RECAP: EXPRESSWAY BATTLES IN NEW YORK
CITY
RECAP: EXPRESSWAY BATTLES IN NEW YORK
CITYNotable players: Robert Moses
vs Jane JacobsSuperhighways across dense
neighbourhoods“Slum clearance”: Highways,
anonymous high-rise tower cities
Next: The Penn Station battle
Notable players: Robert Moses vs Jane Jacobs
Superhighways across dense neighbourhoods
“Slum clearance”: Highways, anonymous high-rise tower cities
Next: The Penn Station battle
TWO FINAL OBSERVATIONS
TWO FINAL OBSERVATIONSNorth American expressway battles
Congestion: The big lie
North American expressway battles
Congestion: The big lie
ALTERNATIVESALTERNATIVES
Politics and
policy
Politics and
policy
CONVENTIONAL PATTERN: CAN WE
REVERSE IT?
CONVENTIONAL PATTERN: CAN WE
REVERSE IT?Rural fundamentalismLove affair with the
automobileDecentralization of industry
and routine decision-makingCulture wars won’t end sprawl
Rural fundamentalismLove affair with the
automobileDecentralization of industry
and routine decision-makingCulture wars won’t end sprawl
TOPICSTOPICSPolitics of transportationPolitics of exurban development
Counter-measuresMobilizing support
Politics of transportationPolitics of exurban development
Counter-measuresMobilizing support
POLITICS OF TRANSPORTATION
POLITICS OF TRANSPORTATION
The power of the argument in
favour of expressways
The power of the argument in
favour of expressways
DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONSGrade-separated roadwaysBy-pass highwaysRadial roadsDowntown loopArterialsCollectorsLocal streets
Grade-separated roadwaysBy-pass highwaysRadial roadsDowntown loopArterialsCollectorsLocal streets
ARGUMENTS ANSWERS ARGUMENTS ANSWERS
UglinessNoisePollutionDestruction of
neighbourhoods
Increase in traffic
UglinessNoisePollutionDestruction of
neighbourhoods
Increase in traffic
Traffic builds despite congestion: shortcuts
Traffic on residential streets
Congestion affects buses too
Arterials must be widened, aren’t grade-separated
Worst pollution comes from idling
Traffic builds despite congestion: shortcuts
Traffic on residential streets
Congestion affects buses too
Arterials must be widened, aren’t grade-separated
Worst pollution comes from idling
THE TRANSPORTATION-LAND USE CONNECTIONTHE TRANSPORTATION-LAND USE CONNECTION
Traffic counts guide road policy Implicit assumption: continuation of
status quo Low-density, single-use development
requires roads A road-dominated system limits the
feasibility of anything but low-density, single-use development
The alternative: LUTRAQ (Land use, transit, air quality connection)
Traffic counts guide road policy Implicit assumption: continuation of
status quo Low-density, single-use development
requires roads A road-dominated system limits the
feasibility of anything but low-density, single-use development
The alternative: LUTRAQ (Land use, transit, air quality connection)
THE ENGINEERS’ COUNTER-ATTACKTHE ENGINEERS’ COUNTER-ATTACK
Open advocacy of expresswaysThe underground phase:
Incremental implementation
Open advocacy of expresswaysThe underground phase:
Incremental implementation
“Four-lane arterial”: Scaled-down version
Bridge projects Inaccurate cost estimates:
Norwood Bridge
“Four-lane arterial”: Scaled-down version
Bridge projects Inaccurate cost estimates:
Norwood Bridge
ROAD CREEP IN WINNIPEGROAD CREEP IN WINNIPEGCircumferential routes: “Loops” spread the city
The mid-town loop
Circumferential routes: “Loops” spread the city
The mid-town loopChief Peguis BridgeKildonan CorridorHwy 90/Kenaston Blvd.Bishop GrandinLagimodiere Blvd.
Chief Peguis BridgeKildonan CorridorHwy 90/Kenaston Blvd.Bishop GrandinLagimodiere Blvd.
CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROUTES ARE OK
IF…
CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROUTES ARE OK
IF…Rights-of-way have been reserved
Non-contiguous development is not allowed
Winnipeg flunks on the second condition
Rights-of-way have been reserved
Non-contiguous development is not allowed
Winnipeg flunks on the second condition
AFTER 2020AFTER 2020
MORE ROAD CREEP
MORE ROAD CREEPRadial routes: Destroy
neighbourhoodsRadial routes: Destroy neighbourhoods
Charleswood BridgeNorwood Bridge extensions
Widening of Ellice
Charleswood BridgeNorwood Bridge extensions
Widening of Ellice
EXPRESSWAY BATTLES
EXPRESSWAY BATTLES
Balance of forcesSystem reinforces
itself over timeResistance building?
Balance of forcesSystem reinforces
itself over timeResistance building?
TRANSPORTATION POLITICS: CONCLUSIONS
TRANSPORTATION POLITICS: CONCLUSIONS
Road-dominated transportation policy Sources of support
Road-dominated transportation policy Sources of support
Suburban residents City officials with an engineering
background
Suburban residents City officials with an engineering
background Sources of opposition Sources of opposition
Inner city residents and business people
Environmental & financial concerns
Inner city residents and business people
Environmental & financial concerns
PROGRESSPROGRESS Urban decay: No longer a taboo
subject Downtown development incentives Provincial Land Use Policies (PLUP) Broad-scale culture change Growing salience of environmental
issues
Urban decay: No longer a taboo subject
Downtown development incentives Provincial Land Use Policies (PLUP) Broad-scale culture change Growing salience of environmental
issues
REMINDER: TOPICS
REMINDER: TOPICS
Politics of transportationPolitics of exurban development
Counter-measuresMobilizing support
Politics of transportationPolitics of exurban development
Counter-measuresMobilizing support
POLITICS OF EXURBAN DEVELOPMENT
POLITICS OF EXURBAN DEVELOPMENT
Suburban subdivisions don’t pay for themselves
Inflated costs of infrastructure and services
Tax flight
Suburban subdivisions don’t pay for themselves
Inflated costs of infrastructure and services
Tax flight
COMPARATIVE PROPERTY TAX BILLS (nearest 100)COMPARATIVE PROPERTY TAX BILLS (nearest 100)
Assessed value ($)
Wpg. E. St. Paul
Mac-Donald
Ritchot
60,000 1,700 1,000 1,200 800
100,000 2,800 1,700 1,300 1,300
200,000 5,500 3,400 2,600 2,600
WHY WORRY?WHY WORRY?
First reason: trends
First reason: trends
WINNIPEG’S POPULATION
GROWTH
WINNIPEG’S POPULATION
GROWTH1986-91: 3.7 %1991-96: 0.31996-2001: 0.172001-06: 2.2
1986-91: 3.7 %1991-96: 0.31996-2001: 0.172001-06: 2.2
GROWTH RATES (%)
GROWTH RATES (%)
MUNICIPALITY 1996-01 2001-06
Winnipeg 0.2 2.2
All exurban areas 6.4 7.3
West St. Paul 9.8 6.7
Stonewall 8.8 9.1
East St. Paul 7.0 13.8
St. Clements 19.3 6.5
Headingly 20.2 42.9
THE TRENDTHE TRENDExurban - Winnipeg
growth ratio: 1996-2001 - 38:12001-2006 - 3.3:1
Exurban - Winnipeg growth ratio:
1996-2001 - 38:12001-2006 - 3.3:1
WHY WORRY?WHY WORRY?Second reason: Political implications of the trend
Second reason: Political implications of the trend
CITY PLANNING CONTROLS
CITY PLANNING CONTROLS
DesignLocationDevelopment charges
DesignLocationDevelopment charges
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT
CHARGES
CURRENT DEVELOPMENT
CHARGESRoads and bridgesUnderground
municipal servicesPark allowance
Roads and bridgesUnderground
municipal servicesPark allowance
COSTS NOT CHARGED FOR
COSTS NOT CHARGED FOR
Subsidized transit serviceCommunity centresLibrary branchesPolice serviceFire service
De facto subsidy for fringe development
Subsidized transit serviceCommunity centresLibrary branchesPolice serviceFire service
De facto subsidy for fringe development
EXURBAN DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
EXURBAN DEVELOPMENT
PROCESSSubdivision of farmsResidential competition Installation of sewerage, water
Edge cities: Commercial, industrial development
Subdivision of farmsResidential competition Installation of sewerage, water
Edge cities: Commercial, industrial development
DIMINISHING BARGAINING POWER OF
THE CITY
DIMINISHING BARGAINING POWER OF
THE CITYResidential competition City advantages: Location,
quality of servicesExurban water and sewerageExurban competition becomes
more formidableDeclining city control over
development
Residential competition City advantages: Location,
quality of servicesExurban water and sewerageExurban competition becomes
more formidableDeclining city control over
development
GROWING IRRELEVANCE OF THE CENTRE
GROWING IRRELEVANCE OF THE CENTRE
Exurban location of jobs, as well as residence
Remember: peakingTraffic patterns become
circumferential, rather than radial
Exurban location of jobs, as well as residence
Remember: peakingTraffic patterns become
circumferential, rather than radial
TOPICS: REMINDERTOPICS: REMINDERPolitics of transportationPolitics of exurban development
Counter-measuresMobilizing support
Politics of transportationPolitics of exurban development
Counter-measuresMobilizing support
COUNTER-MEASURESCOUNTER-MEASURESDealing with
sprawlDealing with
sprawl
THE NEED FOR PROVINCIAL
INTERVENTION
THE NEED FOR PROVINCIAL
INTERVENTIONThe Capital Region PartnershipWhat’s wrong with it
The Capital Region PartnershipWhat’s wrong with it
Population/representation balance
Clashing political interestsRemember: Geographic
patterns of political conflict
Population/representation balance
Clashing political interestsRemember: Geographic
patterns of political conflict
MANDATORY METROPOLITAN PLANNING
FRAMEWORK
MANDATORY METROPOLITAN PLANNING
FRAMEWORKTaxationTaxation Metropolitan tax
equalization Exurban tax surcharge Split tax
Metropolitan tax equalization
Exurban tax surcharge Split tax
Raise tax on landLower tax on buildings
Raise tax on landLower tax on buildings
SPLIT TAX(Incentive taxation)SPLIT TAX
(Incentive taxation)Incentive for compact development
Disincentive for large lots, surface parking
Georgists – followers of Henry George: single tax
Incentive for compact development
Disincentive for large lots, surface parking
Georgists – followers of Henry George: single tax
MANDATORY FRAMEWORK II:
LAND USE MEASURES
MANDATORY FRAMEWORK II:
LAND USE MEASURESAgricultural land reserveGrowth boundary
Agricultural land reserveGrowth boundary
Twenty-year planBoundariesReview every five years
Twenty-year planBoundariesReview every five years
QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION
QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION
Instead of the complexities of growth boundaries and tax equalization schemes,
how about simply expanding the boundaries
of the central city to include all the exurban
areas?
Instead of the complexities of growth boundaries and tax equalization schemes,
how about simply expanding the boundaries
of the central city to include all the exurban
areas?
FAILURE TO DEFINE URBAN-
AGRICULTURAL BOUNDARY…
FAILURE TO DEFINE URBAN-
AGRICULTURAL BOUNDARY…
Brings the many ills of sprawl
Erodes viability of agriculture
Brings the many ills of sprawl
Erodes viability of agriculture
URBAN-AGRICULTURAL
CONFLICTS
URBAN-AGRICULTURAL
CONFLICTSSeptic tanks & the waterPets/farm animalsSmellsHeavy machinery on roads
Septic tanks & the waterPets/farm animalsSmellsHeavy machinery on roads
INFILL INCENTIVESINFILL INCENTIVESWhy sprawl is easyWhy infill is hardInfill rebate
Why sprawl is easyWhy infill is hardInfill rebate
Costs of edge development Benefits of infill Rebate the difference, or… Distance-based development
levies
Costs of edge development Benefits of infill Rebate the difference, or… Distance-based development
levies
COMPACT CITYCOMPACT CITYInfillGreenfield: 19,618 needed by 2011, 20,300 available
Area structure planDensification: Infill, greenfield
InfillGreenfield: 19,618 needed by 2011, 20,300 available
Area structure planDensification: Infill, greenfield
BEAN-COUNTING ARGUMENTS FOR RAPID
TRANSIT…
BEAN-COUNTING ARGUMENTS FOR RAPID
TRANSIT…Shorter commute timesIncreased bus ridershipReduced vehicle emissionsLower vehicle operation costs
Shorter commute timesIncreased bus ridershipReduced vehicle emissionsLower vehicle operation costs
…PLAY INTO OPPONENTS’ HANDS
…PLAY INTO OPPONENTS’ HANDS
Subjective commute times estimates
Subjective ridership estimates
High cost – other priorities
Subjective commute times estimates
Subjective ridership estimates
High cost – other priorities
BIGGER ISSUESWhat future do we want for
Winnipeg?
BIGGER ISSUESWhat future do we want for
Winnipeg?Cleaner airLess energy-dependence
Compact, mixed-use development…
…Produces synergies
Cleaner airLess energy-dependence
Compact, mixed-use development…
…Produces synergies
THE COST OF WAITING: ANNUAL TRANSIT RIDERSHIP
(MILLIONS)
THE COST OF WAITING: ANNUAL TRANSIT RIDERSHIP
(MILLIONS)
Year Winnipeg Calgary
1984 59 46
2003 36 78
LIVING WITH WHAT WE HAVE, FIXING WHAT WE
CAN
LIVING WITH WHAT WE HAVE, FIXING WHAT WE
CAN Alternative transportationInner city revival
Alternative transportationInner city revival
Neighbourhood renewalRevamp of building codes for older buildings
Neighbourhood renewalRevamp of building codes for older buildings
ZONINGZONINGKunstler’s approachCreation of a second zoning code
Winnipeg’s approach
Kunstler’s approachCreation of a second zoning code
Winnipeg’s approach
DESIGN CONTROLS
DESIGN CONTROLS
Preserving neighbourhood character
Street-level retail usesWind protection
Preserving neighbourhood character
Street-level retail usesWind protection
PROGRESSPROGRESS Tax-deductable transit passes Flex time Timing traffic lights to move traffic
faster Enforcement of rush hour parking
restrictions Bulk transit rates Car-sharing co-operatives Exclusive bus lanes
Tax-deductable transit passes Flex time Timing traffic lights to move traffic
faster Enforcement of rush hour parking
restrictions Bulk transit rates Car-sharing co-operatives Exclusive bus lanes
TOPICSTOPICSPolitics of transportationPolitics of exurban development
Counter-measuresMobilizing support
Politics of transportationPolitics of exurban development
Counter-measuresMobilizing support
COMPREHENSIVE GROWTH MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM
COMPREHENSIVE GROWTH MANAGEMENT
PROGRAMHigher average densitiesIncentives for mixed useImproved transit systemClear boundary between urban and rural land
Higher average densitiesIncentives for mixed useImproved transit systemClear boundary between urban and rural land
REAL VS. PRETEND POLITICS
REAL VS. PRETEND POLITICS
Striking stancesStriking stancesPolitics as personal moralityDisplays of morality instead
of negotiations
Politics as personal moralityDisplays of morality instead
of negotiations
Coalition-buildingCoalition-building
COALITIONCOALITIONA group pursuing common objectives
Including more than one party or interest group
A group pursuing common objectives
Including more than one party or interest group
6. Low-density, single-use, leapfrog development within the boundary of a city is one thing, further development of a similar nature outside the boundary is quite another. Explain low-density, single-use, leapfrog development, show how transportation and land use interact to bring it about, and explain how the impact of such development changes as it spreads beyond the boundary of the central city. Discuss both growth trends and the political dimensions of the problem, assess the situation of the Winnipeg metropolitan area today and consider prospects for the future. Be specific about the differing situations of different municipalities.
POLITICAL DIMENSIONS
POLITICAL DIMENSIONS
What are the issuesWhat are the interests? (Who wants what?)
What are the issuesWhat are the interests? (Who wants what?)
WHAT ARE THE RELEVANT INTERESTS OF:
WHAT ARE THE RELEVANT INTERESTS OF:
Farmers? The business community as a
whole? Suburban employers (low-wage
jobs)? Developers? Environmentalists? Left social activists?
Farmers? The business community as a
whole? Suburban employers (low-wage
jobs)? Developers? Environmentalists? Left social activists?
INTEREST GROUP
REASONS TO OPPOSE GM
REASONS TO SUPPORT GM
Farmers Freedom to sell land
Viability of commercial agriculture
Business community as a whole
Freedom from government interference
Meet global competition, avoid hidden deficit
Suburban employers (low-wage jobs)
Freedom from government interference
1) Labour shortage
2) Commuting stress
GROUP OPPOSITION SUPPORT
Developers Freedom from government interference
1) Less competition
2) New business opportunities
Environ-mentalists
Dislike of cities Environmental advantages of cities
Left social activists
Growth problems not a priority
Social isolation worsens poverty
GROUP OPPOSITION SUPPORT
Exurban residents
Want tax revenues and a growing community
Want to preserve semi-rural environment
First ring of suburbs
Fear of higher densities, mixed uses
Fear of encroaching decay
QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION
QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION
Instead of the complexities of growth boundaries and tax equalization schemes, how about simply expanding the
boundaries of the central city to include all the exurban
areas?
Instead of the complexities of growth boundaries and tax equalization schemes, how about simply expanding the
boundaries of the central city to include all the exurban
areas?
6. Do you like the way the Winnipeg metropolitan area is developing? If so, offer your best defence of the current system. In addition, identify the proposals for change by political and administrative means that you have encountered in this course that you like least and make the case against them. If you don't like existing growth patterns, identify the most important problems they pose, make out a case in defence of your position, and outline your favourite political and administrative remedies. Be specific about Winnipeg problems, places and situations.
PROPOSALSPROPOSALSSHORT, MEDIUM AND LONG-TERMSHORT, MEDIUM AND LONG-TERM
SHORT TERMSHORT TERM Tax freezes and cuts are not
a human right Quality services and
infrastructure cost money You can’t build a city
economy on deterioration Raise the property tax
Tax freezes and cuts are not a human right
Quality services and infrastructure cost money
You can’t build a city economy on deterioration
Raise the property tax
MEDIUM TERMMEDIUM TERMNeed for new revenue sources
Provincial or federal government should make them available
Conditionally
Need for new revenue sources
Provincial or federal government should make them available
Conditionally
LONG TERMLONG TERM Provincially mandated
metropolitan planning framework Clear separation of rural and city
areas Environmentally and financially
viable location of development Appropriate distribution of tax
burden: No free rides
Provincially mandated metropolitan planning framework
Clear separation of rural and city areas
Environmentally and financially viable location of development
Appropriate distribution of tax burden: No free rides