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REUSE OF ABANDONED
QUARRIES AND MINE PITS,KERALA
Presentationby the
EXPERT COMMITTEE
2012
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ISSUES
Nearly 8,000 to 10,000 quarries
Roughly a third abandoned
Flooded quarries sites of accidental deaths ofhumans/animals
Pose huge concerns to ecological health
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CURRENT STATE
Spread across the state wherever quarriablerocks occur
No zoning laws governing siting of quarries
Stoppage of quarrying : choice of operator
Pre-FY 2011, no regulations on closure of
quarry or rehabilitation
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CURRENT STATE (Contd)
Safer and secure sites for various anti-social
activities
Many quarries waterlogged seasonally or
perennially to variable depths
Despite vastness of abandoned quarry lands,
currently, no express recommended use
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GENERIC TYPES
TYPE GEOMETRY TYPE OF EXTRACT
L-shaped L-shaped Rock /rubble
U-shaped U-shaped; a deeper pit Rock /rubble
Composite U-in-L Rock /rubble
Box shaped
Walled shallow Box ; walls of
variable height; flat or stepped
floor;
Laterite brick/red
earth; brick and tile
clays
China clay
pits/mines
Large geometric pits or L-shaped
cuttings with benches/steps
China clay
(under MMRD Act,
1957)
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PRE-TREATMENT FOR REUSE
Protective barrier
Hoist warning signs
Stabilize shoulders/rims
Ease steepness at head of cutting/slope
Rough levelling of quarry floor
Re-develop and manage disturbed lower
order streams
Remove assorted refuse in quarry
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Rock types: Charnockites, Gneisses and
Granites
Structures: joints (fractures), shears, micro &
micro-folds, foliations and lineations
Litho-static pressure keeps such weak planes
tightly closed
ROCK SYSTEMS OF HARD ROCK QUARRIES
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ROCK SYSTEMS OF HARD ROCK QUARRIES
Abandoned quarries flooded most of the year
Some quarry basins behave like sealed basins
Examples are: Peroorkada (Tpuram), PTP
Nagar (Tpuram), Beside the Kovalam Beach
Road (Tpuram), Sargalaya, Iringal
(Kozhhikod)
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MENU FOR SUCCESSFUL REUSE
Each reuse option proposed is site-specific and
needs validation by a group of specialists
All measures need periodic monitoring and maintenance.
Key to success of the reuse programmes is the
identification of suitable indicators - biodiversity, soil,
water and air- (to monitor the quality).
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1. Solid waste
composting yard6. Silvopasture
2. Mini-biogas plant site 7. Forage culture
3. Modern Crematoria 8. Mini-livestock farms
4. Mini-solar electric
farms9. Roadside rest area
5. Plant nurseries 10.Quarry learning site
L-Shaped-Quarry Floor
REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
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REUSE OPTIONS
1. Water reservoir
2. Aquaculture
3. Artificial aquifer
4. Water recharge point- laterite , clay pits
etc
U-Shaped Deep Quarries
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1. Community Composting /Biogas site
2. Aquaculture
3. Pisciculture
4. Horticulture
U-Shaped Shallow Quarries
REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
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Yet, amenable only to rim/shoulder stabilization
by hydro-seeding, geo-textile-carpeting and tree
planting.
Erection of protective metallic barricade around
the rim, display hazard warning signs and depth
charts recommended.
Rogue Quarries (No express reuse possible )
REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
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Pre-Treatment:
rim and
shoulder
a. Protective green fencing, and warning
signs and crash barriers (if wall abuts
on edge of right of way of road)
b. Re-vegetation with Lemon grass,
Vetiver along the rim and shoulder of
the pit
c. A Green belt of Casurina/Bamboo
d. Vetiver hedge row to protect rim and
wall of quarry
REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
Laterite Brick and Red Earth Pits
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REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
Laterite Brick and Red Earth Pits
Reuse
measures:
floor
a. Garden land (Cashew, tuber crops,
yams etc.)
b. Real estate
c. Amphitheaters and open-air
theaters
Water storage
& conservation
structure
Recharge pit with recharge bores.
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REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
Tile & Brick Clay Pits
Pre-Treatment
Topsoil of undisturbed patches in
the ela gathered and stored.
Saved topsoil put in place in the
abandoned pit to resume
cultivation.
Reuse Initiate co-op farming in such areas
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REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
Tile & Brick Clay Pits: Abandoned,
Battery of pits in an ela
Pre-
Treatment
a. If water-logged, fencing and water-hazard
warnings along with display of depth
charts
Reuse
a. Pisciculture of edible and ornamental fish
b. Farming sites of aquatic plants (e.g., lotus,
water lily)
c. Source of irrigation water and domestic
use after treatment.
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REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
China Clay Mine
Pre-Treatment
Protective fencing, and warning signs
Depth charting
Re-vegetation of rim and edge (e.g.,
vetiver, lemon grass)
Masonry/earthen gutters to divert
surface runoff away from the mine pit to
protect erosion of walls & water quality
A Green belt of Casurina/Bamboo in the
buffer zone
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REUSE OPTIONS (Contd)
China Clay Mine
Reuse
measures
Pisciculture: Edible and ornamental fish
Cultivation of aquatic flowering plants like
lotus, water lily Source of water for lift irrigation, industrial
and domestic use after treatment.
Develop childrens park, picnic ground,
play ground, open air theatre etc. after
landscaping the land around the back
shore as inSargalaya, Kozhikode district
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MENU FOR SUCCESSFUL REUSE
Each reuse option proposed needs careful validation by agroup of specialists in the Quarry Reuse Advisory Cell,
Office of DMG, GoK.
All measures need periodic monitoring and maintenance.
Key to success of the reuse programmes is the
identification of suitable environmental health indicators -
biodiversity, soil, water and air- (to monitor the quality).
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AVOIDANCE OF RISK TO COMMUNITY
Provide metallic barricades as a safe
barrier
Erect caution boards/depth charts in
sufficient numbers and sites
Legally entrust LSGs with powers to
implement safety measures
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QRAC: AGENCY FOR REUSE
ASSISTANCE
Panel of multi-disciplinary experts at QRAC
to approve, modify, re-design DPR tasks
for reuse
Establish QRAC (Quarry Reuse Advisory Cell),
@ DMG to validate and/or design/approve
reuse measures/ DPR raised by LSGs
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Geo-spatially referenced database on
quarries currently does not exist.
A basic information for environmental
management, control and for plugging
revenue loss to the State.
A format for geospatial data collection
appended in the report
DMG in charge of populating maintaining and
updating the DB
QUARRY DATABASE, KERALA
LEGAL MEASURES
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LEGAL MEASURES
The Kerala Minor Mineral Concession Rules,
1967 allow stoppage of quarrying at any time.
No express closure clause
The draft Minor Mineral Regulation and
Development Act, 2011 of GOI requiring
quarry closure plan is under
consideration of GOK.
Hence, adoption of MMRD, 2011 by GOK is of
high priority.
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The SC recommends take over (of quarries by
the LSG) of all categories abandoned for
more than 5 years to implement reuse tasks.
Government may enable by new rules for this
based on legislation or executive order.
LEGAL MEASURES
(Recommendations)
REUSE OF ABANDONED QUARRIES ETC.-2011
FINANCING REUSE
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A Cess on tradable quarry extracts
A share (up to 20% ) of tax or royalty
Issue a Kerala State Quarry Reuse Bond
A quarry restoration superfund with the
support of GOI (special to Kerala)
Bumper Lottery for quarry-eco-restoration
fund
WB/ADB loan for environmental
rehabilitation
FINANCING REUSE
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CESS Complex, Akkulam, Tpuram
KSRTC Bus station, Chathannoor
Sargalaya, Kozhikode dist.
SUCCESS STORIES OF REUSE
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KRL taps ponded water from a cluster ofabandoned quarries to supplement
industrial water needs
Commercial ornamental fish farming,
Palakkad
Farm Irrigation with ponded quarry water,Palakkad & Wayanad dist.
SUCCESS STORIES (Contd)
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Domestic water supply sourced from
abandoned clay mine, Magalapuram,
Tpuram.
English India Clays refines clay with recycledharvested water from abandoned mine pits,
Tpuram.
Prime real estate (of TCS) is restored mine pit,
Tpuram.
SUCCESS STORIES (Contd)
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We acknowledge quarry
operators,government departments and
above all Professional staff of
Mining & Geology Department
in making our outdoor work a
great success.
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THANK YOU
VERY MUCH