THE WRITER

THE TEXT

THE READER

The dialogue

between the

reader and the

writer takes

place via the text

.

THE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC - COGNITIVE APPROACH.

LEARNER - CENTERED.

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

SCHEMA

READING APPROACHES.

“A series of stages that

proceed in a fixed order from

sensory input to

comprehension”

BOTTOM - UP

INTERACTIVE VIEW Combination of both.

“Continuum process of

changing hypothesis about

the incoming information”

TOP - DOWN

Purpose for reading

But … HOW

Writing conventions

Prior knowledge

TOP - DOWN

Interpretation/ Understanding

BOTTOM - UP

Language

knowledge

Reading

strategies

Is this text about

advantages or

disadvantages?

Television viewers gradually become

passive in their action. Television may

be a splendid media of

communication, but it prevents us from

communicating with each other or with

the outer world. The world seen

through television is only the restricted

one: It separates us from the real

world.

The reader of this text must be able to

recognize some of the key words and

their exact meanings in order to

understand the point being made by the

author. ( passive, communication,

restricted)

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Advantages-And-Disadvantages-Of-Tv-199809.html

Writing Reader

Decontextualized Distant Production Receptor Time Place

WRITING AS COMMUNICATION

Writing Speaking

Considers and accommodates an absent reading audience to his or her ideas

Reads and comprehends

Developed by Bereiter and Scardamalia in 1987.

Views writing as aiming to produce a text that can be read successfully. The writer has the responsibility of creating a text that accommodates to the

potential reader. The writer has to be fully “committed both to the content and to the form of the

written text.

The writer must develop evaluation and reformulation strategies in the writing process.

The Reader based Approach to Writing

The reader (the audience) and his/ her needs

Background Knowledge Potential content schemata

USE ELABORATION SKILLS TO CREATE A COMPREHENSIBLE AND

COMMUNICATIVE TEXT

WRITING FOR A READER- MATCHING THE WRITER’S AND READER’S SCHEMATA

The Reader Consideration Process involves

Being Sensitive to...

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THE INTERACTIONIST APPROACH TO WRITING

Reader and Writer develop a deeper understanding of the process through shared experience with various texts

Intertextuality

Cycle of Activities

A preparatory stage

A first draft

Evaluative dialogues

A rewriting of the text

An editing process

THE COMPOSING PROCESS

Berlin’s Model

Grice’s Maxims

Writer (Knower) The Audience (Reader) Reality

Language of a written text

Top Down

Bottom up

Quantity

Quality

Relevance

Manner

Top Down

Bottom up

The Effective Reader

Information Gap

Should I read this text?

Do I see where the argument seems to be

going?

How could I improve my

reading skill, to read faster and

better?

reliance on content, context and

organization.

recognition of words and expressions

Difficulties Encountered by Readers While Reading

● Mismatch between the reader´s view of the world and the view presented in the text.

● A reader who approaches the text with preconceived expectations might misread the message.

● A reader who may not understand some of the key words.

Global Processing Difficulties

Where did the text appear and what do we know about the book where it appeared?

Who is the author and what do we know about him/her ?

When was the article or text published and what were the issues of concern at that time ?

Teachers can help students to recognize some of the

features related to the interaction between global

coherence and local coherence by asking these

questions.

Strategies that combine top-down processing with

scanning the text for key sentences can help the

reader construct the overall coherence of the text.

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Grammatical Features that

cause Reading

Difficulties

NOUN PHRASE

ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES

A Noun Phrase may be due to a multiple modifiers, relative clauses with deleted relative pronouns and compound modifier in prenominal position.

The complexity of the resulting structure may cause readers difficulties recognizing the head noun,affecting the processing of the text.

Adjectival Clause with deleted subjects may interfere with the identification of the modifier and the head.

The grammatical form of the participles may mislead readers into thinking that such a construction is a verb phrase.

On one hand, Linguistic competence is necessary in order for a reader to successfully recognize the internal connections within the text and be able to relate old to new information.

On the other hand, General knowledge of the world is necessary to connect one´s background to the ideas presented in a written text.

Indications of Reference

► The Pronoun System

► The Article System

► Demonstratives

Ambiguity

► Redundant elements,

such as case and gender

are not always

available.

Use of Tense and Aspect Markers

Intersentential Cohesion

Simple Past TenseHistorical Present Variant

Progressive Aspect

► Main Events► Main Actions

► To set the scene within which the main event is about to occur.

When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

Simple Past Vs. Past Progressive

Historical Present

At the end of the story, Luke becomes a Jedi and defeats Darth Vader.

Lexical Accessibility

The readers combine:

Personal Knowledge + Textual Information

to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words,

only when the context provides them with immediate clues for guessing.

The optimal level of textual support should be derived from:

1) The reader´s general schemata or general knowledge structures extending beyond the text.

2) The reader´s familiarity with the overall context of the text.

3) Semantic information provided in the paragraph within which the lexical item appears.

4) Semantic information in the same sentence.

5) Structural constraints in the sentence.

Suggestions for

Developing a

Reading Course

Reading goalsDiscourse-based approach

○ Maximize Independent Reading

○ Facilitate Negotiated Interaction

○ Foster Metacognitive Awareness and Learner Autonomy

○ Expand Access to New Content Areas

Planning a Reading Course. Effective Reading Strategies.

○ Silent reading in guided situations

○ Shared reading in groups

○ Individual reading inside and outside the classroom

A Discourse Oriented Reading Course

Goals /Metacognitive awareness

Helps readers make decisions and choices before ,during and after their reading of the text.Expose the learner to a variety of texts genres,content areas, and styles of writing.The learner can develop the knowledge component and the processing skills.

Reading Activities that Lead to the Development of strategic reading

Components For reading effectively.

▪ Language Knowledge(vocabulary-syntax).

▪ Discourse Knowledge and Sociocultural Knowledge.

▪ General (prior) Knowledge or The Knowledge of the world.

Special Activities need to be developed.

▪ Multipurpose reading matter.

▪ Selection of reading passages,stories,articles.

▪ Motivate reading▪ Dictionary Skills and

vocabulary work.▪ Text organization, of

grammatical and logical connectors.

○ Pre Writing a text.

○ Making Predictions

○ Focus on external and internal features of a text.

Strategies

Younger Learners Reading Activities Focus on:

○ The Purpose of Reading

○ The Development of Reading Strategies

○ Gaining Information and Knowledge

Writing Instruction

Breaking Barriers

Choosing Topic and

Genre

Tactics for Planning

The Writing Process

as a Model of

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