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INDEX
absorptive capacity 328 (see also assimIlative
capacity)
abundance 6, 51-53, 66, 80-81,101,103,165
Acheson 19,64
aCid ram (see pollution)
Adams 153, 155, 156
adaptatIOn 48, 63-64, 90, 281, 293, 295, 324, 331
adapltve management 99, 338
aesthetic value 47, 49 (see also value of
bIOdiversity)
agnculture 3, 9, 19-20, 32, 64, 103, 119, 130,
177, 220, 291, 295, 305, 329-330, pncmg
pohcles m 9, agroforestry 287, 289, 295, 298,
329, m Botswana 197-198,209-212, Common
Agncultural Pohcy 40, chmate change
momtonng and 108, m the converSIOn of
wetlands 147, 150, 152 155, and deforestatIOn
247, 258, 264-269, 276, and herbicide use 53,
Impact of chmate change on 50, mteractlOn
with forest ecosystems 174, and pestlclde use
32,37, 101, 115,340, sustamablhty of 283,
sWldden/shlftmg 252, 280-282, 290 (see also
hvestock fanmng)
Ahmad 26
Alaya 102
Alcorn 283, 289, 296, 297, 298
Allen 250
Altten 287
Amazoma 40, 106,289,329,341
Amelung 248
Ames 291, 298
Andersen 102
Andreasson-Gren 296
Anms 323
Aokl226
Arntzen 199,207
Aro60
Arrow 11
arthropods 46, 274
Ashton 18, 19, 267, 271,272,273,303,338
asslmtiatlve capacity 8, 15, 174
Atkmson 27, 217
Austm 77, 78, 103, 105, 108
393
Austraha 50, 77-84, 92, 96-104, 107-110, 140,
258, 297
Aylward 153
Babbel102
Bagadton 328
Balee 283
Baltle 18, 51, 57-66, 337
Bangladesh 50, 262, 265
Barbados 118
Barbier 9, 12, 15, 26, 27, 147, 148, 152, 153,
155, 156, 167, 196,238,241,247,248,251,
253, 331, 336
Barnes J 32
Barnes D 246, 250
Barnes RD 46
Barrett 37, 337
BaskerVille 62
Bateman 148
Begon 5, 28
Begossl 285, 298
Behnke 73
bequest value 11, 240
Bergman 224
Berkes 19, 57, 62, 64, 200, 281, 282, 284, 285,
286,291,295,297,298,299,338,341
Berlm 283
Bhutan 262, 265
Blesanz 216
Blnswangerl96,249
bIOdiverSity (see diverSity)
Biodiversity ConventIOn 17, 23, 31, 36, 37, 40,
319,320
btoeconomic models (see models of ecologlcal-
economic systems) 15
biosphere people 65, 284
bIOtechnology 24, 314
Bishop 54
Blarney 98
B10ekstem 49
Blommenstem 128
Bockstael 12
BollVla 309
Bonatre Marme Park 128-144
394
Borneo 264
botamcal gardens 50
Bothman Sea 65
Botswana 18-19, 31-32, 40,196-211,213
Braatz 264, 319
BraIthwaite 103
Brandon 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328, 329,
330
BrazIl 238, 242, 245, 247, 269, 272
Breclnn 319
Brewer 108
Bnceiio227
BntaIn 46, 52, 53, 54, 148
Bromley 36
Browder 329
Brown G M 3, 10
Brown 148
Brown M J 108
Brown S 241
Brown W 296
Brown W L 48241,296
Brundtland 25,26,47, 89
Bryant 102
Buckley 104
Budd 103
Bunch 324
Burgess 9, 18, 19, 251
Burley 100
Calms 66
CallIcott 291, 298
Cameroon 272
Canada 148,286,297
Capistrano 250
carbon cycle 29, 38, 60, dIOXIde and chmate
change 50, 185, sequestratIOn 172, 239, 24 I,
246, 271, 303 313-315 (see also tropical
forests)
Carbyn 283
Caflbbean 115, 117, 119, 127-130, 132, 141, 144,
148, 150, 238
Camere215
Carroll 327
carryIng capacity 8, 284, 296, of rangelands 75,
199, 202, 207, of manne ecosystems 128,
132,134-135,143
Caughley 75, 99
Cayman Brac 132
Cedervall 61
Central African RepublIc 245
Cemea 327,329
CGE (see models of ecological-economic systems)
Chambers 324
chansmatIc species (see species)
ChewIngs 85
Chma 54, 262, 264, 265, 285
Chnshanty 287
Chung 296
Cmacy-Wantrup 54
Clements 73
Cleveland 287
clImate change 49, 303, global warmmg 50, 174,
183, 185,271,303
clImax state 73
Coates 91, 102
Cobb 14, 16,20,92, 117, 118
Common 14, 18,98,99, 100, 101, 168,297,339
common property resources 36, 57, 63-64, 200,
201,337 (see also property nghts)
complementanty between marketed goods and
bIOlogical resources 14, m BaltiC Cod fIshenes
66, In the valuatIOn of bIological resources 12,
164, 168
compleXity of ecosystems 5, 27, 65, 75, 99, 251,
289, and environmental management 57, 283,
and environmental momtonng 105-108, and
reSIlIence 28, and non-llneanty 19, 339, III
sWldden agnculture 289 (see also hysteresIs
effects, thresholds, reSIlIence, stabilIty)
Congo 242
Connell 103
conservatIOn tax 312-314
consumer sovereignty 15, 16, 98
contIngent valuatIOn of bIOlogical resources 13, 98,
135, 152, 177-178, 180, 188 (see also
valuatIon methods)
ConventIOn on BIOlogical DiverSIty (see
BIOdlventy ConventIOn)
ConventIOn on InternatIonal Trade III Endangered
Species (CITES) 37
coral reefs 9, 130, 155, 183, 264, 302 (see also
maflne ecosystems)
Costa Rica 18, 215, 216, 217, 227, 238, 243, 245,
309,310, 330
Costa-Pierce 291
Costanza 20, 58, 147
Costoms 307
cntlca1 hnk species (see species)
Cuba 118, 120, 128
cultural dlvefSlty 19, 151, 173,299
customary nghts 276 (see also property nghts)
CVM 178
Dahl 58
Dally 18,51,54,337
Daly 11, 14, 16,20,66,92,216
Dasgupta 9, 15, 16,35, 161, 173,201,337
Dasmann 57, 284
Day 153
de Beer 330
de Souza Braga 298
debt-for-nature swaps 30,309
decomposers 10, 172, 173
defenSive expenditures 12, 96, 97
deforestatIOn 9,18-19,24,35,53,171,177,232
277, and agncuIture 182,229, and bIOdIVerSity
loss 50, 53, 240, 264-265, causes of 241,
248-254,258-264,267-270, as a consequence
of open access common property nghts 171,
216-222, 230-235, m Costa Rica 215--223,
227-230, 238, and the hydrological cycle 37,
50, and timber productIOn 218, 244 245, 247
255
demographic tranSitIOn 341
Denevan 289, 290
Denmark 63
depletIOn of bIOlogical resources and threshold
effects 14, and property nghts 17, of
bIOdiverSity 33, 38, 57, 95, 237, 286, 293,
337, of mangroves 166, of capital 225, 227,
of tropical forests 250-253, 255, 263-264 (see
also deforestatIon, desertificatIOn, overflshlng,
overgrazing, rangeland degradation)
desertificatIOn 171
dl Castn 7,20, 106
Dmmond284
Dichter 327, 328
Dickson 201
Diehl 248
395
direct use value (see value of bIOlogical resources)
discount rate 13, 15,30, 159, 160, 168, 180,202,
216,268,301,304,337 (see also Interest rate,
lime preference)
dlstnbutlOn of assets 9, 27, 268, of Income 9, 26,
205
divergence 336
diverSity functIOnal 7, 58, 70, 85, 336-337, 339,
341, genelic 24, 48, 58,90-91,101-103,105,
302, heterozygosity 102, 336, homozygosity
102, megadlverslty 24, 99, 176, phenological
80, phenotypIc 336, species 47 48, 51-52, 55,
58, 60-61, 90-91, 102, 132 134, 142, 153,
237, 270, 287-288, 302
DIXIt 15
Dixon 13, 128, 153, 154,272, 329, 338, 341
Dobzhansky 102
Dohnger49
Dominican Repubhc 118
Dovers 100
Dowhng 107, 108
Dugan 149
Dutch disease 211 , 212
Dye 73,80
East ASia 127
ecological services 10, 12-14, 17-18,25,29,31,
33,37,40,57,66,151,237,240,296,337,
340, carbon sequestratIon 172, 239, 241, 246,
271, 303 313-315, and hydrological cycles 6,
29, 35, 37, 47, 335, lIfe support 4, 172, and
nutnent cycles 336, regulatory functIOns 153,
164, of watershed protectIOn 177, 241, 246,
303-304,313 (see also habitat)
ecological sustalnabIlily 27, 40, 132, 174-175,340
(see also persistent states, reSilience,
sustainable management)
economic sustamabilily 14, 40, 66, strong
sustalnabIllly 26-27, weak sustalnabIllty 26
(see also sustainable development, value of
bIOlogICal resources)
economic Incenlives (see mcenlives, market failure,
marketable permils, transferable quota, taxes,
SubSidies, user charges)
economic policy failure of 19, 255, 268, of
macroeconomic 19, 36, 197, pnce liberal
IsaUon 20, structural adjustment 176, 213
396
ecosystem functions (see ecological services)
ecosystem people 64, 284, 285
Ecuador 309
Ehrlich 4, 6, 11, 14, 18, 30, 40, 45, 47, 48, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 99, 100, 172, 173,
240,287,337
Eisner 50
EI Serafy 15,26
Ellis 165
Elmgren 60, 61
endangered species 29, 47, 104, 305; CITES 37;
Endangered Species Act 48, 54
endemism 46,176,264,315
Engel 29 I, 298
Engkvist 60
environmental externalities (see externalities)
Environmentally Adjusted GDP 96
equity: intergenerational 13-15, 173-174, 342;
intragenerational equity 173, 189
Erhardt 53
Erwin 46, 101
essentiality of biological resources 14, 15
exhaustible resources 15
existence value (see value of biological resources)
externalities: environmental 13, 17, 19, 30, 33, 35-
38,40, 174, 181,200,204; and market failure
10, 98, 176, 196, 217, 230, 265, 267-268,
277; reciprocal 35; unidirectional 35
extinction 8, 13, 18, 24; economic 49; of fish
stocks 63, 66; irreversibility of 340; of species
(global) 28-30, 46, 48-49, 55, 58, 70, 85, 89,
238, 240, 270, 303, 341; of populations
(local) 28, 30, 45, 50-54, 55, 70, 104; refugia
to minimise risks of 294; vulnerability of
species to 105
Faith 105
Falconer 330
Farber 147
Farris 102
Farvar 281
Feeny 64
Feldman 48
fertility rates 8 (see also populaton)
Fisher 11, 12, 165,313,336
fisheries 3, 17-18,20; in the Baltic Sea 57-58, 61-
66; in the Caribbean 130, 135; supported by
wetlands 147, 164; in the Philippines 154;
valuation of 190
floodplains 153, 155-157, 167, 264 (see also
wetlands)
Flowers 289
Folke 19,20,51,57, 61, 62, 64, 295, 338, 341
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 246,
248,257
food webs 7, 15, 29, 33, 60, 336
forest (see deforestation, forestry, tropical forest)
forestry 3, 9, 19-20, 30, 152, 283, 295-296;
agroforestry 287, 289, 295, 298, 329;
monitoring 103, 108; use of wetlands for 156-
157,166-167; as a cause of deforestation 248-
249, 254-255; and market failure 267-268;
social 319, 329 (see also deforestation, timber
production)
Foster 270, 271
France 148
Franklin 91
Freeman A.M. 12, 150, 151, 165
Freeman M.M.R. 283
Friedel 74, 80, 82
fuelwood 179, 241, 267, 271, 276; alternatives to
262; collection of 152, 264, 265
functional diversity (see diversity)
Furtado 288
Gabon 242, 245
GadgiJ 19, 64, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 291, 297,
338, 341
gene pool 28, 173
generalist species (see species)
genetic: distance 28; diversity (see diversity);
information 28, 29, 48, 273, 337
Ghai9
Ghana 245
Gilbert 46, 51, 213
Gillis 37, 105,259,267
Gillison 108
Gittleman 45
Glaser 20
Global Environmental Facility (GEF) 310, 319-
321,323,325,331
global warming (see climate change)
Gomez-Pompa 281
Gooding 15
Gramger9
Granlund 64
Greenslade 102
Gregersen 329
Gnma62
Guha 286, 297
habitat conversIOn 20, 24, 29, 33, 47, 284-285,
287, 301, 305-315, 329, 335, 341, and
bIOdIversIty loss 7-8,16-17,46,49,172,176,
190,238,265, fragmentatIOn of 53-54,58, m
envIronmental accountmg 97, 100, \02,
momtonng of 105-106, 148, 171, 183, value
of 186,191,308-309,311,314, wIldlife 265-
266,271, conservation of II, 273, 287,302-
304, productIVIty of 336
Hadl269
Hairston 51
Haiti 118
HallIday \02
Hamblin 108
Hammer 18, 58, 62, 337
Hammond 46
Hmnnck 271
Handmer 100
Hanemann II
Hansen 296
Hansson 60, 61
Hardm 64, 200
Harmg 8
Harper 5,28
Hamson 100
HartwIck 15,27
Harvell 91
Hawan291
Heal 15, 161
Heath 53
Hednck 102
Henry 11, 340
herbIcIdes 53 (see also agnculture)
heterozygosIty 102,336 (see also dIverSIty)
Heyllgers \05, \08
HIcks 14, 26, 173
HIlden 63
HImalaya 266
HImalayas 264
Hodgkmson 77
Hodgson 154
Holder 128
397
Holhng 5,7, 17,20,27,28,61,66,82,295,296,
329, 336
HollIS 153
Holm 48
Holmes 8
homozygosIty (see dlvefSlty)
Hong Kong 265
Hope 92
Hopper 91, 102
Howarth 13, 342
Hubbell 270, 271
Hufschmldt 154
Hughes 54
huntmg 152, 166,237,246-247,284,329-330
Huntley 103, 109
Hutchmson 105, \07
HVldmg 291
hydrologIcal cycles 6, 29, 35, 37, 47, 335 (see also
ecologIcal servIces)
hysteresIs effects 78, 82 (see also complexity of
ecologIcal systems)
ICDP 297
IK 282, 283
Incentives 39, 254, 304, 314, 319, 322-323, 326,
328-330,338-339 and economIC policy 16, 17,
19,20,24,36-37, 176, 196, m touflsm 139,
144, III the lIvestock sector 199-200, III
forestry 238, 245, 254, 255, 258, 266, 267,
for bIOdIVersity conservatIOn 272, 323, market
based 276 (see also taxes, SUbSIdies, user
charges, stumpage fees)
Incremental cost 38, 183, 187
IndIa 259, 262, 264, 265, 269, 271, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289
IndIcator specIes (see specIes)
IndIgenous knowledge 282-284, 285, 287, 298,
326
IndIrect use value (see value of bIOlogIcal resources)
IndIrect value (see value of bIOlogIcal resources)
IndoneSIa 96, 156, 166, 238, 242, 245, 249, 251,
260,262,263,264,268,269,291,292,298
Integrated conservatIOn-development projects 297
Intellectual property nghts 24, 36, 40 (see also
property nghts)
398
interest rates 219-220, 225-228, 232, 313, 337
intergenerational equity 13-15, 173-174,342
intergenerational transfers 13
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6
international trade (see trade)
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
63
intragenerational equity 173, 189
intrinsic value (see value of biological resources)
irreversibility of biodiversity loss 25-26, 55, 173,
303, 306, 340
Israel 323, 331
IUCN 54, 176,282,283,297,299
Ivory Coast 238, 242, 245
Jaakko Poyry 271
Jackson 7
Jamaica 118
James 102
Jansson A-M. 61, 64
Jansson B-O. 60, 61
Janzen 330
Japan 264
Jentoft 66
Jerling 102
jhum 288
Johannes 283, 284
Johns 271
Johnson 8
Jones 147
Jonkers 273
JOrgensen 296
Joshi 285
Kates 8
Kaus 281
Kautsky 57, 61
Keller 271
Kenya 269
Keogh 215
keystone species (see species)
Kiker 250
Kimmage 153, 155,156
Kirkpatrick 108
Kiss 329
Klee65
Knoop 73,78
Kohlmann 102
Kohm 101, 103, 105
Korten 324, 328, 331
Kosior 63
Kramer 176,178
Krause 6
Kristensen 130
Kristoffersen 66
Krutilla 11, 272, 313
Kummer 269
Kunin 5, 11,28,33,91
Lackey 66
Lal 153
land: pressure 208-209, 211-213; tenure 200-202,
276, 283, 297, 329 (see also property rights)
Lao PDR 262
Larsson 60, 61
Latin America 238, 250, 264, 269
Lawton 6, 29
Laycock 73, 74
Leighton 270
Leiss 291
Leontief 224
Levene 102
Levi-Strauss 296
Lewis A. 107, 108
Lewis D. 297
Lewis J.P. 324
life-support functions 4, 172 (see also ecological
services)
Lindenmayer 102
litter invertebrates 10
Little Cayman 132
livestock farming: and rangeland biodiversity 69-
70, 73-74, 82-85; and monitoring 103; in
wetlands 152; impact of policy on 198-200,
202-204,206-212; and deforestation 255, 262,
267, 276 (see also agriculture, depletion of
biological resources, overgrazing, rangelands)
local participation in conservation projects 319-
321, 323-324, 327-328, 338
Lofgren 64, 65
Loftus 57
Lome Convention 200 (see also trade)
Long-Term Forest Management Research Sites 274
Lovejoy T.E. 106
Lovejoy H.J. 240
LTMRS 274, 277
Lubchenco 58, 109
LudwIg 57, 75, 77, 79, 83
Lugo 105,241
Lutz 15,26,92,96,216
MacArthur 270, 284
Machlts 57, 58
Mackey 106, 108
macroeconomIc poltcy (see economIc pohcy)
Madagascar 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,
188
Magrath 15
Mahar 249
Majer 103, 106
MalaysIa 242, 245-246, 259, 262-265, 270, 272,
274
Maler 12, 15, 16,27,93,94, 164, 173,201,337
Malhotra 285
Malthus 8
Man and the BIOsphere Programme 297
mangroves 147, 149, 153, 156-157, 164, 166-167,
183 (see also wetlands)
Manokaran 274
Mantadla NatIOnal Park 177, 189
MaranllOl
Marghn 16
Margules 100, 103, 107, 108
Marguhs 247, 249
manne ecosystems 18, 10 the Baltlc Sea 57, 61,
65-66,10 the Canbbean 127, 131-132, 135,
141-144, and wetland values 154, role of 10
stablhsmg chmate 172, damage to caused by
hydroelectnc project 189 (see also coral reefs,
see grass beds, fishenes)
marme park 128
Markandya 9, 15, 26, 27, 32
market faIlure 10, 98, 176, 196, 217, 230, 265,
267, 268, 277 (see also externahttes, property
nghts)
marketable penOlt 20, 176
Marn 273
Masters 45
May 7, 46, 65, 91
Mayr45
McCay 19,64, 65, 66
McConnel 12
McDermott 330
McEvoy 64
McLam 128
McNeely 9,37, 172, 174,283,319,329
medlc10al plants 24
MedIterranean 50, 53, 54, 309, 316
MeIer 181, 186
Mercer 178
Mery 250
meta-stable state 75,82 (see also stablhty)
MeXICO 148, 289
mIgratory specIes (see specIes)
MIller J 340
MIller K R 3, 45, 52, 239, 240, 266
399
mmmg 197, 198, 203, 207, 209, 211, 212, 275,
304, 324
Mltsch 296
moblle-hnk specIes (see specIes)
models of ecologIcal-economIc systems blO
economIc 15, computable general eqUlltbnum
models 196, 202, 203, 204, 208, 213, 224,
overlappmg generatIOns models 16, state and
transltton models 82-83, 85
Mod1065
momtonng ecologIcal systems 18, 85-87, 95, 99-
110, 132, 142,216,274,320,326
monoculture 30, 51, 57, 241, 293, 295 (see also
agnculture)
Montserrat 128
Mooney 58, 296
Moore 107
Moran and Fnpp 30
Morauta 283
mulhcntena declSlon models 175, 183, 189
Munasmghe 13, 19,172,173,174,175,176,177,
181, 186,336,338,341
MurawskI 271
Murphy 49, 53
Myanmar 259, 262,263, 268
Myers 9, 50, 100, 240, 264
Namlbta 197
Naram 12,336
Natlonal ConservatIon Strategy 199
naltonal mcome accountmg 92, 95, 154
natural capItal 14,26,28,40,58,65,66, 145
natural resource accountmg 92, 109, 213
400
NDP 93, 94, 96, 97
Neave 105
Nelson 295
Nepal 262, 269
net national product 15
net primary product 33, 173, 340
Netherlands 148
Netzel 63
New Guinea 264
New Zealand 148
Niamir283
Nicholson 270
Nigeria 155, 156, 167,238
Nissling 61
Nix 105, 106, 108
Noble 103, lOS, 110
non governmental organisations (NGOs) 304, 319-
320, 322-323, 326, 328, 331
non-linearity of ecological systems (see
complexity)
non-use value (see value of biological resources)
Nordhaus 95
Norgaard 13,57,342
North America 49,52,54,291
North Sea 59,62
Northern Spotted Owl 48
Norton T.W. 18, 91, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
105, 106, 107, 108, 110,339
Norway 66
Noy-Meir 6, 69, 73, 76, 78, 82
nutrient cycles 336 (see also ecological services)
O'Neill 58
Odum E.P. 20
Odum H.T. 61
Okken6
Oldfield 283
open access common property 36, 64-65,165-166,
171, 201, 216, 247, 268, 311 (see also
property rights)
Opschoor 20
option value (see value of biological resources)
Oren 271
Orians 5, II, 28, 33, 91
Ornstein 48
Osborne 103
Ostrom 19,64,65
overcapitalisation as a source of depletion 57, 63
overfishing 57, 65 (see also depletion of biological
resources)
overgrazing 70, 103, 198, 199, 200 (see also
depletion of biological resources, rangelands)
overlapping generations model (see models of
ecological-economic systems)
Pacific 238, 265, 293, 298, 319
Paine 10, 51, 336
Pakistan 259, 262
Palo 250
Panayotou 18, 19, 20, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272,
273,303,317,338,341
Papua New Guinea 245, 262, 265
Paraguay 238
Parker 92
Parrotta 241
passenger pigeon 49
passenger species (see species)
patchiness (see rangelands)
Patterson 45
Paul 323, 331
Pearce 9, II, 14, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32,
37,95, 173,272,318,338,340
Pearman 103
Perrings 9, 14, 15, 17, 20, 25, 32, 91, 98, 168,
173, 213, 295, 338, 340
persistent states 18, 73 (see also stability of
ecological systems)
Persson 18, 338
Peru 46, 272, 289
Peskin 92
pesticides 32, 37, 101, 115,340 (see also
agriculture)
Peters 31, 271, 272, 330
Pezzey 26
pharmaceutical uses of biological resources 24, 47,
311,314,330
phenological diversity (see diversity)
phenotypic diversity (see diversity)
Phili 272
Philippines 154, 246, 260, 263, 264, 265, 268,
269,270,271,309
photosynthesis 11, 33, 70
phytoplankton 183
Pickup 75, 77, 84, 85
Plgovlan tax (see tax)
Plmm 6, 29, 45
Pmkerton 65
PItt 283
Poland 309
policy fallure 19, 255, 268 (see also economic
pohcy, externahues)
pollutIOn 20, 39, 57, 94, 101, 142, 149, 171, 174,
176, 182, 185, 264, 295, aCid ram 53, 174,
182-183, 186, 302, and aIr quahty 182, 186,
302, and assImIlatIve capaCIty 8, 15, 174,
polluter pays pnnclple 34
Poole 329
Poore 246
populatIOn demographIC transItIOn of 341, densIty
8,250,251,253,259-261,265, dIversIty 48,
49,52,55,337, growth 7-9,11,27,36, 171,
197,226,251,268,283,313,341, Mendehan
48, metapopulatlOn 336, pressure 9, 249, 269,
288,
Posey 283, 289
Posner 128
Possmgham 91
poverty In ASIa 265-266, effect on declSlon
makIng 9, 32, 339, and deforestatIon 270,
effect on envIronmental degradatIOn 171, 176,
258, 276, 318, effect on fertIlity 8, and gender
9, and mtrageneratIonal equIty 173, 175
precautIOnary pnnclple 29
preferences 8,19,27,178,284,301, 312
Pressland 79
pnce hberahsatIOn (see economIC pohcy)
pnmary value (sec value of bIOlogIcal resources)
productIOn functIOn approach to valuatIOn of
bIOlogIcal resources 12, 13, 116, 147-148,
164-168, 336, Cobb-Douglas 119, 165, 203-
206, 219 (see also valuatIOn of bIOlogIcal
resources)
Proper Net Domesllc Product (PNDP) 92-98, 109
property fights 8, 12, 19, 31, 36-38, 258, 268,
297,315, and deforestatIOn 211,-218, 220-222,
247, enforcement of 268, evolutIOn of 17, and
externalitIes 13, 35 36, 38, In genetic
resources 24, 36, 266, open access 36, 64-65,
165-166, 171, 201, 216, 247, 268, 311,
securIty of 277, 305
401
protected areas 20, 47, 100, 107, 109, 127-128,
141, 156,265-266,276,282,297,299,319,
330
Przewozny 16
public good bIOdIverSIty as a 17, 19, 10, 35, 37-
38, 40, 302, 309, 312, 340, habItat
conservatIOn as a 310, ImplicatIOns for
InformatIOn on bIOdIverSIty 275, watershed
protectIOn as a 304
Puerto RICO 241, 307
Puroshomathan 24
quasI-optIon value (see value of bIOlogIcal
resourccs)
quota 63, 341
RaJasekaran 284
RamakrIshnan 288, 289, 293, 294, 297
Randall 54
rangelands 18,69-73,75,77-78,80,82-85,199,
337, degradatIOn of 70, 199, patchIness of 76,
77,79, overgrazIng of 70,103,198,199,200
rate of dIscount (see dIscount rate)
rate of tlme preference (see tIme preference)
Raven 45, 101, 105,240
Raventos 227
reCIprocal externahtIes (see externahUes)
Redford 322
reforestatIon 241, 264
refugl3294
Regan 16
RegICr 62
Rehfeldt 102
ReId 45, 52, 239, 240, 266
Rels 247, 249
Repetto 8, 9, 15,37,92,96,98,247,259,267
reSIlIence 5-9,16-19,27-29,39-40,57,60-61,66,
82, 173,237,295-296,336-337,339-342 (see
also ecologIcal sustamabIllty, stabilIty of
ecological systems)
revefSlblhty of envIronmental effects 78
Richards 105, 108
Rogers 128
RosenzweIg 91
Roughgarden II
Ruddle 66, 283, 284, 287, 288, 291, 298
RUllenbeek 153, 156, 166
Rutherford 72
402
Saba Marine Park 128
safe minimum standards 39, 40, 54, 169, 175
Sahe169
Salmi 250
SAM 202, 206, 227
Sanderson 322
Saunders 46, 108
Sayer 329
Schindler 339
Schneider 249
Schnidman 307
Scholes 78
Schulze 58, 296
Scoones 73
Scott J.e. 46
Scott J.M. 45
Scura 13, 128, 132, 135
sea grass beds 183
security of tenure 19
Sedjo 266
Segerstriile 58
Selander 102
self-organisation of ecological systems 27, 339
Seligman 69
semi-arid regions 69
Sen 9
Serafin 295
Shafik 26
Sherman 329
Shoven 224
Simberloff 240
Sjostrand 63
Slatyer 105
Siobodkin 286, 287
Social Accounting Matrix 202, 213, 227
social forestry (see forestry)
social opportunity cost of biological resources 9,
13, 20, 23, 38, 304 (see also value of
biological resources)
Solbrig 11
Soleri 287
Solomon Islands 29 I, 298
Solow 14, 15, 27, 173
Soule 47,54,91, 101, 103, 105,321
South Africa 197-210
Southgate 196
Souza Braga 285
Spear 73,80
speciation 46
species: charismatic 46; critical link 10, 33;
diversity 47-48, 51, 52, 55, 58, 60-61, 90-91,
102, 132-134, 142, 153, 237, 270, 287-288,
302 (see also diversity); endangered 29, 47,
104, 305; generalist 271; indicator 101;
keystone 33, 51, 91, 101, 105,336; migratory
36; mobile-link 101,105,271; passenger 18
Spencer 45
Sri Lanka 175, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,
189, 264, 265, 274
stability of ecological systems 5, 7, 14, 61, 66,
80, 173, 175, 339; meta-stability 75, 82 (see
also persistent states, resilience)
Stafford-Smith 77, 84
Starret 16
state and transition model (see models of
ecological-economic systems)
Steele 7, 58
Steffen 108
Stern 217
Stiglitz 217
Stocks 287
Stone 319, 329
Stork 46
strong sustainability (see economic sustainability)
structural adjustment 176, 213
stumpage fees 9, 37, 268 (see also economic
incentives, forestry, deforestation)
subsidies: in agriculture 9, 19, 37; destumping 9;
in livestock farming 40, 249; and wildlife
utilisation 31; in forestry 9, 269; to
ecosystems 295;
substitutability between biological resources and
produced capital 12, 27, 28, 33, 164, 168,
173,241
sustainability (see ecological sustainability,
economic sustainability, resilience, persistent
states)
succession in ecosystems 7, 73-75, 77-78,83,85,
270-271,288,293,295-296
Sulawesi 264
sustainability (see ecological sustainability,
economic sustainability)
sustainable: development 15, 26-28, 89, 171, 173-
175, 189-190, 299, 318-321, 324-325, 327,
328, 331, 338-339, 342; management of
environmental resources 128, 254-257, 272,
283-284 (see also ecological sustainability,
economic sustainability)
Sweden 62, 63, 64, 65
swidden agriculture 258, 287-289 (see also
agriculture)
Tanner 283, 285, 291
tariff 198, 206, 210, 212 (see also trade)
tax: in agriculture 249; environmental effects of
209, 227-235; in forestry 223, 229, 232-235,
241, 259; Pigovian (optimal) 176, 208; in
tourism 137, 145; revenues 137,205
taxonomic: aggregation 104; distinction 48, 91,
105; uniqueness and ecosystem function 91,
104
Terborgh 270, 285, 303
Terborth 302
terms of trade (see trade)
terrestrial ecosystems 5, 102, 108 (see also forests,
tropical forests, rangelands)
Thailand 260, 263, 269, 271, 272
Thomas 53
thresholds in ecological systems 4-5, 7, 14-15, 19,
25,27,37,39-41,58,75,78-80,89-90, 109,
134-135, 142-144, 169, 339-341 (see also
complexity of ecological systems, resilience)
Tietenberg 20
Tilakaratna 327
time preference rate 219-220, 227; private 8, 16;
social 16; effect of poverty on 32, 268 (see
also discount rate, interest rate)
timber production 241-255, 271 (see also forestry)
Tisdell 54, 55
Tobago Cays National Park 128
Tobin 95
Tongway 75, 77, 79, 83
Tordoff 49
total allowable catch (see fisheries)
total economic value of biological resources 23,
147, lSI, 154, 156-157, 167 (see also value of
biological resources)
tourism: cost of coral reef and coastal degradation
155, 183; ecotourism (nature tourism) 175,
403
246,266,271, 303, 313, 317, 330; in marine
parks 127-131, 135-139, 142, 144; scientific
tourism 303; in terrestrial parks 176-177, 198,
272,303; as a wetland service 153-155, 172
Townsend 5, 28
trade 137, 181-185, 187, 196,200,202,227,266,
312, 315; en vironmental impact of beef trade
137; environmental impact of timber trade
238, 241-242, 244-246, 252, 254-255, 263-
264; illegal 264; international 20, 241, 245,
252,254; policy 196,252; retail 137; terms of
209, 212; trade balance 227, 243 (see also
tariffs, Lome Convention)
traditional ecological knowledge 281, 282-284,
286,293,295-299,338
traditional people 281-291, 297-299
transferable quota 20
transferable development rights 20, 266, 301-302,
307--309,315-317 (see also property rights)
travel cost 178, 179, 188-189 (see also valuation
methods)
Trinidad and Tobago 118, 121
tropical forest: agriculture in 288; biodiversity in 5,
8, 24, 30, 46, 52, 237, 274, 303; role in
biodiversity conservation 64, 253-254, 281,
288; clearance of 32, 101,216,257-260,330;
extent of 237, 240; genetic prospecting in
310; timber production in 241-252; 263-162;
value of 239-241, 271-273, 311 (sec also
deforestation, forestry, timber production,
value of biological resources)
Turnbull 102, 103
Turner 11,14,23,27,147,148, lSI, 173
Twilley 153
Ulanowicz 60
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) 24-25, 37-40
uncertainty: and deforestation 246; and discounting
13, 268; about ecosystem structure and
function 26, 33, 157, 166, 339; and
externalities 9; and functional diversity 340;
and the precautionary principle 29; and risk 10,
84, 100; and safe minimum standards 40,342;
about value of biological resources 30
Unemo 18
404
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
173,237,246,283,299,319
unidirectional externalities (see externalities)
United Nations 96, 98, 119
United States 48, 55, 100, 128, 138-139, 148,
258,315
Uphoff 327
use value (see value of biological resources)
user charges 266
user-cost of biological resources 30
Usher 95
valuation methods: contingent 13, 98, 135, 152,
177-178, 180, 188; production function 12-13,
116, 147-148, 164-168,336; social 13, 15-17;
travel cost 178, 179, 188-189
value of biological resources 4, 11,23,25,30,47,
115, 314, 318, 335, 340; bequest value 11,
240; direct use value 150, 239; existence value
11,23,47, 151, 177,240,246,272,275,
305-306, 335; indirect use value 10, 11, 17,
33, 167, 150 153, 154, 164; intrinsic value
23; non-use value 11, 23, 40, 150, 152, 177,
189,238,31 1,335; option value 177; primary
value 151; quasi-option value 1 I, 168,240,
302-303; total economic value 23, 147, 151,
154,156-157,167; use value 10,11,13,17,
23-24,30, 153, 155, 157-158, 160, 164, 166-
168, 177, 189, 307, 311 (see also social
opportunity cost, willingness to accept, and
willingness to pay)
van't Hof 13, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135
Varian 217
Venezuela 128
Victor 27
Vietnam 265
Vincent 254, 269
Walker 6, 18,29, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82,
99, 100, 105, 107,296, 337
Walters 99
Warford 9, 37
Warren 283
watershed protection 177,241,246,303,304,313
Watt 270
weak sustainability (see economic sustainability)
Weitzman 29, 91, 94
Wells 266, 297, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324,
327,328,329,330,338
West 319
Westin 61
Westman 10, 336
Westoby 73, 74, 82, 83
wetlands 55, 103, 147-152, 154-158, 160-161,
163-167, 168, 172, 296, 335 (see also
floodplains, mangroves)
White 285
Whitmore 302, 303
Wilcox 91
wildlife 30, 31, 75, 147, 198,265,274,297,329
Wiley 45
Williams 77, 78, 101, 103
willingness to accept 12-13, 38-40 (see also value
of biological resources)
willingness to pay 12-13, 38-40, 139-141, 174,
177-180, 189, 305, 312 (see also value of
biological resources)
Willis 45
Wilson 3, 5, 6, 16, 45, 46, 48, 99, 240, 264, 270,
284,319
World Bank 96, 172, 175, 207, 213, 227, 245,
267,319,321,324
World Resources Institute 87
Wulff 60
Yaiiez-Arancibia 153
Younes 106
Young 92, 96, 97, 98
Yu 285,298
Zaire 238
Zij1stra 60
Zimbabwe 197
Zolotas 95
zoo 50
zooplankton 183
Zullo 128
Ecology, Economy & Environment
1. C. Folke and T. KAberger (eds.): Linking the Natural Environment and the Economy: EssaYfifrom the Eco-Eco Group. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1227-9
2. U. Svedin and B. Hagerhall Aniansson (eds.): Society and the Environment: A Swedisch Research Perspective. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1796-3
3. M. Ruth: Integrating Economics, Ecology and Thermodynamics. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2377-7
4. C.A. Perrings, K.-G. Maler, c. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-O. Jansson (eds.): Biodiversity Conservation. Problems and Policies. 1995
ISBN 0-7923-3616-X
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS - DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON