What was wrong with the Church?
• Corruption– Too concerned with politics and interests
• People wanted the assurance of salvation and got indulgences from the Church– Could buy from the Church and they gave release
from sin
• Clergy didn’t care about spiritual needs of the people, only interested in money
Martin Luther and his Beliefs
• Monk in Wittenberg, Germany
• Justification: salvation through faith ALONE
• God grants salvation because he is merciful, not because he can be won over by good works
• Bible is ONLY source of religious truth
95 Theses
• October 13, 1517• Luther sent a list of 95
complaints that attacked the abuses of the Catholic Church– Included attack
against the sale of indulgences
• Pope Leo X didn’t take it seriously
http://www.heritagebaptist-church.org/images/95Theses.jpg
What happened to Luther?
• Many German leaders supported Luther and formed state churches
• They protected him after Edict of Worms where he was made an outlaw in the empire
• Excommunicated from Church in 1521
• Peace of Augsburg (1555) settled the issue and warfare in Holy Roman Empire
Lutheranism is Born• Lutheranism: 1st Protestant faith, Luther’s
new religion– Protestant faith: one that began because of a
break with the Catholic Church
• New religious service: Bible readings, preaching the word of God, song
• 2 sacraments: baptism and communion• Ministers allowed to marry (all Protestant
faiths)
Calvinism
• Protestants in Switzerland– John Calvin (from France) became leader – Predestination: God determined before birth
who was to be saved (elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate)
– Geneva: Calvinist church government
English Reformation
• Henry VIII: wanted to divorce wife because no male heir produced– Not granted an annulment by
the Church
• Catherine of Aragon: 1st wife, had Mary
• Anne Boleyn: 2nd wife, had Elizabeth
• Act of Supremacy of 1534: declared the king the head of the Church of England/Anglican Church– Church remained close to
Catholic teachingswww.dawgsports.com
• Henry’s other wives– Jane Seymour– Anne of Cleves– Katheryn Howard– Katherine Parr
• Thomas Moore: devout Catholic that didn’t support the king’s actions– Beheaded– Later sainted
www.larmouth.demon.co.uk/.../wives/wives.jpg
Henry’s Children• Edward VI
– Sickly 9 yr old when became king– Church moved in more Protestant
direction– Clergy could marry– New Protestant church service– Rapid changes created opposition
• Mary I (became Queen in 1553)– Wanted to restore Catholicism– “Bloody Mary” had >300
Protestants burned as heretics– England was more Protestant by
end of her reign• Elizabeth
– Benevolent Queen of England– Protestant Queen
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Catholic Reformation
• Catholic Church’s attempt to revitalize the Church
• Ignatius of Loyola: established the Society of the Jesuits– Used education to spread their message
www.gonzaga.ie
• Council of Trent– Met off and on for 18
yrs, established by Pope Paul III
– Kept traditional Catholic beliefs
• Faith and good works necessary for salvation
• Kept 7 sacraments and clerical celibacy
• No more selling of indulgences
www-personal.ksu.edu/.../Council_of_Trent.jpg
Johannes Gutenberg
• Printing Press• Spread the ideas of
the Reformation
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/images/image_112.jpg