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Engineering, Technology, and Society
Science and Engineering
Science and Technology
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Design Engineer’s Heritage
Structures
Machines
Networks
Processes
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The Brooklyn Bridge
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Fig. 4.1
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Sketch of Helicopter
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Fig. 4.2
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Other Roles of Engineers
The Engineer as Statesman
The Engineer as Artist
The Engineer as Humanitarian
The Engineer as Author
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Characteristics of a Profession
The work involves exercising skills, judgment, and discretion which is not entirely routine or subject to mechanization.
Preparation requires extensive formal training.
Specialized organization exists to set standards and codes of practice.
Commitment to serve the public good.
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Partial Listing of Professional Engr. Societies
Society MembersIEEE 274,000
ASME 121,000ASCE 110,000AIME 92,000NSPE 75,000SME 75,000SAE 60,000
ASHRAE 55,000AIAA 45,000
IIE 35,000SWE 16,000SHPE 6,000ACEC 5,500
Table 4.1
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ASME Organization Chart*
Board of Governors
Council onEngineering
Council onCodes andStandards
Council onEducation
Council onMemberAffairs
Council onPublic Affairs
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Organization Chart for the ASME Council on Engrg
RailTransportation
Aerospace
EnvironmentalEngineering
Solid WasteProcessing
Noise Controland Acoustics
Council onEngineering
BasicEngineering
EnergyConversion
EnergyResources
Environmentand
Transportation
Engineeringand Technology
ManagementManufacturing
Materialsand
Structures
Systemsand
Design
FluidsEngineering
AppliedMechanics
HeatTransfer
Tribology
Bioengineering
Fuels andCombustionTechnologies
InternalCombustionEngines
Power
NuclearEngineering
Petroleum
Solar Energy
Ocean,Offshore, &ArcticEngineering
AdvancedEnergySystems
Management
SafetyEngineeringand RiskAnalysis
Technologyand Society
MaterialsHandlingEngineering
ManufacturingEngineering
TextileEngineering
ProcessIndustries
Plant Engineeringand Maintenance
Materials
PressureVesselsand Piping
NDEEngineering
Pipelines
DynamicSystemsand Control
DesignEngineering
Computers &Information inEngineering
Electronic andPhotonicPackaging
Fluid PowerSystems andTechnology
NanotechnologyInstitute
InternationalGas Turbine
Institute
Fig. 4.3
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Human Powered Vehicle Student Competition
Fig. 4.4
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Professional Registration
Professional Engineer (PE): an engineer licensed to practice engineering in a state.
Fundamentals of Engineering Examination (FEE)
Principles and Practice Examination (PPE)
industrial exemption
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A Model of a Retractable Roof Stadium
Fig. 4.5
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Engineering Ethics
the study of the moral problems confronted by individuals and organizations involved in engineering.
A moral problem is a problem in which one's actions involve consideration of others.
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Moral Theories
Utilitarianism
Duty-Based Morality
Rights-Based Morality
Virtue-Based Morality
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Responsibilities of Engineers
A primary obligation to protect the safety and respect the right of consent of human subjects.
A constant awareness of the experimental nature of any project, imaginative forecasting of its possible side effects, and a reasonable effort to monitor them
Autonomous, personal involvement in all steps of a project
Accepting accountability for the results of a project
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Sources of Ethical Dilemmas
Conflicts among two or more moral considerations
Concept of public interest
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Engineering Codes of Ethics*
Professional Engineering Societies
NCEES Model Rules of Professional Conduct
State Rules of Conduct
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ABET Code of Ethics
The Fundamental Principles
– Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor, and dignity of the engineering profession by:
I. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare;
II. being honest and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clients;
III. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession; and
IV. supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.
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ABET Code of Ethics (cont.)
The Fundamental Canons
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of their professional duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merits of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.
6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the profession.
7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional and ethical development of those engineers under their supervision.
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NCEES Model Rules
Preamble
Obligation to Society
Obligation to Employer and Client
NCEES Obligation to Other Registrants
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NCEES Preamble
act only in area of competence
responsibility to public
objective and truthful
avoid conflict of interest
serve legitimate interests of employers and clients
establish reputation on merit
do not compete unfairly
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NCEES Obligation to Society
foremost responsibility is to public welfare
only approve documents that meet engineering standards and protect public
notify employer/client when judgment is overruled and puts public at risk
objective, truthful, and complete in all reports and statements
public statements only in area of competence
Identify all parties with financial or other interests who influence your decision
No association with dishonest individuals or companies
report violations to State Board
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NCEES Obligation to Employer and Client
only accept jobs for which you’re qualified
only approve work in field of competence and which you directly supervised
may coordinate project if each segment approved by responsible registrant.
protect proprietary information do not solicit or accept direct or indirect
valuable consideration reveal conflict of interest or appearance
thereof no multiple compensation for same work
unless agreed to in advance no work from govt. body on which
company is represented.
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NCEES Obligation to Other Registrants
no misrepresentation of academic or professional credentials, or prior experience.
no valuable consideration in order to secure work
Shall not “bad-mouth” registrants or their work.
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Action Alternatives
temptations or pressures for you to act unethically
witness or learn of unethical behavior by another
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Course of Action
appeal within the system
resign
notify outside party
– professional society
– regulatory authority
– media
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Risk
the potential for something of value (people, works of art, an animal species, an ecological habitat, etc.) being adversely impacted by an event.
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Risk Analysis Framework
riskperception andcommunication
riskmanagement
riskassessment
sourceassessment
exposureassessment
effectsassessment
managementstrategies
managementtools
Fig. 4.6
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Risk Assessment
describes the nature and magnitude of a risk.
unit time
eventfrequency
event
econsequencmagnitude
unit time
econsequencRisk
risk of being killed bylightning in a year
= risk of dying afterbeing struck by
lightning
x chance of beingstruck by lightning in
a year
750,000
1
4
1
3,000,000
1
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Data Problems
Supralinear
Linear
Sublinear II
Sublinear I
Threshold
A
10 10 10 10 10 10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-1-2-3-4-5-6
B
Ris
k
Concentration Level (parts per million)
Fig. 4.7
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Source Assessment (hazards analysis)
identifies the source and magnitude of the risk.
Source of Hazards and Their Effects
Agent Effects Description
natural/unknown agent largelybeyond human control
gradual, chronic infectious and degenerativediseases (flu, arthritis)
sudden, catastrophic natural disasters (floods,hurricanes, etc.)
unintentional design orsudden, dispersed discrete small-scale
accidentsmanufacturing defect,operational negligence, misuse,"human error"
sudden, concentrated failures of largetechnological system (hotelfire, plane crash, etc.)
gradual, chronic low level, delayed effect(asbestos, PCB, globalwarming, etc.)
anti-social behavior sociopolitical disruption(street crime, war, etc.)
Table. 4.2
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Exposure Assessment
Analyzes who (or what) is exposed to the risk, and the nature and amount of that exposure.
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Effects Assessment
Examines the consequences of the exposure.
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Risk Assessment for Air Pollution from Coal Power Plant
Source assessment
– quantify the pollutants emitted from the smokestack
Exposure assessment
– measure the concentration levels of pollutants in the atmosphere within a given geographic area.
– Effects assessment
– measure the health effects from exposure to the polluted air.
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Fault Tree Analysis
Graphical technique for displaying relationships between component failure and system failure
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Definitions of FTA Symbols
Symbol Name Meaning
Output Event The resulting event due to prior events occuring lower in the tree
OR gate Output event immediately above OR gate occurs when at least one of the input events immediately below occurs
Independent Event An event that has no preceding events
Undeveloped Event An event that is not pursued in greater detail
AND gate Output event immediately above AND gate occurs only when all the input events immediately below occur
Transfer Symbol Used to make connections between different branches of the fault tree
Normal Event An event that is expected to occur during normal operation
Table. 4.3
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Fault Tree for Failure of Lawn Mower Engine
Fig. 4.8
Carburetorfailure
Fueltank
empty
Engine doesnot start
2
Lack ofcompression
Lack ofspark
Lack offuel
Fueltank
blocked
Gasketleaks
Wornpistonrings
Sparkplug
failure
Wiringfailure
Piston doesnot move
Magnetofailure
Jammedpiston
No energyto turn over Broken
rod
Bearingsfrozen
Deadbattery
Pullcord
broken
1
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Risk Perception
The interpretation and evaluation of the significance of a risk and the determination of whether a given level of risk is acceptable.
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Hypothetical Comparative Risks for Travel Modes
Travel Mode Risk
(fatalities/year)
Magnitude
(fatalities/accident)
Frequency
(accidents/year)
Automobile 30,000 0.5 60,000
Airplane 3,000 100 30
Table. 4.4
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Risk Perception Factors
degree of control over the activity
geographical and temporal dispersion
familiarity with agent
voluntary/involuntary exposure
timing, permanence, and certainty of the consequences
effect on sensitive populations
institutional trust
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Rating Risks According to their Observability and Controllability
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Fig. 4.7
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Risk Management
refers to any action taken to eliminate or reduce a risk to an acceptable level.
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Risk Management Strategies
Modify the Source
Reduce the Exposure
Reduce the Effects
Mitigate or Compensate for the Effects
Modify the Environment
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Risk Management Tools
Tort and Other Common Law
Insurance
Voluntary Standards
Government Regulation
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Risk-Benefit Tradeoffs
Cost of Risk Reduction
Value Of Human Life
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Codes and Standards
Performance vs. Prescriptive Standards
Voluntary vs. Mandatory Standards
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American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
certifies standards making procedures used by other organizations.
initiates new standards making activities, either by inviting one of its member organizations to develop a standard, or developing it on their own. Many standards developed by ANSI member organizations carry identifying designations of both organizations, e.g., ANSI/ASME 32.3.
represents the U.S. on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
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International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 9000
Section 4.4 of ISO 9001
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Section 4.4 of ISO 9001
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Design and development planning
4.4.3 Organizational and technical interfaces
4.4.4 Design input
4.4.5 Design output
4.4.6 Design review
4.4.7 Design verification
4.4.8 Design validation
4.4.9 Design changes
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Professional and Product Liability
criminal vs. civil law evolution of liability law
– privity– negligence– strict liability
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Architect's Rendering of Hyatt Walkways
Fig. 4.10
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Original and Modified Support Configurations of Hyatt Walkway
uppersuspension
rodto ceiling
lower flange
washer
nut
continuation ofsuspension rodto second level
suspensionrod
to ceiling
upper flange
lowersuspension rodto second level
(b)(a)
Fig. 4.11
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Load Transfer Between Support Beam and Suspension Rod
P2 + P4
P2
(a)
P2+P4
P2
(b)
P2P2+P4
Fig. 4.12
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Legal Concepts
privity -engineers and manufacturers are responsible for harm done by their product or design only if they had an explicit contract with customer.
negligence -even without explicit contract, manufacturer (or engineer) must be careful and prudent. Negligence can be based on:
– the design created a concealed danger, or
– failure to incorporate appropriate safety devices, or
– the product was made from inadequate materials, or
– failure to warn user of the danger.
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Three Forms of Negligence
Simple Negligence: failure to exercise prudent care and caution
Gross Negligence: intentional failure in reckless disregard of consequences
Criminal Negligence: such flagrant disregard or willful indifference that otherwise lawful action becomes a crime.
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Strict Liability
The plaintiff does not have to prove negligence. Instead, the manufacturer is liable if
– the product was defective and unreasonably dangerous,
– the defect existed at the time the product left the defendant's control,
– the defect caused the harm, and
– the harm is appropriately assignable to the defect.
Compensation
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Tow Truck with Lug, Block, and Tackle
Fig. 4.13
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Sloping Back of Tow Truck with Four Lugs
Fig. 4.14
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Failed Lower Left Lug
Fig. 4.15
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Side Section View of Lug and Weld Area
lug
12o
back panel
top weld
bottom weld
1.0 in.
Fig. 4.16
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Unreasonable Danger Balancing risks against benefits
– product’s usefulness
– availability of safer products to meet same need
– likelihood and probable seriousness of injury
– obviousness of danger
– public expectation of the danger
– avoidability of injury by care in usage,
including effect of instructions and warnings
– ability to eliminate danger without making it
useless or unduly expensive
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The Patent Process
assessment of patentability and commercial potential
disclosure
patent rights and royalty agreements
patent application
patent awarded
licensing agreements
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Patent Drawing of Hub-Mounted, Quick-Release, Wheelchair Shifting Mechanism
Fig. 4.17
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Assembly Drawing of Wheelchair Shifting Mechanism
Fig. 4.18
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Combination Cigarette Lighter and Perfume Dispenser
Fig. 4.19
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Other Intellectual Property
Copyrights
Trademarks
Trade secrets
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Government and Engineering Design
Professional Registration
Codes and Standards
Professional and Product Liability
Intellectual Property
Research and Development
Procurement
Incentives and Subsidies
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Federal R&D Budget for FY 2002
Fig. 420