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Textile Media Services
Automotive
Composites From steel to carbon
and from glass to grass
1st edition
November 2011
By Adrian Wilson
Editor: Geoff Fisher
Publisher: Judy Holland
ISBN 978-0-9565-2388-4
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Conte
nts
ContentsForeword ..........................................................................................................................3
Chapter 1: Introduction: a paradigm shift ........................................................................7
Chapter 2: Global automotive production ....................................................................15
Chapter 3: Composites overview ..................................................................................21
Chapter 4: The composites market ................................................................................31
Chapter 5: Carbon fibre overview..................................................................................37
Chapter 6: The carbon fibre market ..............................................................................41
Chapter 7: Carbon fibre automotive applications ..........................................................47
Chapter 8: Carbon fibre producers ................................................................................67
Chapter 9: Glass fibre overview ....................................................................................91
Chapter 10: The glass fibre composites market ..........................................................101
Chapter 11: Glass fibre composite automotive applications ........................................103
Chapter 12: Leading glass fibre manufacturers............................................................113
Chapter 13: Natural fibre composites overview ..........................................................131
Chapter 14: The natural fibre composites market ........................................................151
Chapter 17: Composites recycling ..............................................................................177
Glossary........................................................................................................................185
List of tables ................................................................................................................199
Company index ............................................................................................................201
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Intr
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Chapter 1:Introduction: a paradigm shift
The global automotive industry’s annual turnover is now approaching a value of €2trn.
To put this in context, the UK, the sixth-richest country in the world, was worth an esti-
mated €1.5trn in 2010, and France as the fifth largest, €1.7trn.
The world’s vehicle population is now more than 1bn (while in 2011, the world’s popu-
lation is estimated to hit 7bn). But there is currently a sense that this huge industry is
poised to change as never before, opening up a wide range of new opportunities.
The key issues driving this change most certainly include the ongoing global shift in mass
vehicle manufacturing centres from the US, Europe and Japan, to developing countries,
notably China and to a lesser extent India, and the attendant migrations in both the markets
and the balances of power between the automotive manufacturers.
China
Just six years ago, in 2005, it was widely predicted that China would account for approx-
imately 50% of automotive growth in Asia between 2006 and 2010, and that some 6.5m
vehicles would be made in the country in 2010.
This turned out to be something of an underestimate, and as automotive production col-
lapsed in the US, Western Europe and Japan, 8.9m light vehicles were produced in China
in 2008.
China then became the world’s largest car market in 2009, when sales in the country
climbed by 45% and production reached 13.6m units. In 2010, China’s production of cars
and commercial vehicles was 18.3m units.
Economic crisis
The economic crisis of the past few years also continues to have far-reaching effects on
the automotive industry and the way it operates globally. At the same time, massive efforts
are required to harmonise requirements and technology, with marked differences from
one country to another, resulting from different public policies, local conditions, infra-
structures and economies of scale.
Beyond this, however, are environmental and social concerns that call for a paradigm
shift – not only in the way the automotive industry is structured, but also in what it is
producing.
Safety and environment
The two key factors influencing this – improving safety and reducing environmental im-
pact – are nothing new in themselves, but while today there are more vehicles on the road
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Chapter 4:The composites market
As has been established, the global composites industry is now producing an annual 8m
tonnes of product, worth an estimated €60bn in 2010, and with an average value of €7.2
per kg. However, the per kg value of that product currently differs widely from region to
region.
With a 36% market share by value and 35% by volume, the value of North American
composites production is estimated at €22bn, equating to an average unit price of €8.2 per
kg. Overall production volume in 2010 was 2.7m tonnes.
In the EMEA (Europe, Russia, the Middle East and Africa), 2m tonnes were produced,
33% of the market by value and 22% by volume, with a value of €20bn and an average
unit price of €8.4 per kg.
In Asia-Pacific and the rest of the world (including Australia and South America), the av-
erage unit price of composites is much lower, at €5.5 per kg. The 3.3m tonnes produced
in these regions in 2010 had a value of €18bn, representing 43% of the market by volume,
but just 31% by value.
This is explained by the increasing use of primarily carbon composites in higher-end ap-
plications in North America and EMEA – most notably so far in aerospace and wind en-
ergy – with consequently higher prices.
Growth similarly varies greatly by sector, with the smaller markets – by volume, though
certainly not added value – continuing to grow rapidly. Between 2004 and 2008, for ex-
ample, the wind energy market grew from 102,000 tonnes to 322,000 tonnes.
Wind Energy
By individual region, composites for wind energy grew from 70,000 tonnes to 123,000
tonnes in Europe between 2004 and 2008.
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Table 9: The composites market, 2010
Production Production Share by Share by Average volume value volume value unit price
(m tonnes) (€bn) (%) (%) (€/kg)
North America 2.7 22 35 36 8.2EMEA 2.0 20 22 33 8.4Asia/Rest of world 3.3 18 43 31 5.5
World 8.0 60 100 100 7.2
Source: JEC Composites
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Chapter 7:Carbon fibre automotive
applicationsCarbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) has a wealth of benefits as a material for a vehicle
body. It is extremely corrosion resistant and does not rust, giving it a far longer lifespan
than metal. Complex corrosion protection measures are unnecessary and CFRP retains its
integrity under all climatic conditions.
In its dry, resin-free state, CFRP can be worked almost like a textile, and as such allows
a high degree of flexibility in how it is shaped. The composite only gains its rigid, final
form after the resin injected into the lattice has hardened.
The high tear resistance along the length of the fibres also allows CFRP components to
be given a high-strength design by following their direction of loading. To this end, the
fibres are arranged within the component according to their load characteristics. By over-
laying the fibre alignment, components can also be strengthened against load in several
different directions.
As a result, the components can be given a significantly more efficient and effective de-
sign than is possible with any other material. The ability of CFRP to absorb energy is
also unique.
Formula 1 and beyond
At the beginning of the 1960s, Lotus introduced the monocoque to Formula 1 (F1) racing
by placing thin plates around the bars of the car frame to increase the stiffness of the
chassis.
During the 1970s, aluminium was mostly used for these constructions, but when they
proved to be not as resistant as required to deal with the downforce of the wings, a self-
supporting chassis made with carbon fibre was introduced, initially by McLaren – the
McLaren MP4/1.
This offered an unbeatable combination of strength and lightness. It had an immediate dy-
namic impact, with John Watson winning the 1981 British Grand Prix at Silverstone. It
also proved an effective safety cell – Watson walked away from a dramatic high-speed
crash at Monza, Italy, later that season. Within a few years, every other Formula 1 team
had followed suit and today, most parts of the racing car chassis – the monocoque, sus-
pension, wings and engine cover – are built with carbon fibre.
The chassis is usually the first part of the car to be built, owing to the amount of time re-
quired, and F1 teams generally use the prepreg-in-autoclave method involving carbon fi-
bres, a pre-impregnated epoxy resin and an aluminium honeycomb layer, which is
sandwiched between two layers of carbon fibre.
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Chapter 8:Carbon fibre companies
Japan’s Big Three – Toray Industries, Toho Tenax and Mitsubishi Rayon
The production of viscose (rayon) fibres in the early part of the 20th century, followed by
the advent of synthetic fibres, can be considered the pivotal period in the industrial awak-
ening of Japan, and led to the growth and development of three highly diversified multi-
corporations of today – Toray Industries, Teijin (the parent company of Toho Tenax since
2007) and Mitsubishi Rayon.
Toray first emerged as a producer of rayon staple fibre in the late 1920s, before diversi-
fying into synthetic fibres and other businesses. The Azuma Rayon plant, which was es-
tablished even earlier, in 1915, spawned today’s Teijin empire, while its subsidiary Toho
began separate rayon production in the 1930s, as did Mitsubishi Rayon (then known as
Shinko Jinken).
As detailed in Chapter 6, these three Japanese groups now account for a significant per-
centage of global carbon fibre production, with Toray claiming a leading share of 34%.
There is a notable drive by the research and development (R&D) departments of all three
companies to develop faster moulding processes for carbon fibre reinforced plastic
(CFRP).
Toray Industries
With 2010 sales of US$18.5bn, Toray’s activities by business segment and percentage of
sales for the year to March 2011 are shown in Table 26.
Because the Japanese fiscal calendar falls awkwardly (the year ends on 31 March), it is
worth noting that 2010 sales for all Japanese companies showed results for only the first
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Business Net sales (¥bn) %
Fibres and Textiles 584.1 38.6Plastics and Chemicals 382.3 24.5IT-related Products 262.0 16.9Carbon Fiber Composites 67.0 3.7Environment and Engineering 178.2 11.8Life Science and Other 52.4 4.5Total 1,526.0 100.0
1 year ended 31 March
Source: Toray Industries
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Chapter 11:Glass fibre composite
automotive applicationsAs noted in Chapter 3, the transportation industry accounts for around 28% of all com-
posite end-uses worldwide, and as high as 43% in some regions. The bulk of this con-
sumption, however, is currently in public and industrial transportation vehicles, where
applications include:
• large panels for trailer walls;
• floor panels for railway carriages;
• truck cabins;
• exterior body moulding;
• bus body shells;
• cargo containers.
The lightweight, high-strength, corrosion resistance and design flexibility afforded by
glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) translate into greater fuel efficiency, dimensional sta-
bility, greater cargo/passenger capacity, lower manufacturing costs, lower maintenance
costs, enhanced aesthetics and parts consolidation in such applications.
A company such as Acrosoma (formerly Composittrailer) based in Belgium, for example,
has made a considerable number of composite transportation trailers and containers with
materials based on a patented process, which combines pultrusion with an adapted version
of the tufting technology generally used for the production of carpets.
This gives the company continuous production of around 150 m2 per hour, or 250,000 m2
annually, of continuous quality product. The resulting material is lightweight, with high
buckling resistance, strength and stiffness.
The full benefits of composites in the goods transportation sector, meanwhile, are defined
by Martin Marietta Composites in Table 39. These advantages are particularly relevant
when considering the challenges faced by the trucking industry, including:
• fuel costs;
• driver shortages and retention;
• government regulations in respect of weight, emissions, fuel economy and hours of
service;
• congestion;
• motorway maintenance.
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Chapter 12: Leading glass fibre
manufacturersOwens Corning
Following the completion of its acquisition of Saint-Gobain’s Reinforcements and Com -
posite Fabrics businesses for US$640m in November 2007, Owens Corning considerably
strengthened its position as the market leader in glass reinforcements and composites.
The company operates within two segments – Composites, (which includes the Rein-
force ments and Downstream businesses) and Building Materials, (which includes the In-
sul ation, Roofing and Other businesses).
Composites accounted for approximately 37% of total net sales in 2010.
Like many other companies, Owens Corning’s performance bounced back in 2010 follow -
ing the recession years of 2008 and 2009, and in its latest report it was predicting an in-
crease in earnings before interest and taxation (EBIT) of 25% in 2011 for the Com posites
business.
Owens Corning’s glass fibre materials can be found in more than 40,000 end-use appli-
cations within seven primary markets:
• power and energy;
• housing;
Table 41: Owens Corning: financial performance, 2006-2010
(US$m) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Net sales 5,399 4,978 5,847 4,803 4,997Net earnings (loss) 407 95 -813 64 933
Source: Owens Corning
Table 42: Owens Corning Composites business: financial performance,2006-2010
(US$m) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Net sales 1,382 1,695 2,363 1,633 1,906EBIT 108 123 208 -33 175
Source: Owens Corning
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Chapter 15: Natural fibre
automotive applicationsThe return of the utilisation of natural fibres in automotive applications began in the
1990s, initially in Europe, and a few years later in North America.
Car makers started advanced developments on door panels, headliners, package trays,
dashboards and trunk liners based on natural fibre composites with a thermoplastic or
thermoset matrix, challenging mainly glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites.
Of particular influence was the introduction of the door panels in the Mercedes-Benz E
Table 54: Examples of established natural fibre automotive components,Europe
Manufacturer Models Applications
Audi A2, A3, A4, Avant, A8, Seat backs, side and back door Roadster, Coupé panels, boot lining, hat rack,
spare tyre liningBMW 3, 5, 7 Series and others Door panels, headliner panel,
boot lining, seat backsDaimler/Mercedes-Benz A, C, E and S Series Door panels, windshield/
dashboard, business table, pillarcover panel
Fiat Punto, Brava, Marea, VariousAlfa Romeo 146, 156
Ford Mondeo CD 162, Focus Door panels, B-pillar, boot linerLotus Eco-Elise Sisal carpets, hemp Class A
panelsMercedes-Benz Trucks various Internal engine cover, engine
insulation, sun visor, interior insulation, bumper, wheel box, roof cover
Peugeot New model 406 Seat backs, parcel shelfRenault Clio Rear parcel shelfRover Rover 2000 and others Insulation, rear storage shelf/
panelSaab various Door panelsSeat various Door panels, seat backsToyota Brevis, Harrier Door panels, seat backsVauxhall Astra, Vectra, Zafira Headliner panel, door panels,
pillar cover panel, instrument panel
Volkswagen Golf, Passat, Bora, Fox Door panel, seat back, boot lid finish, boot liner
Volvo C70, V70 Seat fillings, cargo floor tray
Source: ADAS
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List of tablesTable 1: Current production of materials used in vehicle manufacturing, 2010 ..................11
Table 2: Global production of cars and commercial vehicles, 1997-2010............................15
Table 3: Top 20 car and commercial vehicle producing countries, 2009-2010 ....................16
Table 4: Primary EU car and commercial vehicle production, 2009-2010 ..........................17
Table 5: World ranking of vehicle manufacturers, 2010 ......................................................18
Table 6: Contribution of the automotive industry to global economies, 2009 ......................19
Table 7: Basic composites manufacturing processes ............................................................23
Table 8: Composites manufacturing processes by volume requirement ..............................24
Table 9: The composites market, 2010..................................................................................31
Table 10: The composite market by region and end-use application, 2010 ..........................32
Table 11: Use of composites in wind energy applications, 2004-2008 ................................32
Table 12: Use of composites in aerospace applications, 2008-2014 ....................................33
Table 13: Composites growth by end-use sector, 1999-2010................................................34
Table 14: Structure of the composites final processing industry, 2010 ................................35
Table 15: Comparative densities of materials ......................................................................37
Table 16: Estimated carbon fibre demand, 2006-2023..........................................................41
Table 17: Materials required for rotor blades in the wind power industry, 2020 ..................42
Table 18: Global nameplate capacities of small-tow PAN-based carbon fibre production
facilities, 2009-20131 ........................................................................................................43
Table 19: Global nameplate capacities of large-tow PAN-based carbon fibre production
facilities, 2009-2013 ..........................................................................................................44
Table 20: Global nameplate capacities of small and large-tow PAN-based carbon fibre
production facilities, 2009-2013 ........................................................................................44
Table 21: Global nameplate capacities of pitch-based carbon fibre production facilities,
2009-2013 ..........................................................................................................................45
Table 22: Key McLaren achievements with carbon fibre, 1981-2012 ..................................49
Table 23: Composites development at Lamborghini, 1983-2010 ........................................51
Table 24: Cost comparison of autoclave prepregs v RTM Light ..........................................52
Table 25: Advantages and drawbacks of RTM versus autoclave prepregs ..........................52
Table 26: Toray Industries, net sales by business segment, 2011..........................................67
Table 27: Toray Group, net sales, 2006-2011........................................................................68
Table 28: Teijin Group: annual turnover by business, 2011..................................................70
Table 29: Mitsubishi Rayon: financial performance, 2006-2010..........................................73
Table 30: SGL Group: financial performance, 2005-2010....................................................75
Table 31: SGL CFC: financial performance, 2008-2010 ......................................................75
Table 32: SGL CFC: sales by customer industry, 2010 ........................................................80
Table 33: Hexcel composites employed in the automotive sector ........................................82
Table 34: Hexcel: net sales by division, 2008-2010..............................................................84
Table 35: Hexcel: composite materials product breakdown ................................................85
Table 36: Hexcel: products for its three key end-use markets ..............................................86
Table 37: Zoltek: financial performance, 2006-2010............................................................88
Table 38: Glass grades and key properties ............................................................................93
Table 39: chief advantages of GFRP in industrial transportation/trucking ........................104
Table 40: SABIC LGF-PP dashboards by standard injection moulding ............................106
Table 41: Owens Corning: financial performance, 2006-2010 ..........................................113
Table 42: Owens Corning Composites business: financial performance, 2006-2010 ........113
Table 43: Johns Manville acquisitions, 1993-2001 ............................................................118
Table 44: PPG Industries: sales by division, 2010 ..............................................................122
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Table 45: PPG Industries: financial performance by business segment, 2009-2010 ..........122
Table 46: PPG Glass business, sales, 2006-2010 ................................................................122
Table 47: PPG Industries: financial performance, 2006-2010 ............................................124
Table 48: AGY end-markets and key applications ..............................................................128
Table 49: AGY: financial performance, 2007-2010 ............................................................129
Table 50: Mechanical characteristics of flax, hemp and competing fibres ........................132
Table 51: Top ten flax producing countries by production volume, 2010 ..........................132
Table 52: Worldwide hemp growing areas, 2009................................................................133
Table 53: Natural fibre composites production estimates, Europe, 2010 and 2020............152
Table 54: Examples of established natural fibre automotive components, Europe ............155
Table 55: Advantages and disadvantages of natural fibre composites ................................156
Table 56: Natural fibre component weight per vehicle ......................................................157
Table 57: Borgers: locations, 2010......................................................................................173
Table 58: Borgers: turnover, 2005-2010..............................................................................173
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AA Schulman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Abeking & Rasmussen Rotec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Acrosoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
ADAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,157
Adherent Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Adtranz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Aerodyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Affordable Recycled Carbon Fibres (AFRECAR) .180
AFT Plasturgie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
American Composites Manufacturers
Association (ACMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23,24
Advanced Composites Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Advanced Composites Group (ACG) . . . . . .40,61,180
Advanced Composites Research Centre . . . . . . . . . .54
Agrofibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
AGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93,102,112,115,123,125-129
AGY Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128-129
AGY US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125,126,127-128
Ahlstrom Glass Fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Airbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10,33,69,83,84,86,88,178
Aircraft Fleet Recycling Association (AFRA) . . . .178
Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures (AITF) . .159
Alcoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Alfa Romeo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Anhui JAC Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Anshan Sinocarb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Applications Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Aptec Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168,169
Archer Daniels Midland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Aston Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Audi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62,80,100,106,155,158,162,173
Automotive Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Automotive Components Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Automotive Composites Consortium (ACC) . . . . .112
Avantium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
AvtoVaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Azuma Rayon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
B3B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102,110,115,119-121
Bad Emden Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Badische Naturfaseraufbereitung (BaFa) . . . . . . . .172
BASF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Bayer MaterialScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Beijing Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Benteler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60,75,79
Benteler-SGL-Automotive-Composite . . . . . . . .79,80
Bentley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Berkshire Hathaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116,117
Bioamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
BioCar Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Birla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Bluestar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
BMCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
BMW Group . . . . . . . . .17,18,54-57,72,73,80,81,106,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108,155,157,158,162,173,179
Boeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10,33,57,61,69,83,88,180
Bombardier Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Borgers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158,161,172-176
Brabham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Brembo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Brembo SGL Carbon Ceramic Brakes . . . . . . . . . . .80
Bright Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Brilliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Bugatti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Byd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
CCallaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Cam Elyaf Sanayi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
CAMISMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Carbide/Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
CarboTech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Cavac Biomatériaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
CFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
CFK-Valley Stade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Chana Automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Chang’an Automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Changzhou New Chang Hai Glass Fiber . . . . . . . .102
Chen Zhou Gonow Nanyan Chifeng Motor Vehicle 18
Chery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Chevrolet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
China Fiberglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Chongqing Lifan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Chongqing Polycomp International (CPIC) . .101,123
Chrysler Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17,18,58,106,111
Cimteclab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Citroën . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61,163
CJSC Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Claesson Koivisto Rune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
CleanMould . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Coca-Cola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Combine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Composite One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Composittrailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Corning Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Cytec Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,45,73
DDaimler . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,57,68,80,109,155,157,173
Dallara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Danone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
David Hart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Denel Saab Aerostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Denso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Dibiten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
Dieffenbacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99,100
Docklands Light Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Dongfeng Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
DSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
DSM Engineering Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Dunlop Aerospace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
DuPont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
DuPont Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Eë-Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
EADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69,83
Com
pan
y i
ndex
Company index
SAMPLE ONLY
Automotive Composites: From steel to carbon and from glass to grass
© 2011 Textile Media Services Ltd202
Ecobrake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168,169
EKL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Environment Agency (UK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
EPL Composite Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Ergon Nonwovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
European Bioplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
European Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119,139
European Composites Industry Association
(EuCIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101,182
European Composites Recycling Company (ERC) 182
European Confederation of Flax & Hemp
(CELC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13,131,132,133,152,171
European Friction Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
European Glass Fibre Producers Association . . . . .101
European Industrial Hemp Association
(EIHA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151,172
Evonik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Exeltherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
FFaurecia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162-163,164
FAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Federal Ministry of Education & Research (DE) . .72
Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR) . . . .159
Ferrari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57,80
Fiat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,106,155
Filon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Firebird Advanced Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Fischer Composite Technology (FCT) . . . . . . . . . . .80
Force Protection Europe (FPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Ford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16,17,18,57,71,106,107,111,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,159,163-166,173,180
Fraunhofer Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Fraunhofer ICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Fuji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Fuji Heavy Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Fujian Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
GGeely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
General Motors (GM) . . .16,17,18,62,80,111,171,173
General Motors India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
General Motors Ventures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Genin & Cie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Germanischer Lloyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Gienomatica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
GlassFibreEurope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101,181
Glotech Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Gordon Murray Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Grace Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Grafil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43,73
Great Lakes Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Great Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Greenes Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Grupo Antolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Gurit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
HHafei Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Hambleside Danelaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Hebei Guigu Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Hemp Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168,172
HempFlax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Hennepverwerkingsbedrijf Dunagro . . . . . . . . . . . .172
Herbert
ich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Hexcel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,61,80-86
Hexcel Fibers SL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Hindustan Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
HITCO Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Hoechst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74,117,118
Honda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17,18
Huntsman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
HW Johns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Hyosung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Hyundai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,106
IInternational Cars & Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Isuzu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
JJacob Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Jaguar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Japan Carbon Fiber Manufacturers
Association (JCFMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
JEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31,32,34,35,42,43,44,45
Jiangnan Automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Jiangsu Jiuding New Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Jiangxi Changhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Jiangxi Dahua Fiberglass Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Jiangxi Jiangling Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Jiaxing Sini-Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Jilin Jiyan High Tech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Jilin Tanh Carbon Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Johns Manville . . . . . . . . . . .102,116-119,123,171,182
Johns-Manville Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Johnson Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72,156
JSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Jushi Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102,123
KKafus Bio-Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Kemrock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43,44
Keramchemie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Kia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
KraussMaffei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
KTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Kümpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Kuozui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
LLamborghini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51-54,80
Land Rover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Lanxess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Laroche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Lexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17,68,72
Lignotock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
LOF Glass Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Lotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47,155
MMagna Steyr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Mahindra & Mahindra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,115,136
Main Union Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
MAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Manville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Manville Covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Manville Personal Injury & Property Damage
Settlement Trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Martin Marietta Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103,104
Maruti Udyog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
SAMPLE ONLY
Automotive Composites: From steel to carbon and from glass to grass
© 2011 Textile Media Services Ltd 203
Mazda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,158
McLaren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47,48-50
McLaren Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
McLaren Technology Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Mercedes-Benz . . . . . . . . . .17,48,57,68,100,106,109,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,157,158,162,164,173
Mercedes-Benz Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Mesa Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
Metabolix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Milled Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Ministry of Defence (UK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Mitex Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
Mitsubishi Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
Mitsubishi Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,138,164
Mitsubishi Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Mitsubishi Rayon . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44,54,55,67,72-73
Motive Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158,159
MRC SGL Precursor (MSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
NNational Composites Certification and Evaluation
Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
National Science Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
NatureWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
NEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
NetComposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
New York Stock Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Newport Adhesives & Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Nippon Graphite Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Nissan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17,18
Nord Bitumi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
Nova-Institut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
North American Bus Industries (NABI) . . . . . . . .104
NRG Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
OOICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16,17,18,19
Olbrich CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Opel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106,136,171,173
Owens Corning . . . . . .91,94,98,102,111,113-116,119,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125,126,171,182
Owens-Corning Fiberglas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Owens Corning India (OCIL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Owens Corning North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Owens Corning Veil Reinforcements . . . . . . . .93,102
Owens Corning-Vetrotex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Owens-Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Oxeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
PPanasonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135,147
P+D Glass Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Pechiney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Peugeot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,162
PFG Fiber Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
PFG Fiber Glass Corp Chia Yi Hsien . . . . . . . . . . .123
PFG Fiber Glass (Kunshan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101,123
PG Lawton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Plasan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Plascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Plastic Omnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Polgraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Porcher Industries Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Porsche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,58,59,80,184
PPG Fiber Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
PPG Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102,121-124
PPG Industries Fiber Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102,123
PPG Sinoma Jinjing Fiber Glass (ZIBO) . . . . . . . .123
Process for Advanced Management of
End-of-life Aircraft (PAMELA) . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Proton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
PSA Peugeot Citroën . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,161
PTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
PTT Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
PTT MCC Biochem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
QQinhuangdao Fangyuan Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
RRange Rover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106,162
Recycled Carbon Fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Red Bull Racing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
ReFiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Renault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,155,163,171,173
Ringsdorff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
RK Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Robert Eller Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Rongcheng Huatai Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Rover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
R+S Technik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172,173,176
RTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
SSaab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,162
SAB WABCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
SABIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43,106,107
SAI Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
SAIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Saint-Gobain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113,114
Saint-Gobain Vetrotex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Schuller International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,173
SGL Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
SGL Group . . . . . .40,41,43,44,54,58,60,72,73-79,179
SGL Kümpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
SGLACF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Shandong Kaima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Shanghai Carbon Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Shanghai Grace Fabric Kingboard Fiber Glass . . .102
Shanxi Hengtian New Textile Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Shinko Jinken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Sichuan Xinwanxing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Siemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Siemens Plania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Sierracin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
SigmaKalon Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
SIGRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Sinke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Sinosteel Jiangcheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Skloplast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
Skoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106,173
Smart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109,162
Södra Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Soficar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Solegear Bioplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Solvay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Steinachglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
Subaru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Com
pan
y i
ndex
SAMPLE ONLY
Automotive Composites: From steel to carbon and from glass to grass
© 2011 Textile Media Services Ltd204
Suzuki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
TTaishan Fiberglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101,123
Tarbes Advanced Recycling and Maintenance
Aircraft Company (TARMAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Tasso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
Tata Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,136
Techni Lin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Technical Fibre Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Technical University of Aachen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Technology Strategy Board . . . . . . . . . . .167,169,180
Tecnaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146,167,168
Teijin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67, 69-72,117,147
Teijin Mirai Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Telles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
TenCate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
TenCate Advanced Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,64
Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Ticona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107,108
Toho Tenax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67,69-72,180
Tokai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Toray Advanced Materials Korea (TAK) . . . .42,43,45
Toray Composites America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Toray Industries . . . . . . . . . . .40,42,43,44,57,63,67-69
Toyota Motor . . . .16,17,18,63,68,72,135,142,155,173
Trabant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
TransFurans Chemicals (TFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Transmare Compounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
UUnited States Automotive Materials Partnership . . .58
United States Council for Automotive Research . . . . .
(USCAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
University of Applied Arts & Sciences, Hanover . .153
University of Exeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
University of Nottingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
University of Waterloo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
Unitika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
U-Pica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
US Air Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
US Department of Agriculture (USDA) . . . . .142,146
US Department of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
VVauxhall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Vehma International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Vestas Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Vetrotex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119,182
Vicarb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Volkswagen (VW) . . . . . . .16,18,106,155,162,164,173
Volvo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,106,155,164,173
WWästberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Web Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118
Weihai Tuozhan Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Weyerhaeuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58,141
World Steel Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
ZZEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Zhongful Shenying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Zhuhai Fuhua Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Ziyang Nanjun Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Zoltek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,44,58,87-90
Zoltek Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87,89-90SAMPLE ONLY
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