Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present
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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview
Time LineTime Line
33CHAPTER
MAP
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Visual SummaryVisual Summary
SECTION Two Superpowers Face Off1
SECTION Communists Triumph in China2
SECTION War in Korea and Vietnam3
SECTION Cold War Around the World4
SECTION The Cold War Thaws 5
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Chapter Overview
After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States emerge as rivals. This rivalry is mainly diplomatic and strategic, but also leads both to become involved in military actions around the world. The rivalry dominates world politics for four decades.
33CHAPTER Restructuring the
Postwar World, 1945–present
1945 United Nations formed.
1949 Communists take control of China.
1957 Soviets launch Sputnik.
1959 Cuban Revolution overthrows Batista regime.
1975 Vietnam War ends.
33CHAPTER
Time Line
1945 2002
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Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945–present
1979 Nicaraguan Communists topple U.S.-backed dictatorship.
1997 South Korea aids North Korea, but the two remain divided.
The Soviet Union builds a buffer zone in Eastern Europe, and the United States aids its Western European allies as it struggles to block Communist expansion.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
Two Superpowers Face Off
1
MAP
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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The conflicting aims between the United States and the Soviet Union led to global competition.
The conflicts between these two superpowers played a major role in reshaping the modern world.
Overview
Two Superpowers Face Off
1
AssessmentAssessment
• United Nations
• iron curtain
• containment
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Cold War
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• brinkmanship
• U-2 incident
TERMS & NAMES
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MAP
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the causes of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Two Superpowers Face Off
1
Section 1 Assessment
continued . . .
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MAP
Cold War
Conflicting aims in Europe
Desire for world domination
Incompatible political and economic philosophies
Berlin blockade
Soviet defiance of Yalta agreement
2. What were Stalin’s objectives in supporting Communist governments in Eastern Europe? THINK ABOUT
Section
Two Superpowers Face Off
1
1 Assessment
• the effects of World War II • the location of the Soviet Union • U.S. aims in Europe
ANSWERANSWER
• To protect borders
• To counteract U.S. influence in Europe
• To have access to raw materials to help rebuild war-ravaged country
• To keep Germany from rebuilding and attacking Russia again
Possible Responses:
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MAP
End of Section 1
China splits into two nations—one Communist and one Nationalist. Mao Zedong expands the Communist state and launches ambitious, but often disastrous, programs to transform its society.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
Communists Triumph in China
2HOME
Communists Triumph in China
2
After World War II, Chinese Communists defeated Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerged.
China remains a Communist country and a major player on the world stage.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
• Mao Zedong
• Jiang Jieshi
• commune
• Red Guards
• Cultural Revolution
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
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Aspect of Life Reform
Agriculture
Industry
Family
Divided land among peasantsEstablished collective farmsEstablished communes
Nationalized private companiesSet high production goals
Supported women workersSponsored childcare
Communists Triumph in China
2
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize the reforms Mao Zedong proposed for China.
Section 2 Assessment
continued . . .
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Section
Communists Triumph in China
2
2 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
• Won peasants’ loyalty
• Trained troops in guerilla techniques
• Promised land reform
Possible Responses:
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2. What policies or actions enabled the Communists to defeat the Nationalists in their long civil war? THINK ABOUT
• the goals of each group • the leaders of the Communists and the Nationalists • foreign support
continued . . .
Communists Triumph in China
2
3. What circumstances prevented Mao’s Great Leap Forward from bringing economic prosperity to China?THINK ABOUT
Section 2 Assessment
• Mao’s strict socialism • life in a commune • environmental problems
ANSWERANSWER
Lack of privacy and personal life in the communes, lack of incentives for working hard, poor planning, crop failure
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Possible Responses:
End of Section 2
The United States fights bloody wars to prevent Communist takeovers in Korea and Vietnam. Korea remains split into Communist and non-Communist nations, and Vietnam becomes Communist.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
War in Korea and Vietnam
3HOME
In Asia, the Cold War flared into actual wars supported mainly by the superpowers.
Today, Vietnam is a Communist country and Korea is split into Communist and non-Communist nations.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
• 38th parallel
• Douglas MacArthur
• Ho Chi Minh
• domino theory
• Ngo Dinh Diem
• Vietcong
• Vietnamization
• Khmer Rouge
War in Korea and Vietnam
3
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
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War in Korea and Vietnam
3
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare and contrast the causes and effects of the wars in Vietnam and Korea.
Section 3 Assessment
continued . . .
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Korean War Vietnam War
Neither side gained an advantage.
Soviet-supported North Vietnamese won.
Both
American and Soviet involvement stemmed from Cold War.
Land was destroyed.
Millions of people died.
War in Korea and Vietnam
3
Section 3 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
Not justified—It was a civil war that did not involve the United States; war is not justified under any circumstances.
Justified—It was the responsibility of a nation founded on democratic ideals to support democracy in other countries, especially those in danger of becoming Communist.
Possible Responses:
2. Do you think U.S. involvement in Vietnam was justified? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the U.S. policy of containment • the domino theory • U.S. public opinion
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End of Section 3
The United States and the Soviet Union compete for influence throughout the developing world by supporting rival factions in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
Cold War Around the World
4HOME
GRAPH
The Cold War superpowers supported opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts.
Many of these areas today are still troubled by political, economic, and military conflict and crisis.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
• Third World
• nonaligned nations
• Fidel Castro
• Anastasio Somoza
• Daniel Ortega
• Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
• Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
Cold War Around the World
4
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
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GRAPH
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events of U.S. involvement in Cuba.
Cold War Around the World
4
continued . . .
Section 4 Assessment
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GRAPH
Castro leads revolution
against Batista. Castro nationalizes U.S.-owned sugar mills.
Eisenhower orders
embargo on trade. Castro turns to
Soviets for aid.
Bay of Pigs invasion
Cuban missile crisis
Section 4 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
2. What similarities do you see among U.S. actions in Nicaragua, Cuba, and Iran? THINK ABOUT
• the type of leader the United States supported in each country
• U.S. interests in these countries
Cold War Around the World
4
The United States supported dictatorial leaders who were overthrown by popular uprisings. It intervened in all three countries to protect its own interests—a takeover by Communist Sandinistas in Nicaragua and by Castro in Cuba, and loss of vital oil supplies from Iran.
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GRAPH
continued . . .
Possible Response:
Section
Cold War Around the World
4
Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
Lift embargo—Cuba is no longer receiving aid from the Soviets; all Cubans—not only those who agree with Castro—are suffering.
Retain embargo—Castro is still a threat to U.S. security; eventually embargo may cause the fall of the Communist regime.
Possible Responses:
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End of Section 4
GRAPH
3. Today, Cuba suffers a severe shortage of vital supplies, largely due to the U.S. trade embargo that has lasted for almost 40 years. Do you think the United States should lift that embargo? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• prior U.S. conflicts with Cuba • human suffering
• Castro’s leadership
4
The Cold War begins to thaw as Khrushchev denounces Stalinism, and U.S. leaders adopt a foreign policy of lessened tensions.
OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment
Key Idea
The Cold War Thaws 5HOME
The Cold War began to thaw as the superpowers entered an era of uneasy diplomacy.
The United States and the countries of the former Soviet Union continue to cooperate and maintain a cautious peace.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
5
• Nikita Khrushchev
• destalinization
• Leonid Brezhnev
• John F. Kennedy
• Lyndon Johnson
• détente
• Richard M. Nixon
• SALT
• Ronald Reagan
• Star Wars
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
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The Cold War Thaws
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Indicate each U.S. president’s contribution to Cold War tensions.
Section 5 Assessment
5
continued . . .
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The Cold War Thaws
Tensions Increased Tensions Decreased
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
5
Section 5 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
Wise—Nuclear war threatened the world and any efforts made to weaken the threat were good; Communist China was becoming a power that could not be ignored.
Unwise—By meeting with officials in China and the Soviet Union, Nixon was condoning communism and undermining efforts to contain it.
Possible Responses:
2. Do you think it was a wise political move for Nixon to visit Communist China and the Soviet Union? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the Cuban missile crisis • realpolitik • public sentiment after the Vietnam War
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The Cold War Thaws
End of Section 5