Recent Improvement of Integrated Recent Improvement of Integrated Observation SystemsObservation Systems in Japanin Japan
WMO Technical Conference on Meteorological and EnvironmentalInstruments and Methods of Observation
TECO-2010Helsinki, Finland, 31 August 2010
Kenji AKAEDAObservations Division, Observations Department
JMA
Recent Disaster Distribution (1998-2004)
Severe Weather in JAPANSevere Weather in JAPAN - torrential downpour / typhoon -- torrential downpour / typhoon -
1 hour precipitationaccumulation
Precipitation at Nagoya, 2000
Landslide
Flood
Violent Wind
Overview of the Observational Systems in JMAOverview of the Observational Systems in JMA
JMAWeather forecast
AdvisoryWarning
etc.
Disaster managersTV stations
private weather associationsthe nation
Surface Observation
Upper-air Observations
Weather Radar LightningMonitoring
MeteorologicalSatellite
GPS Observation
Doppler Lidar
Observatories 156
〇 , + , 〇 AWS 1042
( 〇 rainfall, temperature, wind, sunshine 476)
( + rainfall, temperature, wind, sunshine, snowfall 210)
( 〇 rainfall 356)
Surface Observation NetworkSurface Observation Network
Observatory
Automated Weather Station
Each stations locate in intervals of about 17km.
Center System(JMA Headquarters)every
10sec
every 10min
AWSUpgrade to observe
maximum instantaneous wind speed to monitor typhoon or gusty wind
JMA Headquarters (Tokyo)
QC / QA(real-time)numeric ranges, intra-consistency
checks,to add the quality flag to the datum
AWS
Data Collection Server
GTS
Users
JMA Computer System for Meteorological Services
Data Sharing/Storage Server
Web Serverobservations entered manually
(visibility, weather, etc)
Data statistics/archive system Data collection/processing system
data processing
data dissemination
Users (Organizations, NMHSs)
data dissemination(Publication, CD-
ROM,Internet, etc)
data archive
data statistics
SYNOPBUFR
CLIMAT
JMA users
QC /QA(non-real-time)
spatial consistency,time-series
consistency,climate range checks
Observatories Observatories(unmanned)
Public
QC / HKQC / HKQC / HK
Upper-air Observation NetworkUpper-air Observation Network16 (Average interval = 350km)
31 (Average interval = 110km)
Wind Profiler (31)
GPS Radiosonde (16)
Automatic Balloon Launcher (8)
Matsue
Kushiro
6
Data Flow in Soundings of JMA
CONTROL CENTER( JMA HQ )
At CONTROLCENTER
・ Quality control of data
・ Remote-controlling of ABL.
SHIONOMISAKI
WAJIMA
KUSHIRO
MINAMIDAITOJIMA
HACHIJYOUJIMAMATSUE NAZE
Ishigakijima To JMA HQ
・ Sounding data ・ Status data
To Sites ・ Control command
Manned launched site
WAKKNAI SAPPORO AKITA TATENO FUKUOKA KAGOSHIMA CHICHIJIMA MINAMITORISIMA
DATA
DATA
Forecast Made for each models
For weather watches
For numerical weather prediction models
Data Strage
Global Telecommunication
System
WEB Contents
ABL sites
MBL sites
Radome type
Radome
Data flow and QC of Wind ProfilerData flow and QC of Wind Profiler
Standard type
40 N
30 N
140 E130 E
CONTROL CENTER ( JMA Headquarters )
QC at site• ground clutter removal• spectrum width check• migrating bird removal• precipitation effect removal at Center• quadric surface check• vertical shear check• manual check
every 10min
JMA is preparing WPR guidance material as IOM publication
Correlation of u- and v- component measurements for the wind profiler and the rawinsonde, both located at Hachijyojima in
2008.
Comparison of Rawinsonde and Wind Profiler Comparison of Rawinsonde and Wind Profiler MeasurementsMeasurements
y = 0.9627x + 0.0484R2 = 0.972
- 40
0
40
80
- 40 0 40 80UP (m/ s)
U R (m
/s)
y = 0.9757x + 0.0712R2 = 0.934
- 40
0
40
80
- 40 0 40 80VP(m/ s)
V R (m
/s) -30
0
30
-30 0 30UP U- S[m/ s]
V PV
-S[m
/s]
Differences between wind profiler and rawinsonde wind component measurements
(N=7514).
u-component: avg. -0.36m/s
std. 2.13m/sv-component: avg. -0.02m/s std. 2.06m/s
10
GEONET (GPS Earth Observation NETwork)
AMeDAS (AWS)
GEONET is comprised of about 1200 GPS observation sites installed by the Geographical Survey Institute,
Japan. The main purpose of GEONET is observing crustal movement with earthquakes.
GPS Precipitable Water ObservationGPS Precipitable Water Observation
3-hour cumulative rainfall predicted by JMA’s 5-km MSM
Impact of GPS precipitable water on NWP
12
Radar Data FlowRadar Data FlowRadar Data
Control Center
Radar DataRadar Data
Radar DataRadar Data
Quality Assured 3-D Reflectivity
Data
Messocale Numerical
Model
Nationwide Radar
Composite Map
Rain gauge data by AWS
Precipitaion Nowcasting
Radar-raingauge Composite
Map Short-term Precipitation Forecasting
Every 30 minutes
up to next 1 hour
up to next 6 hours
Non-hydrostatic 5 km Model operated every 3 hours
Every 5minutesRainfall intensity
Rainfall
Quality Assured 3-D Doppler
Velocity Data
Data assimilation using 4D-VAR
Tornado Nowcasting
Straightforward extrapolation
Hazardous wind occurrence probability
up to next 1hour
Lightning Nowcasting
Lightning activity up to next 1hour
Sample of Lightning and Tornado Nowcast After 1h Lightning
Nowcast
After 1h Tornado Nowcast
Current Situation
Summary
Most of the observational systems are remotely monitored and controled by central system and whole data are gathered to the central system.QC / QA is important and JMA combines several method to keep data quality.AWS improved to output maximum instantaneous wind speed.All radiosonde systems are upgraded to GPS sonde. JMA operates 8 ABL, HGS and 8 normal radiosonde system.JMA has stably operated 31 WPR for 10 years. JMA is now preparing WPR guidance material as IOM.GPS precipitable water data are routinely used in NWP.16 radars out of 20 radars are upgraded to Doppler radar. Doppler velocity data are utilized in NWP and monitoring tornadoes. Radar data are also utilized for lightning and tornado nowcasting.
Thank you !
Surface observation dataincorporated in the upper air report
GPS satellite signal
Radiosonde signal
TEMP message
Ascent data(PTU,Wind)
Descent data
( PTU,Location )
Data Storage ServerQC / QA (non-real-time)
GTS
JMA Headquarters (Tokyo)
Calculate of observation
( including quality control procedures
such as gross error checks )
Radiosonde stations (16)Users
JMA Computer System for
Meteorological Services
Data Statistics/Archive SystemQC / QA (non-real-time)
CLIMAT TEMP
A/N Report (for domestic use)
Radiosonde Data Flow
16
Wind Profiler in JMA 17
Example of migrating-birds echoExample of migrating-birds echoFukui
(47616)
19 NOV2002
Hei
ght (
km)
wind
Time (JST)
Time (JST)
18
Wind Profiler Data FlowWind Profiler Data Flow
Horizontal and vertical components of wind and signal intensity being sent with BUFR code every 1 hour
10 minute values of Doppler velocity and signal intensity being sent every 10 minutes
Hourly analysis made with
Meso-scale model
Wind profiler data
C O S M E T S ( JMA Central Computer )
CONTROL CENTER ( JMA Headquarters )
Profiler-3
Every 1 hour Ever y 1 hour
10 minute data being sent every 1 hour
Data quality control and remote control of profilers being made
WINDAS
Profiler-2
Profiler-1 Profiler-31
Profiler-30
Forecast made with
Meso-scale model
N A P S ADESS
GTS
Nationwide Radar Composite Map
Low-Altitude reflectivityof each Radar
Quality Control
Calibration
Combining(Maximum)
NationwideRadar Echo Composite Data
Z-R Conversion(Z=200B1.6)
Calibration Factorof each Radar
Composite Processing
Radar-AMeDAS Processing