Re-inventing mobility:The emerging electric car technologies
Bernadette GruberCorinna Mitterhuber
KS „Energy and Sustainable Development “Mai 2011
Contents
Historical development of electric cars
General concept of electric cars Characteristics of electric car Comparison with a combustion engine Storage systems of electric cars Hybrid propulsion
Contents
Economic aspects of e-cars Costs and profitability Energy economical aspects of electric cars Market development of electric car technologies
Application possibilities for electric vehicles
Conclusion & Outlook
Historical development of electric cars
Early Years of Electric Cars: 1890 - 1930 First electric vehicle invented in 1828 Many innovations followed The interest in electric cars increased greatly in the late
1890s and early 1900s First real and practical electric car (with capacity for
passengers) designed by William Morrison 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle
Company of Chicago
Figure: 1902 Wood's Electric Phaeton(Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of-Electric-Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011).
Historical development of electric cars
Decline of Electric Cars: 1930 – 1990 The electric car declined in popularity because of the
following reasons: Better system of roads need for longer-range vehicles Reduction in price of gasoline gasoline was affordable to the
average consumer Invention of the electric starter disposed of the need for the hand
crank. Initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine
vehicles by Henry Ford.
Historical development of electric cars The mid-1930s until the 1960s: dead years for electric
vehicle development and for their application as personal transportation
In the 1960s and 1970s: imperative necessity for alternative-fueled vehicles renewed interest on electric vehicles
The first electric truck, the Battronic Truck, constructed in the early 1960s.
The companies Sebring-Vanguard and Elcar Corporation = leaders in the electric car production
Historical development of electric carsThe Revival: 1990s Efforts by the governments to more stringent air
emissions requirements and regulations requiring reductions in gasoline use and Zero Emission Vehicle requirements from several states revival
Electric conversions of familiar gasoline powered vehicles as well as electric vehicles designed from the ground up became available (reached highway speeds with ranges of 50 to 150 miles between recharging)
Since 2001: Phoenix designs fully functional electric trucks and Sport Utility Vehicle for commercial fleet use
Figure: Phoenix Motorcar(Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of-Electric Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011).
General concept of electric cars Characteristics of electric cars Core elements: battery, electric motor, plug- in system,
differential Efficiency ratio is close to 90 percent needed energy
depends on battery (type, age, temperature), the way of charging and the general construction of motor and car itself
Maximum power of the motor is reached from standstill, leads to “smooth” way of driving
Possibility to use energy of break application to refeed it into battery
General concept of electric cars
Comparison with a combustion engine powered car
Providing energy: E-cars get energy out of battery Conventional car gets energy out of combustion engine
Efficiency ratio: Electric motor: close to 90 percent Combustion engine: 25-30 percent
In case of e-car mature efficiency losses occur during electricity production
General concept of electric cars
Comparison with a combustion engine powered car
Emissions: E-car: Occur during electricity production; positive for e.g fine
dust Combustion engine: emissions occur during driving
Electric cars produce much less noise than combustion engine powered cars
Electric cars have no gearbox
General concept of electric cars
Combustion engine powered car:Electric car:
Fuel system is on the back side, where it transmits power to the gearbox, which powers the wheels
Battery is stored at back side, where it transmits the energy to the electric motor which powers the wheels
Figure: Coparison convential car/ electric car (Electrification Coalition 2009)
General concept of electric cars
Storage systems for electric cars
Lead acid batteries no essential role for powering electric vehicles
Nickel cadmium batteries Inferior to new technologies due to low energy density and high
toxicity
Nickel metal hydride batteries Very high energy density, good efficiency-to- size-ratio, very long
lasting and unproblematic in terms of safety BUT very high price for raw materials
Lithium ion batteries
General concept of electric cars
Lithium ion batteries:
most promising storage technology for electric vehicles
Advantages: Highest energy density of all battery systems operating at room
temperature lower number of cells needed 20-30 percent lighter than nickel cadmium batteries No memory effect
Disadvantages: In case of destruction toxic gases and flammable material can
occur Very expensive
General concept of electric cars
Hybrid propulsion:
Combination technology between combustion engine and electric engine
In parallel hybrid systems both engines power the shaft In series hybrid systems the combustion engine is
powering a generator which transmits energy to the electric motor
In combined hybrid systems one can change between parallel and series propulsion
General concept of electric cars
Hybrid propulsion Hybrid-electric vehicle:
Either parallel, series or combined system
Contains liquid fuel tank and battery
No plug-in system for charging the battery external
Figure: Hybrid-electric-vehicle (Electrification Coalition 2009)
General concept of electric cars
Hybrid propulsion Plug-in hybrid vehicle:
Either series or combined system
Contains an on-board generator
Possible to run as sole electric vehicle through plug-in for external charging of batteryFigure: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
(Electrification Coalition 2009)
Economic aspects of e-cars Costs and profitability: Electric vehicles of the middle
class with range of about 150 km: 10,000 to 15,000 euro
Very low operating costs Daimler: sells its future e-cars
quickly profitably hopes for a start-up funding from the Federal Government
In many countries: purchase of e-cars remunerated by subsidies
Figures: Costs of vehicles (2010 and 2030)(Kloess et al., 2009: 4,5)
Economic aspects of e-carsEnergy economical aspects of
e-cars: Construction of a corresponding
charging infrastructure (charging stations)
In Austria: 2,600 electric service stations (May 2010)
To recharge 15 to 20 kWh, which a small car on 100 kilometres requires, lasts via a normal household outlet from six to eight hours.
Figure : Charging station for electric cars(Mennekes, http://www.mennekes.de/web/, 10.05.2011).
Figure: Uniform charging connector(Mennekes,http://www.mennekes.de/web, 10.05.2011).
Economic aspects of e-cars
The electric propulsion: efficiency = about 90%
Electric propulsion is principally as "clean" as the energy source
A photovoltaics-carport (solar service station) considered as a charging station of electric cars for the future Figure :Photovoltaics-carport as a charging station of electric
cars(Das Photovoltaik Portal, http://www.photovoltaiko.de/, 09.05.2011).
Economic aspects of e-cars
Market development of electric car technologies: Market for e-cars still depend on direct subsidies, tax
subsidizations or on clearly higher fuel prices According to the most probable scenario: in 2020
26 % of new cars in China, Japan, the USA and Western Europe could have electric or hybrid propulsion
Challenges for the electric car market: energy storage capacities, recharge times, infrastructure requirements, costs of the batteries,…
Without any technological breakthrough: the range of an electric car will furthermore amount to only 250 to 300 km.
At the present time: automotive corporations cooperate closely with manufacturers of electric car batteries
Economic aspects of e-cars In 2009: global electric
vehicle market = more than 26 billion dollars worth & probably grows at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.5% between 2010 and 2015
The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles-segment probably increase at a CAGR of 81.6%
The hybrid electric vehicles market: CAGR of 19.1%
Figure: Summary figure – electric vehicle shipments and value by configuration from 2005 to 2015 (Concensus scenario) (in $ Millions)(Bcc Research, http://www.bccresearch.com/report/electric-vehicles-power-sources-fcb019d.html, 11.05.2011).
Application possibilities for
electric vehicles The development of electric cars or vehicles can be divided
broadly in the following directions or trends:
Industrial vehicles
Figure: Mafi- electric load cart at Daimler-Chrysler(Schnitzler, http://de.factolex.com/Elektrokarren, 30.4.2011)
Application possibilities for electric vehicles
Development of new passenger cars: Urban vehicles
Electric vehicles suited for highway
Figure: CityEL (Firma Haberhauer, http://www.elektromobilcenter.com/, 30.4.2011)
Figure : Think City(Stegmann, http://www.motorkultur.com/de/home/visionen/13-artikel/4929-elektroauto-think-eine-erfolgsstory.html, 30.4.2011)
Application possibilities for electric vehicles
Alteration from customary cars to electric vehicles
Study vehicles and experimental vehicles
Figure: Renault Twingo Electra(MobiLEM, http://www.mobilem.ch/fahrzeuge/fahr
zmain.htm, 30.4.2011)
Figure: Keio University Eliica(Deep Dive Media Automotive Network, http://www.futurecars.com/future-cars/electric-cars/eliica-8-wheel-electric-tears-it-up-one-wheel-at-a-time, 30.4.2011)
Conclusion & Outlook
Huge potential for the further emerging of electric cars Although there are still problems, it is important to push
this technology R&D Electrical outlet and electric cable are not required in
future anymore, because the electric car of the future "refuels" its power fully automatically and without contacting by induction while driving or parking.
Figure: Power from the street. The electric car of the future "refuels" its power fully automatically and without contacting by induction while driving or parking.(Glocalist, http://www.glocalist.com/news/kategorie/vermischtes/titel/das-elektroauto-der-zukunft-tankt-beim-fahren/, 07.05.2011)
Videos
A brief history of the electric car Adaptera Exclusive- 3 wheeled electric wonder on the
road
Thank you for your attention!