glucoside)sulph
urein
mon
osperm
oside(bu
tein
3-e-D-glucosid
e)and
isomon
osperm
osidechalcones
auronesiso
butyinepalasitrin
3101584041015840 7-tr
ihydroxy
flavone
Myricylalcoho
lste
aricacid
palm
itica
cidarachidica
cid
ligno
ceric
acidglucosefructose
histidineasparticacidalanine
andph
enylalanine[18]
Boerhaaviadiffu
saSinh
alaPitasudu
sarana
Thefl
owersa
ndseedsa
reused
ascontraceptives
inayurvedicm
edicine[19]
Flow
ersh
aved
iuretic
andanti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[19
]
Ceibapentandra
English
Silk
cotto
nSinh
alaIm
bulP
ulun
gTamilIla
vam
Karukk
anam
Very
common
plant
inthelow
coun
try
They
aren
early
always
plantedas
fencep
ots
alon
gbo
undarie
sin
SriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthe
bark
andflo
wer
isgivenforthree
days
totre
atsexu
aldiseases
like
leucorrhoeagono
rrho
eaandto
regulate
menstr
ualabn
ormalities
inwo
men
Thesea
reused
asan
astringent
andareu
sedfor
thetreatmento
fskintro
ublesspleno
megaly
andhaem
orrhoidsTh
eyareg
iven
with
seeds
ofPa
paversom
nifer
umsug
arand
milk
tocure
piles
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
possesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactivity
Thesea
lsopo
ssessa
ntioxidant
andantip
roliferative
activ
ityagainsth
uman
severalcancerc
elllines
120573-d-glucosid
eof120573
-sito
sterol
free120573
-sito
sterolhentria
contane
hentria
contanoltraceso
fessentialoilkaem
pferoland
quercetin
[20]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5Ta
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Chrysanthemum
indicum
Sinh
alaKa
puru
Thesefl
owersa
reused
totre
atsto
matitis
burningsensationsurin
arydischargesgleet
lumbagoinob
structivea
ffections
oftheb
rain
andcalculus
andto
removed
epressionsta
tes
Ithasb
eenused
inconjun
ctionwith
black
pepp
erforg
onorrhea
Flow
erheadsinfusionissaid
tobe
frequ
ently
appliedas
collyriu
min
eyea
ffectionsA
lsoadministered
forsoree
yesa
ndforthe
internal
orexternalabdo
minalinflammations
Thefl
owersa
reappliedon
thes
kinto
treat
leprosy[5]
Italso
used
asah
eat-c
learinganddetoxifying
herb
[21]
Thefl
owersh
avea
ntibacteria
lantio
xidant
andanti-inflammatoryprop
ertie
s[21]
Them
ainvolatile
oilspresentin
thefl
owersa
re266-trim
ethyl
bicycle[311]hept-2
-en-4-oland
2-(24-hexadiynylid
ene)-16-
dioxaspiro[44]non
-3-ene
germ
acrene
Da-neoclo
vene
eucalyptola-pinene
14-bis(1-m
ethylethyl)-benzene
asesqu
iphelland
rene
long
ipinanea
nd711-dimethyl-3
-methylene-1610
-dod
ecatrie
ne
Flavon
oids
area
lsopresentie
quercitrinm
yricetin
luteolin-7-glucosid
eVitexinand
apigenin
arethe
leastabu
ndant
flavono
idsinthep
lant
[22]
New
sesquiterpenoids
identifi
edare
7-epi-e
udesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-
11205733120573-diol(Figure
1(h))a
nd7-epi-
1120573-hydroxy-120573-eud
esmol
(Figure1(i))inthee
thanolic
extracto
fthe
flower
[21]
Cochlospermum
gossy
pium
English
Goldensilkcotto
nSinh
alaKinihiriy
a
Thep
owderedflo
wer
isgivento
child
renin
emptysto
machto
improveimmun
ityand
mem
orypo
wer
inchild
ren
Thefl
owersc
onsis
tofstim
ulantp
roperties[23]
Cymbopogonjwarancusa
English
Lem
ongrass
Sinh
alaSera
Thep
asteof
root
andflo
wer
buds
iseffectiv
ein
dissolving
theh
ardinflammations
inthe
internalorgansO
ilof
thefl
ower
budisag
ood
embrocation
also
useful
inmou
thgarglesto
strengthentheg
umsAlso
effectiv
easa
digestiveton
icandto
stopdiarrhoea[
24]
Eclipta
prostra
taEn
glish
False
daisy
Sinh
alaKikirin
diTamilKa
ikeshi
Adecoctionof
thefl
ower
tops
andleaves
isgivenforh
epatitis[25]
Flow
ersa
reused
forthe
treatmento
furin
ary
prob
lemsjaun
diceasthm
aand
coug
hs[26]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstPvulgarisSaureus
andSsaprophyticus
[26]
Hibiscus
rose-sinensis
English
Sho
eflow
erSinh
ala
Wadam
alSapaththu
mal
TamilAratta
m
Thesea
recommon
lycultivatedin
the
gardensItgrow
swell
anyw
here
from
the
seac
oastto
theh
illcoun
tryandin
the
dryzone
inSriL
anka
Shoe
flowersa
reused
asan
expectorantfor
bron
chitisparalysisdysmenorrhea
andcoug
hFlow
ersa
reeatenwith
papaya
seedstocause
abortio
nTh
esho
eflow
erleaves
andyoun
gflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
apou
ltice
onbo
ilsand
swellin
gs
Thefl
owersp
ossessanti-spermatogenicand
rogenic
anti-tumou
ranti-diabeticandantic
onvulsa
ntactiv
ities
Smallamou
ntof
hibiscetin
[27]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Hibiscus
tiliaceus
Sinh
alaBe
li-patta
TamilNir-paratth
i
Very
common
inthe
lowcoun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Flow
ersa
rebo
iledin
milk
totre
atearache[27]
Thes
limysapof
theb
arkbranches
andflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
amild
laxativ
eora
salubricant
inchild
birthor
labo
rpains
andrubb
edon
stomachandto
treatbron
chitisTh
eaqu
eous
extracto
fwoo
dandfre
shflo
werso
fthisp
lant
isused
asatreatmentfor
skin
diseases
[28]
Thefl
owersc
onsisto
femollient
prop
ertie
sand
anti-depressant
likea
ctivity
[27]
Them
ethano
lextractconsistso
fstigmasterolstigm
astadienoland
stigmastadienon
e[29]
Horsfield
iairy
aghedhi
Sinh
alaRu
k
Oftenfoun
din
the
low-cou
ntry
upto
1000
feetaltitud
e
Thefl
owersa
reused
totre
atdysentery
hiccou
ghandwastin
gdiseases
[27]
Impatiens
balsa
mina
English
Jew
elweed
Sinh
alaKu
udalu
Grownas
agarden
plantcom
mon
lyin
SriL
anka
Flow
ersa
reappliedforb
urnsscaldslumbago
andintercostaln
euralgia[30]
Thefl
owersa
rehaving
coolingdemulcent
andtonic
effectanti-anaphylacticandanti-hypo
tensive
prop
ertie
sTh
ealcoh
olicextracto
fflow
ersh
asantib
iotic
activ
ityagainstFructicolaandotherp
atho
genicfun
giand
bacteriaandthem
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flowers
hasa
nti-tum
ourp
romotingactiv
ityperipheraland
centralanti-n
ociceptiv
eactivity
[3132]
Itwas
foun
dthatthee
ffectsw
erer
apid
andlong
lastingandthesee
ffectsw
erem
ediatedby
the
inhibitio
nof
opioid
receptorsa
ndperip
heral
inflammatorymediatorslik
ecyclooxygenase2
[33]
Thek
amph
erolandqu
ercetin
possessesa
ntibacteria
lactiv
ityagainstP
ropionibacteriu
macnes[34]
Also
the
isolatedkamph
erolhassho
wnmushroo
mtyrosin
aseinh
ibito
ryactiv
itywhich
proves
the
fairn
essa
ctivity
ofthefl
ower
extract[32]
Flavanolkam
pherolquercetin
myricetin
[35]pheno
liccompo
undsimpatie
nolate
balsa
minolatelaw
sone
methyl
etherkaem
pferol3-rutin
oside
2-hydroxy14-naphtho
quinon
ep-coum
aricandferulic
acids
[33]
Ipom
oeaaquatic
English
Water
spinach
Sinh
alaKa
ngkong
TamilKa
laka
Very
common
inshallowwater
and
moistplaces
inthe
dryregion
ofSri
Lank
a
Theb
udisappliedto
treatrin
gworm
infections
[25]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Ixoracoccinea
Sinh
alaRa
tmal
TamilVe
dchi
Thefl
owersa
refriedin
melted
butte
rrubb
eddo
wnwith
alittlecumin
andnagakesara
and
madeintoab
olus
with
sugarc
andyTh
ispreparationisused
asar
emedyford
ysentery
[3]Also
the
flowersa
refamou
sfor
itsuseto
treatcatarrhalbronchitisdysmenorrhea
hemop
tysis
andleucorrhoeainAy
urvedic
medicine[32]
Thea
queous
flower
extractshave
also
show
nanti-diarrhoealactiv
ityagainsta
casto
roilindu
ced
diarrhoeam
odelin
ratsandalcoho
licextracth
asshow
nwou
ndhealingactiv
ityin
dead
spacew
ound
mod
elin
rats[36]Th
emethano
licextractw
asrepo
rted
topo
ssessthe
analgesic
anti-infl
ammatory
antiu
lcerfairness[37]a
ndbroad-spectrum
anti-microbialactiv
ity[38]A
ntitu
mou
ractivity
ofI
coccinea
flowersw
asstu
died
onDaltonslym
phom
a(ascitica
ndsolid
tumou
rs)a
ndEh
rlich
Ascites
Carcinom
a(EA
C)tumou
rsin
micea
nditwas
repo
rted
thatthereisa
significantantitu
mou
ractiv
ityin
thefl
ower
extracts
Also
chem
oprotective
effecto
fflow
erse
xtractsh
asshow
nas
ignificant
effecto
ncisplatin
indu
cedtoxicityin
mice[37]
Essentialoilextractedfro
mthe
flowersc
ontainstriterpenes
mon
oterpenessesquiterpenes
andan
esterTh
econ
stituentsof
triterpenes
detected
areu
rsolic
acidoleanolicandlupeolwhile
geranylacetateisdetected
asthe
major
mon
oterpeneFurther
analysisof
them
ethano
licflo
wer
extracth
asrevealed
thep
resence
ofbiochinAm
yricetin
quercetin
rutindiadzeinand
form
onon
etin
compo
unds
[37]
Ixoraparviflora
English
Toreb
tree
Sinh
alaMahar
atam
bala
TamilKa
rank
utti
Thefl
owersp
ound
edin
milk
areg
iven
inwho
opingcoug
h[3]
Laws
oniaalba
English
Henna
Sinh
alaMarith
ondii
TamilMarito
ndi
Aninfusio
nof
flowe
rsof
thisplantissaidto
beag
oodapplicationto
bruises[3]D
ecoctio
nof
thefl
owersisu
sedas
anem
menagogue
[39]
Essentialoil(002)richin
iono
nes(90
)120572
-iono
nes
(Figure1(e))and120573-io
nones
(Figure1(f))in
which120573-io
nones
predom
inated
[39]
Mesua
ferrea
English
Ironwoo
dtre
eSinh
alaNa
TamilNagacuram
Thep
asteof
flowersisa
ppliedto
bleeding
piles
andforb
urning
ofthefeetasa
paste
madew
ithbu
ttera
ndsugarAlso
theyareu
sedagainst
snakea
ndscorpion
sting
[40]A
syrupof
the
flower
buds
isgivenin
treatmento
fdysentery
[3]Adecoctionof
2-3flo
wersw
ithsugar
cand
yisgiventwicea
dayfortosto
pbloo
dysto
olTh
eflow
erbu
dsareu
sedto
treatsore
throatcou
ghandasthma[
40]
Methano
licextracto
fthe
flower
consistso
fantio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
and
methano
licanddichloromethane
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wnantim
icrobialactiv
ityagainst
MicrococcusluteusE
coilCa
ndidaalbicans
and
Aspergillus
niger
Thefl
owersh
aves
tomachicexpectorantand
astringent
prop
ertie
s[40
]
120572-cop
aene
(Figure1(j))a
ndgerm
acrene
Dcompo
unds
[40]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Magnolia
fuscata
Sinh
alaMadana-kama
TamM
adanakam
-poo
Thisplantis
cultivatedbo
thin
the
hillcoun
tryandmid
coun
tryof
SriL
anka
Thes
eeds
andflo
werso
fthisp
lant
areu
sedfor
makingpreparations
forstre
ngtheningsexu
alvirility
[27]
Meliaazedarach
English
Beadtre
eIndian
Lilac
Sinh
alaMahanim
baTamilMalaivenb
u
Apaste
offlo
wersisa
ppliedon
theh
eadto
destroylicea
ndfore
ruptions
ofthes
calpTh
eflo
wersa
ndleaves
area
ppliedas
apou
ltice
torelieve
nervou
sheadaches
Theo
ilof
thefl
ower
contains
sulphu
rand
inorganicc
ombinatio
nandisuseful
fora
llcutaneou
sailm
entsandrheumatism
The
flowersa
realso
used
totre
atceph
alalgia
gastropathyverm
inosis
strangury
dysm
enorrhoeaa
ndfever
Accordingto
thes
tudiesthe
methano
licextracto
fMazedarach
flowersa
lsoshow
spotentantibacteria
lactiv
ity
Thefl
owersh
avea
stringentrefrig
erantanod
yne
stomachicverm
ifugediuretic
abo
rtifa
cient
deob
struentand
alexipharm
icactiv
ities
[41]
Nelumbo
nucifera
English
Chinese
water
lilySacred
lotus
Sinh
alaNelu
mTamilAmbal
Com
mon
inthetanks
ofdryzone
ofSri
Lank
a
Thes
tamenso
fthe
flowersa
reused
bleeding
pilesa
nddebilityandweakn
essinchild
ren
Thefl
owersw
ithstam
ensa
ndJuiceo
fflow
erstalkareu
sedford
iarrho
eacho
lerafevers
liver
complaintsandas
acardiac
tonic
Thefl
ower
ismadeintosyrupandgivenfor
coug
hsdysentery
andto
checkhaem
orrhages
from
bleeding
pilesTh
egroun
dpetalsare
administered
forsyphilis
inMalayaTh
emilk
yjuiceo
fthe
leaves
andflo
wer
stalkisgivenfor
diarrhoeaIn
Chinaa
ndMalayathe
dried
petalsandsta
men
ofthep
inkflo
wer
varie
tyare
used
asac
osmeticto
improvethe
complexion
Also
the
flowersa
reused
ascoolingand
astringent
agents
Thefl
ower
beveragesa
reused
totre
atcancerw
eakn
essa
ndbo
dyheat
balanceStam
ensa
reused
totre
atconsolidationof
kidn
eyfunctio
naphrod
isiac
males
exuald
isordersa
ndfemaleleucorrhea
Poun
dedpetalsof
thefl
owersa
reused
for
syph
ilisFlow
ersta
lkareu
sedto
treatuterine
bleeding
andflo
wer
receptaclestosto
pbleeding
andto
elim
inates
tagn
ated
bloo
dFlow
ersa
ndrhizom
esared
emulcent
astringentm
ildsedativ
espasmolytic
antiseptic
usedin
infusio
ninternallyfor
chronicd
iarrheaas
adou
chefor
leucorrhea
andvaginitis
asag
arglefor
sore
throatalso
giveninternallyforp
rosta
teprob
lems[42]
Thefl
ower
stalksa
reused
totre
atexcessive
menstr
uatio
nbleeding
gastr
iculcersand
postp
artum
haem
orrhageTh
elotus
honeyis
used
inthetreatmento
feye
infections
[43]
Flow
ersd
emon
strateh
ypoglycemicantipyretic
antid
iabetic
antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityantim
icrobialactiv
ityvasod
ilatin
geffects
antih
ypertensivea
ndantia
rrhythmicabilitie
sFlow
ersa
reric
hin
aldo
seredu
ctaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ityantiplateletactivity
andaphrod
isiac
activ
itytoo[41]
Nornu
ciferin
eN-m
ethylasim
ilobine
N-m
ethylco
claurin
eiso
quercitrin
(hirsutrin
)dehydroemerineliriodenine
quercetin
dehydronu
ciferin
elirinidinedemethylcoclaurine
asim
ilobineluteolin
glucoside
andlin
aloo
l[44
]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5Ta
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Chrysanthemum
indicum
Sinh
alaKa
puru
Thesefl
owersa
reused
totre
atsto
matitis
burningsensationsurin
arydischargesgleet
lumbagoinob
structivea
ffections
oftheb
rain
andcalculus
andto
removed
epressionsta
tes
Ithasb
eenused
inconjun
ctionwith
black
pepp
erforg
onorrhea
Flow
erheadsinfusionissaid
tobe
frequ
ently
appliedas
collyriu
min
eyea
ffectionsA
lsoadministered
forsoree
yesa
ndforthe
internal
orexternalabdo
minalinflammations
Thefl
owersa
reappliedon
thes
kinto
treat
leprosy[5]
Italso
used
asah
eat-c
learinganddetoxifying
herb
[21]
Thefl
owersh
avea
ntibacteria
lantio
xidant
andanti-inflammatoryprop
ertie
s[21]
Them
ainvolatile
oilspresentin
thefl
owersa
re266-trim
ethyl
bicycle[311]hept-2
-en-4-oland
2-(24-hexadiynylid
ene)-16-
dioxaspiro[44]non
-3-ene
germ
acrene
Da-neoclo
vene
eucalyptola-pinene
14-bis(1-m
ethylethyl)-benzene
asesqu
iphelland
rene
long
ipinanea
nd711-dimethyl-3
-methylene-1610
-dod
ecatrie
ne
Flavon
oids
area
lsopresentie
quercitrinm
yricetin
luteolin-7-glucosid
eVitexinand
apigenin
arethe
leastabu
ndant
flavono
idsinthep
lant
[22]
New
sesquiterpenoids
identifi
edare
7-epi-e
udesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-
11205733120573-diol(Figure
1(h))a
nd7-epi-
1120573-hydroxy-120573-eud
esmol
(Figure1(i))inthee
thanolic
extracto
fthe
flower
[21]
Cochlospermum
gossy
pium
English
Goldensilkcotto
nSinh
alaKinihiriy
a
Thep
owderedflo
wer
isgivento
child
renin
emptysto
machto
improveimmun
ityand
mem
orypo
wer
inchild
ren
Thefl
owersc
onsis
tofstim
ulantp
roperties[23]
Cymbopogonjwarancusa
English
Lem
ongrass
Sinh
alaSera
Thep
asteof
root
andflo
wer
buds
iseffectiv
ein
dissolving
theh
ardinflammations
inthe
internalorgansO
ilof
thefl
ower
budisag
ood
embrocation
also
useful
inmou
thgarglesto
strengthentheg
umsAlso
effectiv
easa
digestiveton
icandto
stopdiarrhoea[
24]
Eclipta
prostra
taEn
glish
False
daisy
Sinh
alaKikirin
diTamilKa
ikeshi
Adecoctionof
thefl
ower
tops
andleaves
isgivenforh
epatitis[25]
Flow
ersa
reused
forthe
treatmento
furin
ary
prob
lemsjaun
diceasthm
aand
coug
hs[26]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstPvulgarisSaureus
andSsaprophyticus
[26]
Hibiscus
rose-sinensis
English
Sho
eflow
erSinh
ala
Wadam
alSapaththu
mal
TamilAratta
m
Thesea
recommon
lycultivatedin
the
gardensItgrow
swell
anyw
here
from
the
seac
oastto
theh
illcoun
tryandin
the
dryzone
inSriL
anka
Shoe
flowersa
reused
asan
expectorantfor
bron
chitisparalysisdysmenorrhea
andcoug
hFlow
ersa
reeatenwith
papaya
seedstocause
abortio
nTh
esho
eflow
erleaves
andyoun
gflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
apou
ltice
onbo
ilsand
swellin
gs
Thefl
owersp
ossessanti-spermatogenicand
rogenic
anti-tumou
ranti-diabeticandantic
onvulsa
ntactiv
ities
Smallamou
ntof
hibiscetin
[27]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Hibiscus
tiliaceus
Sinh
alaBe
li-patta
TamilNir-paratth
i
Very
common
inthe
lowcoun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Flow
ersa
rebo
iledin
milk
totre
atearache[27]
Thes
limysapof
theb
arkbranches
andflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
amild
laxativ
eora
salubricant
inchild
birthor
labo
rpains
andrubb
edon
stomachandto
treatbron
chitisTh
eaqu
eous
extracto
fwoo
dandfre
shflo
werso
fthisp
lant
isused
asatreatmentfor
skin
diseases
[28]
Thefl
owersc
onsisto
femollient
prop
ertie
sand
anti-depressant
likea
ctivity
[27]
Them
ethano
lextractconsistso
fstigmasterolstigm
astadienoland
stigmastadienon
e[29]
Horsfield
iairy
aghedhi
Sinh
alaRu
k
Oftenfoun
din
the
low-cou
ntry
upto
1000
feetaltitud
e
Thefl
owersa
reused
totre
atdysentery
hiccou
ghandwastin
gdiseases
[27]
Impatiens
balsa
mina
English
Jew
elweed
Sinh
alaKu
udalu
Grownas
agarden
plantcom
mon
lyin
SriL
anka
Flow
ersa
reappliedforb
urnsscaldslumbago
andintercostaln
euralgia[30]
Thefl
owersa
rehaving
coolingdemulcent
andtonic
effectanti-anaphylacticandanti-hypo
tensive
prop
ertie
sTh
ealcoh
olicextracto
fflow
ersh
asantib
iotic
activ
ityagainstFructicolaandotherp
atho
genicfun
giand
bacteriaandthem
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flowers
hasa
nti-tum
ourp
romotingactiv
ityperipheraland
centralanti-n
ociceptiv
eactivity
[3132]
Itwas
foun
dthatthee
ffectsw
erer
apid
andlong
lastingandthesee
ffectsw
erem
ediatedby
the
inhibitio
nof
opioid
receptorsa
ndperip
heral
inflammatorymediatorslik
ecyclooxygenase2
[33]
Thek
amph
erolandqu
ercetin
possessesa
ntibacteria
lactiv
ityagainstP
ropionibacteriu
macnes[34]
Also
the
isolatedkamph
erolhassho
wnmushroo
mtyrosin
aseinh
ibito
ryactiv
itywhich
proves
the
fairn
essa
ctivity
ofthefl
ower
extract[32]
Flavanolkam
pherolquercetin
myricetin
[35]pheno
liccompo
undsimpatie
nolate
balsa
minolatelaw
sone
methyl
etherkaem
pferol3-rutin
oside
2-hydroxy14-naphtho
quinon
ep-coum
aricandferulic
acids
[33]
Ipom
oeaaquatic
English
Water
spinach
Sinh
alaKa
ngkong
TamilKa
laka
Very
common
inshallowwater
and
moistplaces
inthe
dryregion
ofSri
Lank
a
Theb
udisappliedto
treatrin
gworm
infections
[25]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Ixoracoccinea
Sinh
alaRa
tmal
TamilVe
dchi
Thefl
owersa
refriedin
melted
butte
rrubb
eddo
wnwith
alittlecumin
andnagakesara
and
madeintoab
olus
with
sugarc
andyTh
ispreparationisused
asar
emedyford
ysentery
[3]Also
the
flowersa
refamou
sfor
itsuseto
treatcatarrhalbronchitisdysmenorrhea
hemop
tysis
andleucorrhoeainAy
urvedic
medicine[32]
Thea
queous
flower
extractshave
also
show
nanti-diarrhoealactiv
ityagainsta
casto
roilindu
ced
diarrhoeam
odelin
ratsandalcoho
licextracth
asshow
nwou
ndhealingactiv
ityin
dead
spacew
ound
mod
elin
rats[36]Th
emethano
licextractw
asrepo
rted
topo
ssessthe
analgesic
anti-infl
ammatory
antiu
lcerfairness[37]a
ndbroad-spectrum
anti-microbialactiv
ity[38]A
ntitu
mou
ractivity
ofI
coccinea
flowersw
asstu
died
onDaltonslym
phom
a(ascitica
ndsolid
tumou
rs)a
ndEh
rlich
Ascites
Carcinom
a(EA
C)tumou
rsin
micea
nditwas
repo
rted
thatthereisa
significantantitu
mou
ractiv
ityin
thefl
ower
extracts
Also
chem
oprotective
effecto
fflow
erse
xtractsh
asshow
nas
ignificant
effecto
ncisplatin
indu
cedtoxicityin
mice[37]
Essentialoilextractedfro
mthe
flowersc
ontainstriterpenes
mon
oterpenessesquiterpenes
andan
esterTh
econ
stituentsof
triterpenes
detected
areu
rsolic
acidoleanolicandlupeolwhile
geranylacetateisdetected
asthe
major
mon
oterpeneFurther
analysisof
them
ethano
licflo
wer
extracth
asrevealed
thep
resence
ofbiochinAm
yricetin
quercetin
rutindiadzeinand
form
onon
etin
compo
unds
[37]
Ixoraparviflora
English
Toreb
tree
Sinh
alaMahar
atam
bala
TamilKa
rank
utti
Thefl
owersp
ound
edin
milk
areg
iven
inwho
opingcoug
h[3]
Laws
oniaalba
English
Henna
Sinh
alaMarith
ondii
TamilMarito
ndi
Aninfusio
nof
flowe
rsof
thisplantissaidto
beag
oodapplicationto
bruises[3]D
ecoctio
nof
thefl
owersisu
sedas
anem
menagogue
[39]
Essentialoil(002)richin
iono
nes(90
)120572
-iono
nes
(Figure1(e))and120573-io
nones
(Figure1(f))in
which120573-io
nones
predom
inated
[39]
Mesua
ferrea
English
Ironwoo
dtre
eSinh
alaNa
TamilNagacuram
Thep
asteof
flowersisa
ppliedto
bleeding
piles
andforb
urning
ofthefeetasa
paste
madew
ithbu
ttera
ndsugarAlso
theyareu
sedagainst
snakea
ndscorpion
sting
[40]A
syrupof
the
flower
buds
isgivenin
treatmento
fdysentery
[3]Adecoctionof
2-3flo
wersw
ithsugar
cand
yisgiventwicea
dayfortosto
pbloo
dysto
olTh
eflow
erbu
dsareu
sedto
treatsore
throatcou
ghandasthma[
40]
Methano
licextracto
fthe
flower
consistso
fantio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
and
methano
licanddichloromethane
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wnantim
icrobialactiv
ityagainst
MicrococcusluteusE
coilCa
ndidaalbicans
and
Aspergillus
niger
Thefl
owersh
aves
tomachicexpectorantand
astringent
prop
ertie
s[40
]
120572-cop
aene
(Figure1(j))a
ndgerm
acrene
Dcompo
unds
[40]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Magnolia
fuscata
Sinh
alaMadana-kama
TamM
adanakam
-poo
Thisplantis
cultivatedbo
thin
the
hillcoun
tryandmid
coun
tryof
SriL
anka
Thes
eeds
andflo
werso
fthisp
lant
areu
sedfor
makingpreparations
forstre
ngtheningsexu
alvirility
[27]
Meliaazedarach
English
Beadtre
eIndian
Lilac
Sinh
alaMahanim
baTamilMalaivenb
u
Apaste
offlo
wersisa
ppliedon
theh
eadto
destroylicea
ndfore
ruptions
ofthes
calpTh
eflo
wersa
ndleaves
area
ppliedas
apou
ltice
torelieve
nervou
sheadaches
Theo
ilof
thefl
ower
contains
sulphu
rand
inorganicc
ombinatio
nandisuseful
fora
llcutaneou
sailm
entsandrheumatism
The
flowersa
realso
used
totre
atceph
alalgia
gastropathyverm
inosis
strangury
dysm
enorrhoeaa
ndfever
Accordingto
thes
tudiesthe
methano
licextracto
fMazedarach
flowersa
lsoshow
spotentantibacteria
lactiv
ity
Thefl
owersh
avea
stringentrefrig
erantanod
yne
stomachicverm
ifugediuretic
abo
rtifa
cient
deob
struentand
alexipharm
icactiv
ities
[41]
Nelumbo
nucifera
English
Chinese
water
lilySacred
lotus
Sinh
alaNelu
mTamilAmbal
Com
mon
inthetanks
ofdryzone
ofSri
Lank
a
Thes
tamenso
fthe
flowersa
reused
bleeding
pilesa
nddebilityandweakn
essinchild
ren
Thefl
owersw
ithstam
ensa
ndJuiceo
fflow
erstalkareu
sedford
iarrho
eacho
lerafevers
liver
complaintsandas
acardiac
tonic
Thefl
ower
ismadeintosyrupandgivenfor
coug
hsdysentery
andto
checkhaem
orrhages
from
bleeding
pilesTh
egroun
dpetalsare
administered
forsyphilis
inMalayaTh
emilk
yjuiceo
fthe
leaves
andflo
wer
stalkisgivenfor
diarrhoeaIn
Chinaa
ndMalayathe
dried
petalsandsta
men
ofthep
inkflo
wer
varie
tyare
used
asac
osmeticto
improvethe
complexion
Also
the
flowersa
reused
ascoolingand
astringent
agents
Thefl
ower
beveragesa
reused
totre
atcancerw
eakn
essa
ndbo
dyheat
balanceStam
ensa
reused
totre
atconsolidationof
kidn
eyfunctio
naphrod
isiac
males
exuald
isordersa
ndfemaleleucorrhea
Poun
dedpetalsof
thefl
owersa
reused
for
syph
ilisFlow
ersta
lkareu
sedto
treatuterine
bleeding
andflo
wer
receptaclestosto
pbleeding
andto
elim
inates
tagn
ated
bloo
dFlow
ersa
ndrhizom
esared
emulcent
astringentm
ildsedativ
espasmolytic
antiseptic
usedin
infusio
ninternallyfor
chronicd
iarrheaas
adou
chefor
leucorrhea
andvaginitis
asag
arglefor
sore
throatalso
giveninternallyforp
rosta
teprob
lems[42]
Thefl
ower
stalksa
reused
totre
atexcessive
menstr
uatio
nbleeding
gastr
iculcersand
postp
artum
haem
orrhageTh
elotus
honeyis
used
inthetreatmento
feye
infections
[43]
Flow
ersd
emon
strateh
ypoglycemicantipyretic
antid
iabetic
antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityantim
icrobialactiv
ityvasod
ilatin
geffects
antih
ypertensivea
ndantia
rrhythmicabilitie
sFlow
ersa
reric
hin
aldo
seredu
ctaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ityantiplateletactivity
andaphrod
isiac
activ
itytoo[41]
Nornu
ciferin
eN-m
ethylasim
ilobine
N-m
ethylco
claurin
eiso
quercitrin
(hirsutrin
)dehydroemerineliriodenine
quercetin
dehydronu
ciferin
elirinidinedemethylcoclaurine
asim
ilobineluteolin
glucoside
andlin
aloo
l[44
]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
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Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Hibiscus
tiliaceus
Sinh
alaBe
li-patta
TamilNir-paratth
i
Very
common
inthe
lowcoun
tryof
Sri
Lank
a
Flow
ersa
rebo
iledin
milk
totre
atearache[27]
Thes
limysapof
theb
arkbranches
andflo
wer
buds
areu
sedas
amild
laxativ
eora
salubricant
inchild
birthor
labo
rpains
andrubb
edon
stomachandto
treatbron
chitisTh
eaqu
eous
extracto
fwoo
dandfre
shflo
werso
fthisp
lant
isused
asatreatmentfor
skin
diseases
[28]
Thefl
owersc
onsisto
femollient
prop
ertie
sand
anti-depressant
likea
ctivity
[27]
Them
ethano
lextractconsistso
fstigmasterolstigm
astadienoland
stigmastadienon
e[29]
Horsfield
iairy
aghedhi
Sinh
alaRu
k
Oftenfoun
din
the
low-cou
ntry
upto
1000
feetaltitud
e
Thefl
owersa
reused
totre
atdysentery
hiccou
ghandwastin
gdiseases
[27]
Impatiens
balsa
mina
English
Jew
elweed
Sinh
alaKu
udalu
Grownas
agarden
plantcom
mon
lyin
SriL
anka
Flow
ersa
reappliedforb
urnsscaldslumbago
andintercostaln
euralgia[30]
Thefl
owersa
rehaving
coolingdemulcent
andtonic
effectanti-anaphylacticandanti-hypo
tensive
prop
ertie
sTh
ealcoh
olicextracto
fflow
ersh
asantib
iotic
activ
ityagainstFructicolaandotherp
atho
genicfun
giand
bacteriaandthem
ethano
licextracto
fthe
flowers
hasa
nti-tum
ourp
romotingactiv
ityperipheraland
centralanti-n
ociceptiv
eactivity
[3132]
Itwas
foun
dthatthee
ffectsw
erer
apid
andlong
lastingandthesee
ffectsw
erem
ediatedby
the
inhibitio
nof
opioid
receptorsa
ndperip
heral
inflammatorymediatorslik
ecyclooxygenase2
[33]
Thek
amph
erolandqu
ercetin
possessesa
ntibacteria
lactiv
ityagainstP
ropionibacteriu
macnes[34]
Also
the
isolatedkamph
erolhassho
wnmushroo
mtyrosin
aseinh
ibito
ryactiv
itywhich
proves
the
fairn
essa
ctivity
ofthefl
ower
extract[32]
Flavanolkam
pherolquercetin
myricetin
[35]pheno
liccompo
undsimpatie
nolate
balsa
minolatelaw
sone
methyl
etherkaem
pferol3-rutin
oside
2-hydroxy14-naphtho
quinon
ep-coum
aricandferulic
acids
[33]
Ipom
oeaaquatic
English
Water
spinach
Sinh
alaKa
ngkong
TamilKa
laka
Very
common
inshallowwater
and
moistplaces
inthe
dryregion
ofSri
Lank
a
Theb
udisappliedto
treatrin
gworm
infections
[25]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Ixoracoccinea
Sinh
alaRa
tmal
TamilVe
dchi
Thefl
owersa
refriedin
melted
butte
rrubb
eddo
wnwith
alittlecumin
andnagakesara
and
madeintoab
olus
with
sugarc
andyTh
ispreparationisused
asar
emedyford
ysentery
[3]Also
the
flowersa
refamou
sfor
itsuseto
treatcatarrhalbronchitisdysmenorrhea
hemop
tysis
andleucorrhoeainAy
urvedic
medicine[32]
Thea
queous
flower
extractshave
also
show
nanti-diarrhoealactiv
ityagainsta
casto
roilindu
ced
diarrhoeam
odelin
ratsandalcoho
licextracth
asshow
nwou
ndhealingactiv
ityin
dead
spacew
ound
mod
elin
rats[36]Th
emethano
licextractw
asrepo
rted
topo
ssessthe
analgesic
anti-infl
ammatory
antiu
lcerfairness[37]a
ndbroad-spectrum
anti-microbialactiv
ity[38]A
ntitu
mou
ractivity
ofI
coccinea
flowersw
asstu
died
onDaltonslym
phom
a(ascitica
ndsolid
tumou
rs)a
ndEh
rlich
Ascites
Carcinom
a(EA
C)tumou
rsin
micea
nditwas
repo
rted
thatthereisa
significantantitu
mou
ractiv
ityin
thefl
ower
extracts
Also
chem
oprotective
effecto
fflow
erse
xtractsh
asshow
nas
ignificant
effecto
ncisplatin
indu
cedtoxicityin
mice[37]
Essentialoilextractedfro
mthe
flowersc
ontainstriterpenes
mon
oterpenessesquiterpenes
andan
esterTh
econ
stituentsof
triterpenes
detected
areu
rsolic
acidoleanolicandlupeolwhile
geranylacetateisdetected
asthe
major
mon
oterpeneFurther
analysisof
them
ethano
licflo
wer
extracth
asrevealed
thep
resence
ofbiochinAm
yricetin
quercetin
rutindiadzeinand
form
onon
etin
compo
unds
[37]
Ixoraparviflora
English
Toreb
tree
Sinh
alaMahar
atam
bala
TamilKa
rank
utti
Thefl
owersp
ound
edin
milk
areg
iven
inwho
opingcoug
h[3]
Laws
oniaalba
English
Henna
Sinh
alaMarith
ondii
TamilMarito
ndi
Aninfusio
nof
flowe
rsof
thisplantissaidto
beag
oodapplicationto
bruises[3]D
ecoctio
nof
thefl
owersisu
sedas
anem
menagogue
[39]
Essentialoil(002)richin
iono
nes(90
)120572
-iono
nes
(Figure1(e))and120573-io
nones
(Figure1(f))in
which120573-io
nones
predom
inated
[39]
Mesua
ferrea
English
Ironwoo
dtre
eSinh
alaNa
TamilNagacuram
Thep
asteof
flowersisa
ppliedto
bleeding
piles
andforb
urning
ofthefeetasa
paste
madew
ithbu
ttera
ndsugarAlso
theyareu
sedagainst
snakea
ndscorpion
sting
[40]A
syrupof
the
flower
buds
isgivenin
treatmento
fdysentery
[3]Adecoctionof
2-3flo
wersw
ithsugar
cand
yisgiventwicea
dayfortosto
pbloo
dysto
olTh
eflow
erbu
dsareu
sedto
treatsore
throatcou
ghandasthma[
40]
Methano
licextracto
fthe
flower
consistso
fantio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
and
methano
licanddichloromethane
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wnantim
icrobialactiv
ityagainst
MicrococcusluteusE
coilCa
ndidaalbicans
and
Aspergillus
niger
Thefl
owersh
aves
tomachicexpectorantand
astringent
prop
ertie
s[40
]
120572-cop
aene
(Figure1(j))a
ndgerm
acrene
Dcompo
unds
[40]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Magnolia
fuscata
Sinh
alaMadana-kama
TamM
adanakam
-poo
Thisplantis
cultivatedbo
thin
the
hillcoun
tryandmid
coun
tryof
SriL
anka
Thes
eeds
andflo
werso
fthisp
lant
areu
sedfor
makingpreparations
forstre
ngtheningsexu
alvirility
[27]
Meliaazedarach
English
Beadtre
eIndian
Lilac
Sinh
alaMahanim
baTamilMalaivenb
u
Apaste
offlo
wersisa
ppliedon
theh
eadto
destroylicea
ndfore
ruptions
ofthes
calpTh
eflo
wersa
ndleaves
area
ppliedas
apou
ltice
torelieve
nervou
sheadaches
Theo
ilof
thefl
ower
contains
sulphu
rand
inorganicc
ombinatio
nandisuseful
fora
llcutaneou
sailm
entsandrheumatism
The
flowersa
realso
used
totre
atceph
alalgia
gastropathyverm
inosis
strangury
dysm
enorrhoeaa
ndfever
Accordingto
thes
tudiesthe
methano
licextracto
fMazedarach
flowersa
lsoshow
spotentantibacteria
lactiv
ity
Thefl
owersh
avea
stringentrefrig
erantanod
yne
stomachicverm
ifugediuretic
abo
rtifa
cient
deob
struentand
alexipharm
icactiv
ities
[41]
Nelumbo
nucifera
English
Chinese
water
lilySacred
lotus
Sinh
alaNelu
mTamilAmbal
Com
mon
inthetanks
ofdryzone
ofSri
Lank
a
Thes
tamenso
fthe
flowersa
reused
bleeding
pilesa
nddebilityandweakn
essinchild
ren
Thefl
owersw
ithstam
ensa
ndJuiceo
fflow
erstalkareu
sedford
iarrho
eacho
lerafevers
liver
complaintsandas
acardiac
tonic
Thefl
ower
ismadeintosyrupandgivenfor
coug
hsdysentery
andto
checkhaem
orrhages
from
bleeding
pilesTh
egroun
dpetalsare
administered
forsyphilis
inMalayaTh
emilk
yjuiceo
fthe
leaves
andflo
wer
stalkisgivenfor
diarrhoeaIn
Chinaa
ndMalayathe
dried
petalsandsta
men
ofthep
inkflo
wer
varie
tyare
used
asac
osmeticto
improvethe
complexion
Also
the
flowersa
reused
ascoolingand
astringent
agents
Thefl
ower
beveragesa
reused
totre
atcancerw
eakn
essa
ndbo
dyheat
balanceStam
ensa
reused
totre
atconsolidationof
kidn
eyfunctio
naphrod
isiac
males
exuald
isordersa
ndfemaleleucorrhea
Poun
dedpetalsof
thefl
owersa
reused
for
syph
ilisFlow
ersta
lkareu
sedto
treatuterine
bleeding
andflo
wer
receptaclestosto
pbleeding
andto
elim
inates
tagn
ated
bloo
dFlow
ersa
ndrhizom
esared
emulcent
astringentm
ildsedativ
espasmolytic
antiseptic
usedin
infusio
ninternallyfor
chronicd
iarrheaas
adou
chefor
leucorrhea
andvaginitis
asag
arglefor
sore
throatalso
giveninternallyforp
rosta
teprob
lems[42]
Thefl
ower
stalksa
reused
totre
atexcessive
menstr
uatio
nbleeding
gastr
iculcersand
postp
artum
haem
orrhageTh
elotus
honeyis
used
inthetreatmento
feye
infections
[43]
Flow
ersd
emon
strateh
ypoglycemicantipyretic
antid
iabetic
antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityantim
icrobialactiv
ityvasod
ilatin
geffects
antih
ypertensivea
ndantia
rrhythmicabilitie
sFlow
ersa
reric
hin
aldo
seredu
ctaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ityantiplateletactivity
andaphrod
isiac
activ
itytoo[41]
Nornu
ciferin
eN-m
ethylasim
ilobine
N-m
ethylco
claurin
eiso
quercitrin
(hirsutrin
)dehydroemerineliriodenine
quercetin
dehydronu
ciferin
elirinidinedemethylcoclaurine
asim
ilobineluteolin
glucoside
andlin
aloo
l[44
]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Disease Markers
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Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Ixoracoccinea
Sinh
alaRa
tmal
TamilVe
dchi
Thefl
owersa
refriedin
melted
butte
rrubb
eddo
wnwith
alittlecumin
andnagakesara
and
madeintoab
olus
with
sugarc
andyTh
ispreparationisused
asar
emedyford
ysentery
[3]Also
the
flowersa
refamou
sfor
itsuseto
treatcatarrhalbronchitisdysmenorrhea
hemop
tysis
andleucorrhoeainAy
urvedic
medicine[32]
Thea
queous
flower
extractshave
also
show
nanti-diarrhoealactiv
ityagainsta
casto
roilindu
ced
diarrhoeam
odelin
ratsandalcoho
licextracth
asshow
nwou
ndhealingactiv
ityin
dead
spacew
ound
mod
elin
rats[36]Th
emethano
licextractw
asrepo
rted
topo
ssessthe
analgesic
anti-infl
ammatory
antiu
lcerfairness[37]a
ndbroad-spectrum
anti-microbialactiv
ity[38]A
ntitu
mou
ractivity
ofI
coccinea
flowersw
asstu
died
onDaltonslym
phom
a(ascitica
ndsolid
tumou
rs)a
ndEh
rlich
Ascites
Carcinom
a(EA
C)tumou
rsin
micea
nditwas
repo
rted
thatthereisa
significantantitu
mou
ractiv
ityin
thefl
ower
extracts
Also
chem
oprotective
effecto
fflow
erse
xtractsh
asshow
nas
ignificant
effecto
ncisplatin
indu
cedtoxicityin
mice[37]
Essentialoilextractedfro
mthe
flowersc
ontainstriterpenes
mon
oterpenessesquiterpenes
andan
esterTh
econ
stituentsof
triterpenes
detected
areu
rsolic
acidoleanolicandlupeolwhile
geranylacetateisdetected
asthe
major
mon
oterpeneFurther
analysisof
them
ethano
licflo
wer
extracth
asrevealed
thep
resence
ofbiochinAm
yricetin
quercetin
rutindiadzeinand
form
onon
etin
compo
unds
[37]
Ixoraparviflora
English
Toreb
tree
Sinh
alaMahar
atam
bala
TamilKa
rank
utti
Thefl
owersp
ound
edin
milk
areg
iven
inwho
opingcoug
h[3]
Laws
oniaalba
English
Henna
Sinh
alaMarith
ondii
TamilMarito
ndi
Aninfusio
nof
flowe
rsof
thisplantissaidto
beag
oodapplicationto
bruises[3]D
ecoctio
nof
thefl
owersisu
sedas
anem
menagogue
[39]
Essentialoil(002)richin
iono
nes(90
)120572
-iono
nes
(Figure1(e))and120573-io
nones
(Figure1(f))in
which120573-io
nones
predom
inated
[39]
Mesua
ferrea
English
Ironwoo
dtre
eSinh
alaNa
TamilNagacuram
Thep
asteof
flowersisa
ppliedto
bleeding
piles
andforb
urning
ofthefeetasa
paste
madew
ithbu
ttera
ndsugarAlso
theyareu
sedagainst
snakea
ndscorpion
sting
[40]A
syrupof
the
flower
buds
isgivenin
treatmento
fdysentery
[3]Adecoctionof
2-3flo
wersw
ithsugar
cand
yisgiventwicea
dayfortosto
pbloo
dysto
olTh
eflow
erbu
dsareu
sedto
treatsore
throatcou
ghandasthma[
40]
Methano
licextracto
fthe
flower
consistso
fantio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
and
methano
licanddichloromethane
extracto
fthe
flower
hassho
wnantim
icrobialactiv
ityagainst
MicrococcusluteusE
coilCa
ndidaalbicans
and
Aspergillus
niger
Thefl
owersh
aves
tomachicexpectorantand
astringent
prop
ertie
s[40
]
120572-cop
aene
(Figure1(j))a
ndgerm
acrene
Dcompo
unds
[40]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Magnolia
fuscata
Sinh
alaMadana-kama
TamM
adanakam
-poo
Thisplantis
cultivatedbo
thin
the
hillcoun
tryandmid
coun
tryof
SriL
anka
Thes
eeds
andflo
werso
fthisp
lant
areu
sedfor
makingpreparations
forstre
ngtheningsexu
alvirility
[27]
Meliaazedarach
English
Beadtre
eIndian
Lilac
Sinh
alaMahanim
baTamilMalaivenb
u
Apaste
offlo
wersisa
ppliedon
theh
eadto
destroylicea
ndfore
ruptions
ofthes
calpTh
eflo
wersa
ndleaves
area
ppliedas
apou
ltice
torelieve
nervou
sheadaches
Theo
ilof
thefl
ower
contains
sulphu
rand
inorganicc
ombinatio
nandisuseful
fora
llcutaneou
sailm
entsandrheumatism
The
flowersa
realso
used
totre
atceph
alalgia
gastropathyverm
inosis
strangury
dysm
enorrhoeaa
ndfever
Accordingto
thes
tudiesthe
methano
licextracto
fMazedarach
flowersa
lsoshow
spotentantibacteria
lactiv
ity
Thefl
owersh
avea
stringentrefrig
erantanod
yne
stomachicverm
ifugediuretic
abo
rtifa
cient
deob
struentand
alexipharm
icactiv
ities
[41]
Nelumbo
nucifera
English
Chinese
water
lilySacred
lotus
Sinh
alaNelu
mTamilAmbal
Com
mon
inthetanks
ofdryzone
ofSri
Lank
a
Thes
tamenso
fthe
flowersa
reused
bleeding
pilesa
nddebilityandweakn
essinchild
ren
Thefl
owersw
ithstam
ensa
ndJuiceo
fflow
erstalkareu
sedford
iarrho
eacho
lerafevers
liver
complaintsandas
acardiac
tonic
Thefl
ower
ismadeintosyrupandgivenfor
coug
hsdysentery
andto
checkhaem
orrhages
from
bleeding
pilesTh
egroun
dpetalsare
administered
forsyphilis
inMalayaTh
emilk
yjuiceo
fthe
leaves
andflo
wer
stalkisgivenfor
diarrhoeaIn
Chinaa
ndMalayathe
dried
petalsandsta
men
ofthep
inkflo
wer
varie
tyare
used
asac
osmeticto
improvethe
complexion
Also
the
flowersa
reused
ascoolingand
astringent
agents
Thefl
ower
beveragesa
reused
totre
atcancerw
eakn
essa
ndbo
dyheat
balanceStam
ensa
reused
totre
atconsolidationof
kidn
eyfunctio
naphrod
isiac
males
exuald
isordersa
ndfemaleleucorrhea
Poun
dedpetalsof
thefl
owersa
reused
for
syph
ilisFlow
ersta
lkareu
sedto
treatuterine
bleeding
andflo
wer
receptaclestosto
pbleeding
andto
elim
inates
tagn
ated
bloo
dFlow
ersa
ndrhizom
esared
emulcent
astringentm
ildsedativ
espasmolytic
antiseptic
usedin
infusio
ninternallyfor
chronicd
iarrheaas
adou
chefor
leucorrhea
andvaginitis
asag
arglefor
sore
throatalso
giveninternallyforp
rosta
teprob
lems[42]
Thefl
ower
stalksa
reused
totre
atexcessive
menstr
uatio
nbleeding
gastr
iculcersand
postp
artum
haem
orrhageTh
elotus
honeyis
used
inthetreatmento
feye
infections
[43]
Flow
ersd
emon
strateh
ypoglycemicantipyretic
antid
iabetic
antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityantim
icrobialactiv
ityvasod
ilatin
geffects
antih
ypertensivea
ndantia
rrhythmicabilitie
sFlow
ersa
reric
hin
aldo
seredu
ctaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ityantiplateletactivity
andaphrod
isiac
activ
itytoo[41]
Nornu
ciferin
eN-m
ethylasim
ilobine
N-m
ethylco
claurin
eiso
quercitrin
(hirsutrin
)dehydroemerineliriodenine
quercetin
dehydronu
ciferin
elirinidinedemethylcoclaurine
asim
ilobineluteolin
glucoside
andlin
aloo
l[44
]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
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Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Magnolia
fuscata
Sinh
alaMadana-kama
TamM
adanakam
-poo
Thisplantis
cultivatedbo
thin
the
hillcoun
tryandmid
coun
tryof
SriL
anka
Thes
eeds
andflo
werso
fthisp
lant
areu
sedfor
makingpreparations
forstre
ngtheningsexu
alvirility
[27]
Meliaazedarach
English
Beadtre
eIndian
Lilac
Sinh
alaMahanim
baTamilMalaivenb
u
Apaste
offlo
wersisa
ppliedon
theh
eadto
destroylicea
ndfore
ruptions
ofthes
calpTh
eflo
wersa
ndleaves
area
ppliedas
apou
ltice
torelieve
nervou
sheadaches
Theo
ilof
thefl
ower
contains
sulphu
rand
inorganicc
ombinatio
nandisuseful
fora
llcutaneou
sailm
entsandrheumatism
The
flowersa
realso
used
totre
atceph
alalgia
gastropathyverm
inosis
strangury
dysm
enorrhoeaa
ndfever
Accordingto
thes
tudiesthe
methano
licextracto
fMazedarach
flowersa
lsoshow
spotentantibacteria
lactiv
ity
Thefl
owersh
avea
stringentrefrig
erantanod
yne
stomachicverm
ifugediuretic
abo
rtifa
cient
deob
struentand
alexipharm
icactiv
ities
[41]
Nelumbo
nucifera
English
Chinese
water
lilySacred
lotus
Sinh
alaNelu
mTamilAmbal
Com
mon
inthetanks
ofdryzone
ofSri
Lank
a
Thes
tamenso
fthe
flowersa
reused
bleeding
pilesa
nddebilityandweakn
essinchild
ren
Thefl
owersw
ithstam
ensa
ndJuiceo
fflow
erstalkareu
sedford
iarrho
eacho
lerafevers
liver
complaintsandas
acardiac
tonic
Thefl
ower
ismadeintosyrupandgivenfor
coug
hsdysentery
andto
checkhaem
orrhages
from
bleeding
pilesTh
egroun
dpetalsare
administered
forsyphilis
inMalayaTh
emilk
yjuiceo
fthe
leaves
andflo
wer
stalkisgivenfor
diarrhoeaIn
Chinaa
ndMalayathe
dried
petalsandsta
men
ofthep
inkflo
wer
varie
tyare
used
asac
osmeticto
improvethe
complexion
Also
the
flowersa
reused
ascoolingand
astringent
agents
Thefl
ower
beveragesa
reused
totre
atcancerw
eakn
essa
ndbo
dyheat
balanceStam
ensa
reused
totre
atconsolidationof
kidn
eyfunctio
naphrod
isiac
males
exuald
isordersa
ndfemaleleucorrhea
Poun
dedpetalsof
thefl
owersa
reused
for
syph
ilisFlow
ersta
lkareu
sedto
treatuterine
bleeding
andflo
wer
receptaclestosto
pbleeding
andto
elim
inates
tagn
ated
bloo
dFlow
ersa
ndrhizom
esared
emulcent
astringentm
ildsedativ
espasmolytic
antiseptic
usedin
infusio
ninternallyfor
chronicd
iarrheaas
adou
chefor
leucorrhea
andvaginitis
asag
arglefor
sore
throatalso
giveninternallyforp
rosta
teprob
lems[42]
Thefl
ower
stalksa
reused
totre
atexcessive
menstr
uatio
nbleeding
gastr
iculcersand
postp
artum
haem
orrhageTh
elotus
honeyis
used
inthetreatmento
feye
infections
[43]
Flow
ersd
emon
strateh
ypoglycemicantipyretic
antid
iabetic
antioxidant
andfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ityantim
icrobialactiv
ityvasod
ilatin
geffects
antih
ypertensivea
ndantia
rrhythmicabilitie
sFlow
ersa
reric
hin
aldo
seredu
ctaseinh
ibito
ryactiv
ityantiplateletactivity
andaphrod
isiac
activ
itytoo[41]
Nornu
ciferin
eN-m
ethylasim
ilobine
N-m
ethylco
claurin
eiso
quercitrin
(hirsutrin
)dehydroemerineliriodenine
quercetin
dehydronu
ciferin
elirinidinedemethylcoclaurine
asim
ilobineluteolin
glucoside
andlin
aloo
l[44
]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
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Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Neriu
moleand
erSinh
alaKa
neru
TamilKa
naweeram
Thisplantis
cultivatedas
agarden
plantm
ostly
inNorth
Centralprovince
ofSriL
anka
Thee
thanolicextracto
fthese
flowersh
asshow
na
significantantioxidant
activ
ityandantim
icrobial
activ
ityagainstB
acillus
subtilisStaphylococcus
aureusE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellaandPseudomonas
aeruginosa
andantifun
galactivity
againstA
spergillu
snigerA
flavusA
fumigatesandRh
izopus
species
[45]Th
edichlorom
ethane
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
ntheh
ighestcytotoxica
ctivity
againstT
47D
HepG-2
andK5
62celllin
es[46]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidstannins
sapo
ninscarbo
hydrates
and
phenols
Nymphaeaste
llate
English
Water
lily
Sinh
alaNilmanel
Thefl
owersa
reused
asan
astringentcardiac
tonica
ndfebrifu
geFilamentsareg
radedas
useful
inbu
rningsensations
oftheb
odysin
cethey
possessc
oolin
gandastringent
prop
ertie
sTh
esea
reused
totre
atbleeding
pilesa
ndmenorrhagiaandconstitutea
ningredient
ofcoolingmedicines
forc
utaneous
ailm
ents
Carefully
driedfragrant
stam
ensa
ctas
diuretic
andareu
sedforfl
avou
ringteaHelp
fulin
relieving
dryn
essinthec
hest
Smellin
gthe
flowersisb
eneficialforp
ersons
with
warm
temperament[5]
Ithasa
strin
gentdiuretic
andfebrifu
geprop
ertie
sNstellateWild
flowersp
ossessgastro
protectiv
eactio
nby
thes
uppressio
nof
pro-inflammatory
cytokinesa
ndfre
eradicalscavenging
activ
ities
Ithasa
nti-a
poptoticeffectagainstethano
l-ind
uced
ulceratio
nTh
estudy
suggeststhatthee
xtractof
N
stellateflo
wersh
asantio
xidantanti-infl
ammatory
andanti-apop
totic
prop
ertie
s[47]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Punica
granatum
English
Pom
egranate
Sinh
alaDelu
m
Pomegranatewith
durvar
ootjuice
isgivento
stopbleeding
from
then
oseTh
erindof
the
fruitand
flowersc
ombinedwith
arom
atics
(clovecinnamon
etc)
asastringent
insuch
bowelaffectio
nno
taccom
panied
with
tenesm
us
Sour
pomegranateFlower
buds
bruisedare
givento
relieve
fevercoug
handbron
chitisTh
ejuiceise
ffectiveinredu
cing
burningsensation
inthec
hestandlesseningtheb
lood
heat
Itisantib
iliou
ssto
psnausea
andvomiting
increasesfrequ
ency
ofurinea
nditrsquos
more
pron
ounced
than
ofthes
weetvarie
tyFlowe
rsdriedandpo
wderedused
astoothpo
wder
strengthens
theg
umsa
ndactsas
haem
ostatic
forb
leedinggums
Fevera
ccom
panied
byvomiting
anddiarrhoea
isrelievedfollo
wingits
useAlso
beneficialin
jaun
dice
duetoheatTh
eflow
erof
thisplantis
also
used
asar
emedyford
iabetesdiarrhea
andvaginald
ischargeinUnani
andAy
urvedic
medicineAlso
itisu
sedforthe
treatmento
finjurie
sfrom
falls
andgrey
hairof
youn
gmen
[5]
Thea
lcoh
olicextracto
fpom
egranateflo
wers
possessesa
potent
freer
adicalscavenging
antio
xidant
andhepatoprotectiv
eactivities
Accordingto
thisstu
dythea
lcoh
olicextractcon
tains
ahugea
mou
ntof
polyph
enolicsa
ndthee
xtractis
capableo
fprotectingagainsto
xidativ
edam
ageto
lipidsa
ndproteins
andalso
ofincreasin
gmaintaining
thelevels
ofantio
xidant
molecules
andenzymes
invivo
[48]
Nasiri
etal2015comparedthee
fficacy
ofpo
megranateflo
wer
extractw
iththatof
creams
containing
standard
1silversulfadiazine(SSD)
base
cream
andno
rmalsalin
efor
treatingthermal
burn
injurie
sinrats
Ther
esultshave
show
nthat
creamsc
ontainingtheP
granatum
flower
extract
have
remarkablyim
proved
theh
ealin
gof
burn
wou
ndsc
omparedwith
creamsS
SD[49]
Ethano
lextractof
pomegranate
flowersc
ontainsthe
compo
unds
ellagica
cid
33101584041015840 -tri-
O-m
ethylellagica
cid
ethylbrevifolin
carboxylate
urolicacidsmaslin
icacidsa
nddaucosterolAlso
thetwo
flavonesluteolin
andtricetin
werefou
ndin
amethano
licextracto
fpo
megranateflo
wers[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Rosa
damascene
Mill
English
Rose
Sinh
alaRo
sa
Rose
buds
arem
orea
stringent
than
thefull
blow
nflo
wersa
ndconsidered
cold
anddry
ceph
aliccardicalton
icandaperientrem
oving
bilio
usnessB
udsa
reconsidered
asastringent
aperientcardiacalcephalic
tonicremoving
bileandcold
humou
rsTh
erosefl
ower
isregarded
asrefrigeranttonifyingforthe
vital
organsstomachandintestineshasc
ompo
und
actio
nof
causingmild
purgationas
wellas
astringencyles
sens
theh
eatd
ueto
bilio
usness
givesfragrance
isperspiratio
nandredu
cesits
excessivee
xcretio
nEx
ternallyappliedgives
relieftowarm
inflammations
andassociated
painTh
eaqu
adistillateisu
sefulinirr
itated
affectio
nsof
eyes
Flow
ersh
elpin
curin
gbu
rningsensationsbud
odou
rfrom
mou
thfor
improvingappetite
relieving
headachetoo
thache
(asg
argles)
stomatitisbeneficially
used
inabno
rmal
functio
ning
ofkidn
eysliverchron
icfevers
inflammations
andintestinalaffectio
ns
Rose
oilisu
sedas
flavorin
gagentsto
maskthe
taste
ofmanyob
noxiou
spreparatio
nsA
conserve
ofrose
petalswith
othern
utritional
ingredientsh
asmild
laxativ
eaction
Itisuseful
toim
provea
ppetitesorethroatenlarged
tonsils
andsometim
esto
relieve
common
urogenitialdisordersa
ndurtic
arial
Thefl
owersh
avec
oolin
gmild
laxativ
eaphrod
isiac
antip
yreticcardioton
icandastringent
prop
ertie
s
Volatile
oilcon
tainsg
eraniol
citro
nello
leugeno
lTh
epetals
containvitamin
Cqu
ercitrin
quercitann
icacidgallic
acid
carotenenandredcolouring
matter[5]
Saraca
indica
Linn
Sinh
alaAs
oka
TamilAs
ogam
Asokap
lant
grow
swellinareaslike
Anu
radh
apura
Polonn
aruw
aBinthann
eaand
Mahiyanganaya
etc
Thejuice
offlo
werso
rsyrup
isuseful
cardiotonica
swellasb
rain
tonica
ndrelieves
dysentery[51]
Flow
ersa
realso
helpfulintre
atingdiabetes
haem
orrhoids
andforthe
treatmento
futerin
edisordersinfemales
[52]
Thea
queous
extracto
fthe
flowersh
asshow
nantiu
lcer
activ
ityA
lsothefl
ower
extractshasa
lsoshow
n50cytotoxica
ctivity
againstD
altons
lymph
omaa
scitesa
ndSarcom
a-180tumou
rcells
with
outany
cytotoxica
ctivity
againsth
uman
norm
allymph
ocytes
[53]
Thes
tudies
have
show
nthatthefl
ower
areu
sedto
redu
ceskin
tumou
rsindu
cedby
712-dim
ethyl
benzanthracenetorejuvenateskin
complexion
toindu
cequ
ickhealingof
skin
injurie
sandto
redu
cefre
cklesa
ndexternalinflammations
ofthes
kinsin
cethee
xtractsc
ontain
flavono
ids[54]
Oleiclinoleicpalm
itica
ndste
aricacidsP-sitosterol
quercetin
kaem
pferol-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
equ
ercetin
-3-0-P-D
-glucosid
eapigenin-7-0-p-D
-glucosid
epelargon
idin-35diglucoside
cyanidin-35-diglucosid
epalm
iticste
ariclinolenic
linoleicleucocyanidinandgallic
acid
[54]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Sesbaniagrandiflora
Sinh
alaKa
turu
murum
ga
Thisisac
ommon
tree
which
canbe
foun
din
theb
ackyard
ofmost
oftheS
riLank
anho
mes
Sgrandiflora
flowersp
ossessanti-canceranalgesicandantip
yretic
activ
ities
[55]
Thep
heno
licextracto
fSgrand
iflorahassho
wn
antim
icrobialactiv
ityagainstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
Shigellaflexneri2aSalm
onellaTyphiEscherich
iacoli
andVibriocholera
Also
ith
asshow
ntheg
rowth
prom
otingeffecto
nthec
ommon
prob
iotic
bacterium
Lactobacillus
acidophilus[56]
Sida
veronicaefo
liaSinh
alaBe
vila
TamilPalampasi
Acommon
plantin
thew
astegrou
ndof
low-cou
ntry
inSri
Lank
aespecially
inareaslikeB
attic
alo
Haragam
aetc
Paleyello
wsm
allfl
owersa
ndun
ripefruits
are
givenwith
sugarindecoctionforb
urning
sensationin
micturition[27]
Sphaeranthus
hirtusin
dicus
L English
Globe
flowerEast
Indian
glob
ethistle
Sinh
alaMud
amahana
Thesep
lantsa
regrow
nin
ther
icefi
eldin
SriL
ankaItis
common
inmoist
places
especially
padd
yfield
inthelow
coun
trylik
eKu
runagala
Theleafflo
wer
andseedso
fthisp
lant
are
grou
ndinto
apasteandappliedtopically
totre
atskin
diseases
especiallyin
itching
sskin
erup
tionseczem
aspsoria
sisvitiligoandpiles
Also
itisu
sedto
treatwe
akheartpalpitatio
ns
jointd
iseasesliver
diseases
especiallyjaun
dice
andin
chronicc
ough
Flowersa
reuseful
inprom
otingeyesight
andin
thetreatmento
fdiabetes
Flow
ersa
rehigh
lyesteem
edas
analternative
refrigeranttonicbloo
dpu
rifier
andin
the
treatmento
fcon
junctiv
itis
Flow
erpaste
isgivenin
emptysto
machto
cure
dysenterydiarrhoeaa
ndindigestion[57]
Sindicusfl
ower
extractshave
show
ntheb
road
spectrum
antib
acteria
lactivity
andthey
have
asig
nificantantifu
ngalandantip
rotozoalactiv
ity
Thefl
owersa
lsoconsist
ofneurolepticanx
iolytic
hepatoprotectiv
ehaem
olytichaemostatic
analgesic
andantia
rthritica
ctivities
Thefl
ower
headsa
refamou
sfor
their
neurop
rotectiveantia
mnesic
antihyperlip
idem
icandwou
ndhealingactiv
ities
Both
flowersa
ndthefl
ower
headsc
onsisto
fim
mun
ostim
ulatoryactiv
ity[58]
Sphaeranthanolidew
ithim
mun
ostim
ulantp
otentia
l
Eudesm
enolidetypeo
fsesquiterpeneg
lycosid
eand
sphaeranthanolide[57]
Spilanthesp
anicu
lata
Wall
Spilanthesa
cmella
Sinh
alaAkm
ella
TamilAkk
irakaram
Thep
lant
iscommon
upto
6000
feet
altitud
einSriL
anka
Thefl
ower
headso
fthisp
lant
arec
hewed
for
toothache[25]
Thefl
ower
ofSacmellaiskn
ownto
prod
ucelipase
inhibitio
nprop
ertie
sdiureticvasorelaxation
pancreaticprop
ertie
sand
antifun
galactivity
especiallyagainstA
spergillu
sparasiticusA
niger
Fusariu
mmoniliform
iand
Foxysporum
Itisfoun
dthatthee
xtractof
flower
headso
fthis
plantcon
tainsspilantho
lwhich
isactiv
eagainst
Plutellaxyloste
llaAc
cordingto
studies
thea
queous
extracto
fSpanicu
lata
flowersh
aspo
tent
diurectic
activ
ityTh
isactsas
aloo
pdiureticw
hich
increases
theu
rinaryNa+
andK+
levels[59]
Spilantho
l[60]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
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Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
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Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Stereospermum
suaveolen
s(Roxb)Bignonia
suaveolen
sRoxb
Sinh
alaPalol
TamillA
mbu
App
u
Thefl
ower
isused
totre
atmalariabronchitis
heartd
iseasescancerpu
rgativein
the
treatmento
fbleedingdiseasesdiarrho
eaof
the
pitta
type
anditisgood
forthe
throat
TheP
alolflo
wersa
realso
used
totre
athiccup
Th
esefl
owersa
remixed
with
honeyandgiven
orally[61]
Syzygium
arom
aticu
mEn
glish
Clove
Sinh
alaKa
rabu
-neti
TamilKa
ruvapp
u
Itallay
sthirstand
nausea
inchild
rensufferin
gfro
mwormsa
ndingestion
Along
with
other
ingredientsitcures
colicdise
ases
ofthec
hest
andthroatcou
ghhiccoug
hasthmadiarrhea
urinarydiseases
andremedyfora
rthritisa
ndrheumatism
[62]
Thefl
ower
buds
ofSarom
aticu
mhave
been
used
fortreatmento
fmales
exuald
isordersin
Ayurvedica
ndUnani
medicines
from
the
ancienttim
es[63]
They
consist
ofcarm
inativesto
machica
ndstimulant
activ
ity
Clovea
lsopo
ssessesa
ntise
pticantibacteria
lantifun
galantiv
iralantiemeticanti-infl
ammatory
cytotoxica
ndanestheticprop
ertie
sCloveo
ilisused
fortoo
thache
becauseo
fitsantib
iotic
andantiseptic
prop
ertie
s[63]
Volatile
oilcaryop
hyllin
eugenin
gumtannica
cidand
salicylicacidTh
emain
constituent
ofthev
olatile
oilof
clove
iseugeno
lItalso
contains
minor
amou
ntso
feugenol
acetate120573-cariofilenol
120572-hum
ulen120573
-pinenelim
onene
farnesolbenzaldehyde
2-heptanon
eand
ethylh
exanoate
[64]
Tabernaemontana
divaric
ataLinn
English
Crepe
jasm
inePinw
heelFlow
erSinh
alaWathu
sudd
a
Acommon
garden
plantinSriL
anka
Crepejasminefl
owersa
reused
totre
atcorneal
inflammationandop
hthalm
iaItisused
inUnani
medicinefor
the
managem
ento
fpain
Thefl
owerssoakedwater
issprin
kled
onsm
allpox
patie
nts
Inrecent
investigations
itisfoun
dou
tthatthese
flowersp
ossesses
Hippo
craticscreeningantia
nxiety
antic
onvulsa
ntantidiabetic
cytotoxicantifertility
anti-inflammatoryantio
xidantand
gastr
oprotectiv
eeffects
Them
ethano
licextracto
fthe
Tdivaric
atefl
owers
teste
don
Wistar
ratswith
chem
icallyindu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nshassho
wnthatitpo
ssessesg
astro
protectiv
eeffectsb
yenhancingthep
rodu
ctionof
the
gastric
mucosao
rpreventingits
depletionby
aggressiv
efactorsA
lsoitwas
foun
dou
tthatthese
extractsindu
cethea
ntioxidant
activ
ityin
chem
ically
indu
cedgastric
ulceratio
nin
rats
Aspido
spermatancoryn
anthean
ibogan
andplum
eran
sub-types
ofindo
lealkaloids[65]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
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Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Nam
eofthe
flower
Com
mon
lygrow
narea
inSriL
anka
Tradition
alUses
PharmacologicalUses
Chem
icalcompo
sition
Vernoniacin
erea
Linn
English
Ash-colou
red
Fleabane
Sinh
alaMon
arakud
umbiya
TamilPu
vamku
rund
al
Canbe
seen
ineveryw
here
ofSri
Lank
a
Thefl
owersa
readministered
forc
onjunctiv
itis
fevera
ndrheumatism
[24]
Accordingto
astudy
done
byLathae
tal(1998)o
narthritisindu
cedrats
itwas
foun
dou
tthatthe
flower
extracto
fVcinerea
consistso
fanti-inflammatoryprop
erty[66]
Alkaloidsflavon
oidssapon
ins
carboh
ydratesproteinspheno
lsste
roidsa
ndtann
in[66]
Wrig
htiaantid
ysenteric
aLinn
(Nerium
zeylanicu
mLinn
Nerium
antid
ysenteric
umLinn
)Sinh
alaSudu
iddaW
al-id
da
Very
common
lyfoun
din
open
grou
ndin
thelow
-cou
ntry
especiallynear
the
sea
Flow
ersa
reused
forsnake
bitecuresespecially
forthato
fthe
RussellrsquosViper[7]A
lsothesea
reused
totre
atgono
rrheaulcersin
genital
organsailm
entsaft
erdelivery[67]
Woodfordiaflorib
unda
Sinh
alaMilitta
TamilDhatari-
puspam
Growsinop
ensunn
yplaces
inthelow
ermou
ntainregion
ofSriL
anka
Flow
ersa
readdedto
ldquoAris
tasrdquoto
cause
alcoho
licferm
entatio
nTh
eyarea
lsoused
indysenteryandother
bowelcomplaintsirr
itant
haem
orrhageto
treatspruerheumatism
dysuriahem
aturia
anddysm
enorrhoea
Thep
owdero
fthe
flower
isgivenwith
honeyin
leucorrhoea[
3]Itisa
lsoan
ingredient
ofa
preparationused
tomakeb
arrenwom
enfertile
Thefresh
flowersa
reused
tosto
pbleeding
inem
ergencycuts
whilethed
riedflo
wer
powder
isused
tohealwou
ndsa
ndoil-b
ased
flower
extractisu
sedto
treatop
enwou
nds
Drie
dflo
wer
isalso
used
totre
atotorrhoea
Water
decoctionof
thefresh
flowe
rseith
eralon
eorincombinatio
nwith
ginger
(Zingiber
officin
ale)isused
forthe
treatmento
fdysentery
[68]
Flow
ersh
avea
stringent
andstimulantactivity
Whendrythey
area
strin
gent
andtonicTh
emethano
licextracto
fthe
flower
was
teste
don
diclo
fenacind
uced
toxicityin
ratsandfoun
dou
tthat
thisflo
wer
extractp
ossesses
hepatoprotectiv
eactiv
ityanditalso
redu
cesthe
liver
fibrosis
indu
ced
bydiclo
fenac[69]
Also
thee
xtracthasw
eakcytotoxica
ctivity
and
potent
anti-inflammatoryactiv
ity[70]
Astu
dyhassho
wnAy
urvedicd
ruglsquoNim
baAris
tharsquo
which
contains
Wfruticosaflo
werspo
ssesses
immun
omod
ulatoryactiv
ity[71]
Tann
icacidellagica
cid
chrysoph
anol-8-O
--
dglucopyrano
sidepelargon
idin
35-diglucosideoctacosano
land
non-ph
enoliccompo
unds
like
sapo
geninandhecogeninetc
[68]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
N
N
OH(a) Vasicine
O+
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
Cl-
O
OH
OH
HO
OH(b) Cynidin-3-glucoside
OH
HO
OOH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
OO+Cl-
(3
(3
(c) Malvidin-3-glucoside
O+Cl-
OH
HO
O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
(3
(d) Peonidin-3-glucoside
O
(3
(3
(e) 120572-inone
O
(3
(3
(3
(f) 120573- ionone
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
OHOH
OH
OHO
(g) Kaempferol-3-galactoside
H
OH
OH
H
(h) 7-epi-eudesm-4(15)11(13)-diene-11205733120573-diol
OH
OH
(i) 7-epi-1120573-hydroxy-120573-eudesmol
(j) 120572-copaene
Figure 1 Chemical compounds present in medicinally important flowers [9 16 21 39 40]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
the mankind Thus the review of the medicinally importantflowers in Sri Lanka provides details regarding the pharma-cological leads for the wellbeing of the human society
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication ofthis paper
References
[1] T Selvamohan V Ramadas and S S S Kishore ldquoAntimicrobialactivity of selected medicinal plants against some selectedhuman pathogenic bacteriardquo Advances in Applied ScienceResearch vol 3 no 5 pp 3374ndash3381 2012
[2] S Sasidharan Y Chen D Saravanan K M Sundram andL Yoga Latha ldquoExtraction isolation and characterization ofbioactive compounds from plantsrsquo extractsrdquo African Journal ofTraditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines vol 8no 1 2011
[3] J P C Chandrasena e chemistry and Pharmacology ofCeylon and Indian Medicinal Plants Harrisons amp Crosfield ltdColombo Sri Lanka 1st edition 1935
[4] J K Abat S Kumar and A Mohanty ldquophytochemical andethnopharmacological aspects of four medicinal plants ofMalvaceae used in Indian traditional medicines a reviewrdquoMedicines vol 4 no 4 p 75 2017
[5] H M Said A Saeed and L A De Silva Medicinal herbal AResearch Publication of Bait Al-Hikmah at Madinat Al-HikmahKarachi Pakistan 1st edition 1996
[6] M Farzana and I Tharique ldquoA review of ethnomedicinephytochemical and pharmacological activities ofAcacia nilotica(Linn) willdrdquo Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistryvol 3 no 1 2014
[7] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part I National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[8] H Rajamanna Sri Lankawe Osu Shaka Saha Ewaye Wadagath-kama S Godage amp Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Colombo Sri Lanka 1stedition 2000
[9] U P Claeson T Malmfors G Wikman and J G BruhnldquoAdhatoda vasica a critical reviewof ethnopharmacological andtoxicological datardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 72 no 1-2 pp 1ndash20 2000
[10] M T Hossain and M O Hoq ldquoTherapeutic use of Adhatodavasicardquo Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research vol 2no 2 pp 156ndash163 2016
[11] A K Gangwar and A K Ghosh ldquoMedicinal uses and pharma-cological activity of Adhatoda vasicardquo International Journal ofHerbal Medicine vol 2 no 1 pp 88ndash91 2014
[12] SMurugananthamGAnbalagan andNRamamurthy ldquoFT-IRand SEM-EDS comparative analysis ofmedicinal plants Ecliptaalba Hassk and Eclipta prostrata Linnrdquo Romanian Journal ofBiophysics vol 19 no 4 pp 285ndash294 2009
[13] H P Bhartiya and P C Gupta ldquoA chalcone glycoside from theflowers of Adhatoda vasicardquo Phytochemistry vol 21 no 1 p 2471982
[14] S Gautam ldquoBauhinia variegata linn all purpose utility andmedicinal treerdquo Forestry Bulletin vol 12 no 2 pp 61ndash64 2012
[15] K L Singh D Singh and V K Singh ldquoMultidimensionaluses of medicinal plant kachnar (Bauhinia variegata Linn)rdquo
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical erapeuticsvol 4 no 2 pp 58ndash72 2016
[16] G Sahu and P K Gupta ldquoAReview onBauhinia variegata LinnrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash51 2012
[17] I Soman S A Mengi and S B Kasture ldquoEffect of leavesof Butea frondosa on stress anxiety and cognition in ratsrdquoPharmacology Biochemistry amp Behavior vol 79 no 1 pp 11ndash162004
[18] V Sindhia and R Bairwa ldquoPlant review Butea monospermardquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Researchvol 2 no 2 pp 90ndash94 2010
[19] L Awasthi andHVerma ldquoBoerhaavia diffusandashAwild herbwithpotent biological and antimicrobial propertiesrdquo Asian Agri-History vol 10 no 1 pp 55ndash68 2006
[20] P Chaudhary and S Khadabadi ldquoBombax ceiba Linn Phar-macognosy Ethnobotany and Phyto-pharmacologyrdquo Pharma-cognosy Communications vol 2 no 3 pp 2ndash9 2012
[21] J Yang L Liu and Y Shi ldquoTwo New Eudesmane Sesquiter-penoids from the Flowers of Chrysanthemum indicumrdquo Nat-ural Products and Bioprospecting pp 1ndash4 2019
[22] L-Y Wu H-Z Gao X-L Wang et al ldquoAnalysis of chemicalcomposition of Chrysanthemum indicum flowers by GCMSand HPLCrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plants Research vol 4 no 5pp 421ndash426 2010
[23] K Katrahalli ldquoUses of Cochlospermum religiosum (L) Alston[COCHLOSPERMACEAE] an ethnomedicinal plantrdquo 2011392-4
[24] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part III National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[25] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part II National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[26] R Jahan A Al-Nahain S Majumder and M RahmatullahldquoEthnopharmacological significance of Eclipta alba (L) hassk(Asteraceae)rdquo International Scholarly ResearchNotices vol 2014Article ID 385969 22 pages 2014
[27] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part IV National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[28] S M Abdul-Awal S Nazmir S Nasrin T R Nurunnabi andS J Uddin ldquoEvaluation of pharmacological activity of Hibiscustiliaceusrdquo SpringerPlus vol 5 no 1 p 1209 2016
[29] C Vanzella P Bianchetti S Sbaraini et al ldquoAntidepressant-likeeffects ofmethanol extract ofHibiscus tiliaceus flowers inmicerdquoBMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol 12 no 1 p41 2012
[30] KN Shah P Verma andB Suhagia ldquoA phyto-pharmacologicaloverview on Jewel Weedrdquo Journal of Applied PharmaceuticalScience vol 7 no 8 pp 246ndash252 2017
[31] B Meenu E Neeraja R Greeshma and V Alexeyena ldquompa-tiens balsamina An overviewrdquo Journal of Chemical and Phar-maceutical Research vol 7 pp 16ndash21 2005
[32] M R Saha M A Alam R Akter and R Jahangir ldquoIn vitrofree radical scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea Lrdquo BangladeshJournal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 2 2008
[33] M Z Imam N Nahar S Akter and M S Rana ldquoAntinoci-ceptive activity of methanol extract of flowers of Impatiensbalsaminardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 142 no 3 pp804ndash810 2012
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
[34] Y Lim I Kim and J Seo ldquoIn vitro activity of kaempferol iso-lated from the Impatiens balsamina alone and in combinationwith erythromycin or clindamycin against Propionibacteriumacnesrdquo Journal of Microbiology vol 45 no 5 pp 473ndash477 2007
[35] S Clevenger ldquoThe flavonols of Impatiens balsamina LrdquoArchivesof Biochemistry and Biophysics vol 76 no 1 pp 131ndash138 1958
[36] Y Maniyar P Bhixavatimath and N V Agashikar ldquoAntidiar-rheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn in ratsrdquo Journalof Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine vol 1 no 4 pp 287ndash2912010
[37] A Kharat V Nambiar Y Tarkasband and R Pujari ldquoA reviewon phytochemical and pharmacological activity of genus IxorardquoInternational Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistryvol 3 no 3 pp 628ndash635 2013
[38] P Latha T Abraham and K Panikkar ldquoAntimicrobial proper-ties of Ixora coccinea L(Rubiaceae)rdquoAncient Science of Life vol14 no 4 p 286 1995
[39] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010
[40] A Sharma S Sharma and B Parashar ldquoMesua ferrae linn-A Review of the Indian Medical Herbrdquo Systematic Reviews inPharmacy vol 8 no 1 p 19 2017
[41] S A Sheikh ldquoEthno-medicinal uses and pharmacologicalactivities of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)rdquo Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies vol 2 no 6 pp 42ndash46 2014
[42] D R Das A K Sachan S Mohd and S S GangwarldquoNymphaea stellata a potential herb and its medicinal impor-tancerdquo Journal of Drug Delivery and erapeutics vol 2 no 32012
[43] P K Mukherjee D Mukherjee A K Maji S Rai andM Hein-rich ldquoThe sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)ndashphytochemical andtherapeutic profilerdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacologyvol 61 no 4 pp 407ndash422 2009
[44] K R Paudel and N Panth ldquoPhytochemical profile and biologi-cal activity of Nelumbo nuciferardquo Evidence-Based Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine vol 2015 Article ID 789124 16pages 2015
[45] S Saranya D Archana and K Santhy ldquoAntimicrobial andAntioxidant Effects of Nerium oleander Flower Extractsrdquo Inter-national Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciencesvol 6 no 5 pp 1630ndash1637 2017
[46] P Namian T Talebi K G Germi and F Shabani ldquoScreening ofbiological activities (antioxidant antibacterial and antitumor)of Nerium oleander leaf and flower extractsrdquo Vacuum vol 10no 11 2013
[47] P Antonisamy P Subash-Babu A A Alshatwi et al ldquoGas-troprotective effect of nymphayol isolated from Nymphaeastellata (Willd) flowers contribution of antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activitiesrdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 224 pp 157ndash163 2014
[48] G Kaur Z Jabbar M Athar and M S Alam ldquoPunica grana-tum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidantactivity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in micerdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 44 no 7 pp 984ndash993 2006
[49] E Nasiri S J Hosseinimehr J Akbari M Azadbakht and SAzizi ldquoThe effects of punica granatum flower extract on skininjuries induced by burn in ratsrdquo Advances in PharmacologicalSciences 2017
[50] R Wang Wei Wang L Wang R Liu Yi Ding and L DuldquoConstituents of the flowers of Punica granatumrdquo Fitoterapiavol 77 no 7-8 pp 534ndash537 2006
[51] D M A Jayaweera and L K Senaratna Medicinal Plants Usedin Ceylon - Part V National Science Council of Sri LankaColombo Sri Lanka 1981
[52] A Baranwal and S Devi ldquoAshoka (saraca indica) in indiantraditionalmedicine a reviewrdquo International Journal of Researchin Applied Natural and Social Sciences vol 4 no 5 pp 137ndash1402017
[53] C D Varghese S C Nair and K R Panikkar ldquoPotential anti-cancer activity of Saraca asoca extracts towards transplantabletumours in micerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 54 no 1 pp 37ndash40 1992
[54] M A B Nyeem M S Haque M O Haq et al ldquoAshoka (saracaindica) as women friendly plant a reviewrdquo National Journal ofAdvanced Research vol 3 no 2 pp 3ndash7 2017
[55] T Lakshmi ldquoHadga (Sesbania Grandiflora Linn)ndashA UniqueAyurvedic Remedyrdquo International Journal of Drug Developmentand Research vol 3 no 4 pp 1ndash3 2011
[56] R China S Mukherjee S Sen et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof Sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on somepathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on theprobiotic organism Lactobacillus acidophilusrdquo MicrobiologicalResearch vol 167 no 8 pp 500ndash506 2012
[57] V Galani B Patel and D Rana ldquoSphaeranthus indicusLinn A phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofAyurveda Research vol 1 no 4 p 247 2010
[58] N G Mahajan M Z Chopda and R T Mahajan ldquoA reviewon Sphaeranthus indicus Linn Multipotential medicinal plantrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and AlliedSciences vol 4 pp 48ndash74 2015
[59] Y Purushothaman S Gunaseelan and S D VijayakumarldquoSpilanthes acmella and its medicinal uses ndash A reviewrdquo AsianJournal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 11 no 6pp 45ndash49 2018
[60] S A Ali ldquoDiuretic activity of aqueous extract of Spilanthes pan-iculata flower in ratsrdquo International Journal of Green Pharmacyvol 9 no 3 pp 162ndash166 2015
[61] M Rahmatullah W Samarrai R Jahan et al ldquoAn Ethnomedic-inal pharmacological and phytochemical review of somebignoniaceae family plants and a description of bignoniaceaeplants in folk medicinal uses in Bangladeshrdquo Advances inNatural and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 3 pp 236ndash253 2010
[62] C Orwa Agroforestree Database a tree reference and selectionguide version 40 httpwwwworldagroforestryorgtreedbAFTPDFSSyzygium aromaticumPDF 2009
[63] R K Mishra and S K Singh ldquoSafety assessment of Syzygiumaromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicularfunction inmicerdquo Food and Chemical Toxicology vol 46 no 10pp 3333ndash3338 2008
[64] D F Cortes-Rojas C R F de Souza and W P OliveiraldquoClove (Syzygium aromaticum) A precious spicerdquoAsian PacificJournal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 4 no 2 pp 90ndash96 2014
[65] M S Ali Khan A M Mat Jais and A Afreen ldquoProstaglandinanalogous and antioxidant activity mediated gastroprotec-tive action of Tabernaemontana divaricata (L) R Br flowermethanolic extract against chemically induced gastric ulcersin ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID185476 18 pages 2013
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[66] R M Latha T Geetha and P Varalakshmi ldquoEffect of Vernoniacinerea less flower extract in adjuvant-induced arthritisrdquo Gen-eral Pharmacology e Vascular System vol 31 no 4 pp 601ndash606 1998
[67] M N Wickramaratne L Gunatilake N D Anuradha AGodavillathanna M Perera and I Nicholas ldquoAntioxidantActivity and Antibacterial Activity of Walidda antidysentericardquoJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry vol 4 no 22015
[68] P K Das S Goswami A Chinniah et al ldquoWoodfordiafruticosa Traditional uses and recent findingsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 110 no 2 pp 189ndash199 2007
[69] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoHepatoprotectiveeffect of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flowers on diclofenacsodium induced liver toxicity in ratsrdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Medicine vol 4 no 5 pp 342ndash346 2011
[70] Y Baravalia Y Vaghasiya and S Chanda ldquoBrine shrimp cyto-toxicity anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Wood-fordia fruticosaKurz flowersrdquo Iranian Journal of PharmaceuticalResearch vol 11 no 3 p 851 2012
[71] B H Kroes A J J van den Berg A M Abeysekera K TD de Silva and R P Labadie ldquoFermentation in traditionalmedicine the impact of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers onthe immunomodulatory activity and the alcohol and sugarcontents of Nimba arishtardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol40 no 2 pp 117ndash125 1993
[72] T N Kankanamalage R M Dharmadasa D C Abeysingheand R G Wijesekara ldquoA survey on medicinal materials usedin traditional systems of medicine in Sri Lankardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 155 no 1 pp 679ndash691 2014
[73] P B Weragoda ldquoThe traditional system on medicine in SriLankardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 2 no 1 pp 71ndash731980
[74] G-T Chen Y Lu M Yang J-L Li and B-Y Fan ldquoMedicinaluses pharmacology and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceaeplants with central nervous system efficacies A systematicreviewrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 32 no 5 pp 823ndash864 2018
[75] G Visweswari R Christopher and W Rajendra ldquoPhytochem-ical screening of active secondary metabolites present in With-ania somnifera root role in traditional medicinerdquo InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research vol 4 no 7 p2770 2013
[76] A Kothari-Chhajer A Samad K Reema J Karan C D Aditiand N Ray Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Activity inVarious Plant Species
[77] M Shubhashree T Shantha V Ramarao MP REDDY and GVenkateshwaraul ldquoA review on therapeutic uses of flowers asdepicted in classical texts of Ayurveda and Siddhardquoe Journalof Research and Education in Indian Medicine vol 21 pp 1ndash142015
[78] S K Bhattacharjee and L C De Medicinal Hebs and FlowersAavishkar Jaipur India 1st edition 2005
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom
Stem Cells International
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Disease Markers
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2013
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
PPAR Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2018
Immunology ResearchHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Behavioural Neurology
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine
Volume 2018Hindawiwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom