REVIEW ON SUBSTITUTION OF COCONUT SHELL AS COARSE MIX
IN CONCRETE COMBINE BY MISTREATMENT OF NUMEROUS
GRADES
S.Andavan(1), N. Ravi Sreekar(2), P. Vivek(3)
Associate professor, department of civil engineering, Saveetha school of engineering, Saveetha university,
India (1).
U.G. scholar, department of civil engineering, Saveetha school of engineering, Saveetha university,
India (2), (3)
[email protected] (1 ),[email protected] (2) [email protected](3)
Saveetha institute of medical and technical sciences
Chennai-602105
Abstract: In this paper, we have tendency to discussing the replacing coconut shell as coarse combination in
concrete mistreatment. Due to increase warrant of construction materials for the aim of
infrastructural, we will use an alternate material as coconut shell within the concrete combine. Light
weight concrete is a freelance material in tendency construction. Coconut shell has received attribute
as a result of its lower density and advanced thermal properties. This paper represents the many
grades were cubes, beams, cylinders square measure are casted by replacement mixture. Therefore
the various type of tests based on days were capsulated by compressive strength, durability strength,
flexural strengths. And workability take a glance at additionally evaluated by whereas examine the
replacement mix. Whereas the testing this shells reduces the strength in concrete. Among the low cost
construction materials cement concrete takes an important role which also contains fine aggregates
and coarse aggregates. Coconut shell is the one among the waste product in even be used as a rough
combination in concrete.
Keywords: Coconut shell, fly ash, Natural resources, Cement, river sand, Compression, Split tensile,
Flexural strengths.
Introduction:
A concrete material which will be a combination of cement, water fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate. When compared to steel concrete had recorded economically more compressive strength.
It is non-corrosive which can be made locally available materials.
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 17 2018, 199-209ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
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Due to increase in population the constructions are increasing accordingly so there is more demand
for construction material. Now this time has come back to think about some alternative materials for
property use in concrete combine. Day by day this type of waste materials has increasing
environmental issues. Around 93 countries are rich sources of coconut. According to some statistics
our country have largest cultivation land area in Asia i.e about 4.40 million acres approximately. It is
birth place for coconut. The cost for making concrete is increasing day-by-day so we have to reduce
that by using eco waste instead of using costly materials. The best waste material to mix with concrete
is coconut which makes concrete stronger. Due to tough create tissue, coconut shell is not rotten easily
and stay as solid waste for years. Coconut shell is assessed as light weight aggregate. The coconut
shell is once dried, it contains polysaccharide, lignin, pentose’s and ash in various proportions. In
Asia the development enterprise is to create use of the advantage of light weight concrete at intervals
the production of excessive upward thrust structures.
The goal of our paper is to discuss on the strength of coconut shell of concrete at high demand for
concrete within construction mistreatment traditional weight aggregates like granite and gravel
extremely decreases the deposits of natural stone which broken the atmosphere. There by inflicting
ecological imbalance there is essential to range over and to seek out appropriate replacement material
substitute the natural stone. Until now, industrial merchandise and domestic wastes area used in
concrete. However, the utilization of agricultural waste in concrete is in its body hood half. Coconut
shell is associate agricultural waste. At present, coconut shell has additionally has been burnt to
supply charcoal and activated charcoal for food and effervescent drinks and filtering drinks for water
use. However, the coconut shell remains underutilised.
From the analysis works reviewed higher than, it will be perceiving that coconut shells will be
successfully used as a substitute for coarse combination in concrete. The study bestowed here is
specializing looking for the optimum vary of replacement of coarse combination with coconut shells
supported its strength properties. The study put together aims to seek out the advantage of
commercially made coconut shell concrete add terms of self-weight reduction.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:
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2.1 General: In this chapter, there are numerous researchers have been studied within the result of
replacement of coarse combination by coconut shell and also results shown on the mechanical and
hardness properties of traditional cement concrete. The literature being reviewed as below
DAMRE SHRADDHA1, FIRAKE HITALI1 (2014)
In this paper we studied that aamong the useful agricultural waste materials the family of palm shells
namely palm shell and coconut shell are highly available in torrid zones of the world. According to
research coconut shell aggregates are in ratio of 1:5 used in normal concrete when compared with the
compressive strength results that are obtained.
(Courtesy by paper review ‘damre shraddha’)
SELWYN BABU J AND MAHENDRAN N (2014) This paper studied that light weight aggregate place the
major role in sustainable concrete. By mixing synthetic
light weight aggregates with concrete mixture the light
weight concrete is prepared. In the 28th day of concrete
mix is less than 2000kg per meter cube. The satisfied requirements for coconut shell aggregate is
ASTM C 330. The authors showed the strength of flexural behavior workability density of concrete
containing ¼, ½ , ¾ and 4/5 of metallic element replaced to traditional coarse mixture by volume.
AJAY LONE, ANIKET DESHMUKH (2016)
The coarse aggregate are the main materials of concrete. In authors of this paper discussed about
replacing coconut shell for coarse aggregate. 25% and 50% of coarse aggregate replacement prepared
by binding constantly along with water in the ratio of 0.45 per all mixes, density, workability and
water adsorption. One week, two weeks and four weeks were determined compressive strength,
tensile strength and flexural strength.
PARAG S. KAMBLI, SANDHYA R. MATHAPATI (2014)
The goal of the above paper was to use eco waste in construction materials which reduces the cost for
housing. And it also purposes of encouraging house developers and investing these materials in house
construction. They used three variants of concrete mixes in three different grades known as M20,
M35 and M50 grades with various proportions of natural material. 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% will
be replaced and 7 and 28 days tests will conducted.
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Coconut shells
(Courtesy by review paper parag s)
Coconut shell aggregates
(Courtesy by review paper parag. s)
SATISH SHINDE, RAMIZ SAYED,(2016)
In this paper authors mainly discussed about basic things needed to make human alive like meal,
lodging and clothes. They replaced M20 grade concrete by coconut shell as a coarse cluster. In a ratio
of 1:1 cubes and circular solids were lobbed respectively and their confining and elastic strength at 4
weeks test. The confining strength and ductile strength of concrete reduced because the proportion
replacement inflated. Concrete made by replacing 10%, 15%, 20% of coarse mixture by coconut shell
earned by twenty eight days confining strength and ductile strength. They got the results which made
a big difference in price and more than that it is environment friendly.
DANIEL YAW OSEI (2013)
In the paper authors used 1:2:4 concrete mixture. 27 cubes were placed and tested various types of
strengths were evaluated at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. The concrete is replaced at 20%, 30%, 40%,
50%,100%. The results of the review demonstrated that concrete created by replacement of the
crushed granite by coconut shell is utilized in Ferro-concrete construction. A possible exists for the
employment of coconut shells as replacement of standard combination in each standard Ferro-
concrete and light weight Ferro-concrete construction. To reduce the usage of environment harmful
materials in construction mixture by using coconut shell waste for standard mix which make the
mixture eco-friendly.
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S.ABIRAMI, K.MUNIYAMMAL (2016)
The authors of this paper discusses about the natural and synthetical properties of concrete materials.
By using IS code method the Concrete mix design is done. Feasibleness of raw concrete like
compaction and slump cone tests will be done. Various strengths will harden concrete like confining
strength of concrete cubes at first and second week and split ductile strength of cylinder at first and
second week and flexural prism power at first and second week. To compare the feasibleness and a
strength variety for percentage variants of replacement of coarse mixture with coconut shell. Mainly
the lightweight concrete will be prepared.
TOMAS U. GANIRON JR (2013)
The author's experimental research covered a wide series of property tests like mechanical property
and sieve analysis tests along with the content of specific moisture gravity Test were undertaken in
accordance with the ASTM Outcomes showed that by replacing certain amount of coconut shell can
satisfy the concrete work mix. When differentiated the normal concrete mixture's strength with the
coconut shell included concrete's strength is more.
VINOD B R, P.VENKATA KHYATHI (2017)
This has necessitated analysis work into various materials within the construction field. The prices of
building materials area unit rising day by day. The coarse aggregates area unit the most ingredients
of concrete. During this paper, the employment of coconut shell as a rough combination has been
mentioned supported the results obtained from comprehensive review of literature. We tend to all
need that our buildings should be robust and may build with the development material of cheap rates.
Light weight construction mixture is prepared by using the wastes like panels & block production,
internal wall casting, outdoor furniture etc.
YOGESH NARAYAN SONAWANE (2013)
In concrete mix the most important ingredient is the coarse aggregate therefore they used coconut
shell as main ingredient and found better results. By collecting the test results they proved that using
coconut shell is more eco-friendly than other materials. The author aimed to figure out confining
strength of concrete By substituting coconut shell for natural coarse mix with replacement of 0, 1/4,
1/2, 1 parts. For each case they prepared 3 samples of M20 grade mixture in the shape of cubes and
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authors want to spread perception of using coconut shell as construction material. The total cost for
construction will be decreased a lot. They got highest confining strength in control mix i.e 21 N/mm2
approximately after fourth week, whereas the lowest strength at the same week is noted as 23.00
N/mm2. So whenever light-weight concrete mix is needed the coconut shell is a part of it. Because of
the rough surface in coconut shell it is hard to combine it with concrete.
3. Results:
A concrete mix including coconut shell were replaced various materials are had been casted and tested
by different authors. Table: 1 represents compressive strength, table: 2 represents tensile strength and
table: 3 represents flexural strength.
Table: 1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS
AUTHOR TYPE OF
MIX
PERCENTAGE
%
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
3DAYS 7DAYS 14DAYS 28DAYS
Damre
shraddhath
Coconut shell
25% R 22.8MPa 31.3 MPa - 42.6 Mpa
50% R 22.6 MPa 30.3 Mpa - 41.3 Mpa
75 % R 22.2 MPa 29.8 Mpa - 40.5 Mpa
100%R 18.7 MPa 23.3 Mpa - 31.2 Mpa
0% R 25.6 MPa 37.1 Mpa - 50.5 Mpa
Selwyn babu Coconut shell
0 %R - 23.33N/mm^2 - 34.66N/mm^2
25 %R - 17.30N/mm^2 - 25.61N/mm^2
50%R - 15.80N/mm^2 - 19.52N/mm^2
75%R - 12.86N/mm^2 - 17.78N/mm^2
80%R - 10.12N/mm^2 - 16.52N/mm^2
Ajay lone Coconut shell
0%R - 13 Mpa 17.67MPa 22.87MPa
25%R - 12.5Mpa 18.19MPa 22MPa
50%R - 8Mpa 14MPa 18.85MPa
Parags. Kambli Coconut shell + fly
ash
20%R - 21.77Mpa - 30.22MPa
30%R - 18.66Mpa - 24.44MPa
40%R - 5.77Mpa - 8.44MPa
Satish shinde Coconut shell
- - - - -
Daniel yaw
osei
Coconut shell
0%R - 15.75N/mm^2 18.88N/mm^2 20.94N/mm^2
20%R - 15.18N/mm^2 17.06N/mm^2 19.7 N/mm^2
30%R - 14.56N/mm^2 16.38N/mm^2 18.58N/mm^2
50%R - 12.17N/mm^2 15.17N/mm^2 16.65N/mm^2
100%R - 3.91N/mm^2 5.40 N/mm^2 9.29 N/mm^2
S.Abirami,
K.Muniyammal
Coconut shell
0%R - 18 N/mm^2 - 26 N/mm^2
5%R - 17.8N/mm^2 - 25.1N/mm^2
15%R - 16.5N/mm^2 - 24.5N/mm^2
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25%R - 16.1N/mm^2 - 20.9N/mm^2
30%R - 16.46N/mm^2 - 21.7N/mm^2
Tomas U.
Ganiron Jr
Coconut shell + fibre
+ CHB
Specimen 1 - 0.8 MPa 0.71 Mpa 1.22 Mpa
Specimen 2 - 2.11 Mpa 2.33 Mpa 3.16 Mpa
Specimen 3 - 1.82 Mpa 2.46 Mpa 3.67 Mpa
Vinod B R,
P.venkata
Khyathi
Coconut shell
- - - - -
Yogesh
Narayan,
Sonawane
Coconut shell
0 %R - 14.85 MPa - 21.28 MPa
25 %R - 13.46 MPa - 20.2 MPa
50%R - 13.12 MPa - 19.65 MPa
100%R - 9.64 MPa - 14.23 MPa
Table: 2 TENSILE STRENGTHS
AUTHOR TYPE OF
MIX
PERCENTAGE
%
TENSILE STRENGTH
3DAYS 7DAYS 14DAYS 28DAYS
Damre
shraddhath
Coconut shell 25% R - - - 1.8 MPa
50% R - - - 1.7MPa
75 % R - - - 1.7Mpa
100%R - - - 0.8Mpa
0% R - - - 2.1MPa
Selwyn babu Coconut shell - - - - -
Ajay lone Coconut shell 0%R - - - 2.50MPa
25%R - - - 2.45MPa
50%R - - - 2.30MPa
Parags. kambli Coconut shell - - - - -
Satish shinde Coconut shell - - - - -
Daniel yaw osei Coconut shell - - - - -
S.Abirami,
K.Muniyammal
Coconut shell 0%R - 1.43N/mm^2 - 2.82 N/mm^2
5%R - 1.03N/mm^2 - 2.63N/mm^2
15%R - 1.01N/mm^2 - 2.58N/mm^2
25%R - 1.1N/mm^2 - 2.47N/mm^2
30%R - 1.03N/mm^2 - 2.5 N/mm^2
Tomas U.
Ganiron Jr
Coconut shell + fibre +CHB
Specimen 1 - 1582.5 Mpa 1747.50 Mpa
2370.0 Mpa
Specimen 2 - 1252.50 Mpa 2190.0 Mpa
2752.50 Mpa
Specimen 3 - 1365.50 Mpa 1845.0
Mpa
3097.5 Mpa
Vinod B R,
P.venkata
Khyathi
Coconut shell - - - - -
Yogesh
Narayan,
Sonawane
Coconut shell - - - - -
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Table: 3 FLEXURAL STRENGTHS
AUTHOR TYPE OF
MIX
PERCENTAGE
%
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
3DAYS 7DAYS 14DAYS 28DAYS
Damre
shraddhath
Coconut shell 25% R - - - 4.1MPa
50% R - - - 4.1MPa
75 % R - - - 3.9MPa
100%R - - - 3.0MPa
0% R - - - 4.8MPa
Selwyn babu Coconut shell 0 %R - - - 3.65Mpa
25 %R - - - 3.23MPa
50%R - - - 2.87MPa
75%R - - - 2.71Mpa
80%R - - - 2,59Mpa
Ajay lone Coconut shell 0%R - 2.41MPa 3.43MPa 4.88MPa
25%R - 2.50MPa 3.19MPa 4.8MPa
50%R - 2.0MPa 2.80MPa 3.36Mpa
Parags. Kambli Coconut shell - - - - -
Satish shinde Coconut shell - - - - -
Daniel yaw osei Coconut shell - - - - -
S.Abirami,
K.Muniyammal
Coconut shell 0%R - 2.05N/mm^2 - 3.17N/mm^2
5%R - 1.97N/mm^2 - 2.36N/mm^2
15%R - 1.86N/mm^2 - 2.91N/mm^2
25%R - 1.93N/mm^2 - 3.1N/mm^2
30%R - 1.87N/mm^2 - 3.36N/mm^2
Tomas U.
Ganiron Jr
Coconut shell + fibre + CHB
Specimen 1 - 0.44 MPa 0.48 Mpa 0.37Mpa
Specimen 2 - 0.35 Mpa 0.61 Mpa 0.40 Mpa
Specimen 3 - 0.38 Mpa 0.51 Mpa 0.42 Mpa
Vinod B R,
P.venkata
Khyathi
Coconut shell - - - - -
Yogesh
Narayan,
Sonawane
Coconut shell - - - - -
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the coconut shell accurate strength and it was investigated as limited replacement
of coarse combine with coconut shell as various mix percentages. Experimental investigation
is based on tests conducted for workability, compressive strengths, split tensile strengths,
flexural strengths. Hence the subsequent conclusions are above literature review derived from
study. Coconut shell is used as a limited replacement for the standard coarse aggregate within
the construction of concrete
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For further studies out to be allotted to determine the chance of exploitation coconut shell mix
as a structural material.
The ability of concrete studies on coconut shell concrete out to be distributed to assess its
behaviour in aggressive environments.
It is completed that the coconut shells is a lot of appropriate as lower strength of giving
particular light-weight concrete production.
The density of concrete will be reduced as the replacement material increases.
This paper helps to complete the construction within budget.
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