ImperativeImperative CohortativeCohortative JussiveJussive
Simple Simple command or command or
requestrequest
Limited to the Limited to the 22ndnd person person
(“you”)(“you”)
““Do this”Do this”
You will killYou will kill
You will killYou will kill
Wlj.Wlj.q.Tiq.Ti
Ya’ll will killYa’ll will kill
Ya’ll will killYa’ll will kill
ljoq.ljoq.TiTiylij.ylij.
q.Tiq.Tihn"l.hn"l.joq.Tjoq.T
ii
ImperfectImperfect
Wlj.Wlj.qiqi
Kill!Kill!
Kill!Kill!ljoq.ljoq.Kill!Kill!ylij.ylij.
qiqiKill!Kill!hn"l.hn"l.
joq.joq.
ImperativeImperative
The 2ms Imperative often has The 2ms Imperative often has a endinga endinghh
rmrm;v';v'
rmrmov.ov.
hr'hr'm.vm.v
''
“To watch” “You watch!” “You watch!”
Root Imperative
Negative commands Negative commands (prohibitions) use the negative (prohibitions) use the negative
particle with the Imperfect.particle with the Imperfect.
xc'r>Ti xc'r>Ti al{al{
BB Exodus Exodus 20:1320:13Qal imperf
2ms of
xc;r'xc;r'“to kill”
Negative commands Negative commands (prohibitions) use the negative (prohibitions) use the negative
particle with the Imperfect.particle with the Imperfect.
xc'r>Ti xc'r>Ti al{al{
BB Exodus Exodus 20:1320:13
@a'n>Ti @a'n>Ti al{al{
BB Exodus Exodus 20:1420:14Qal imperf
2ms of
@a;n"@a;n"“to commit adultery”
Negative commands Negative commands (prohibitions) use the negative (prohibitions) use the negative
particle with the Imperfect.particle with the Imperfect.
xc'r>Ti xc'r>Ti al{al{
BB Exodus Exodus 20:1320:13
@a'n>Ti @a'n>Ti al{al{
BB Exodus Exodus 20:1420:14
bnOg>Ti bnOg>Ti al{al{
BB Exodus Exodus 20:1520:15Qal imperf
2ms of bbn;n;G'G'
“to steal”
Negative commands Negative commands (prohibitions) use the negative (prohibitions) use the negative
particle with the Imperfect.particle with the Imperfect.
al{al{ la;la;Absolute and permanent prohibition
Immediate and specific
prohibition
“ “"My lord, if now I have found favor in "My lord, if now I have found favor in your sight, please do not pass your your sight, please do not pass your
servant by” (Genesis 18:3).servant by” (Genesis 18:3).
!xe ytiac'm' an"-!xe ytiac'm' an"-~ai yn"doa]~ai yn"doa]l[;me rbo[]t; an"-l[;me rbo[]t; an"-
la; ^yn<y[eB.la; ^yn<y[eB.^D<b.[;^D<b.[;
My LordMy LordififpleasepleaseI foundI foundgracegrace
in your eyesin your eyesdo notdo notpleasepleasego overgo overon byon by
your servantyour servant
And the LORD appeared to him and said, And the LORD appeared to him and said, “Do not go down to Egypt…” (Genesis 26:2).“Do not go down to Egypt…” (Genesis 26:2).
rm,aYOw: rm,aYOw: hw"hy> wyl'ae hw"hy> wyl'ae
ar"YEw:ar"YEw:hm'y>r"c.mi hm'y>r"c.mi drETe-la;drETe-la;
And he And he appearedappeared
to himto himthe Lordthe Lordand he saidand he said
Do notDo notgo downgo down
Qal imperf Qal imperf 2ms of2ms of
dr'y"
(to) Egypt(to) Egypt
Weak forms of Weak forms of the Imperative the Imperative seen on Pages seen on Pages
212-215212-215
ImperativeImperative CohortativeCohortative JussiveJussive
Simple Simple command or command or
requestrequest
Wish, desire, or Wish, desire, or requestrequest
Limited to the Limited to the 22ndnd person person
(“you”)(“you”)
Limited to the Limited to the 11stst person person
(“I” or “we”)(“I” or “we”)
““Do this”Do this” ““Let this be Let this be done”done”
• Looks like the ImperfectLooks like the Imperfect
• Distinguished by its placement Distinguished by its placement in the clausein the clause– When it is first in the clause, it is When it is first in the clause, it is
cohortative (as long as it is not a cohortative (as long as it is not a waw consecutivewaw consecutive
– When it appears later in the When it appears later in the clause, it is a normal imperfectclause, it is a normal imperfect
~d"a' hf,[]n: ~d"a' hf,[]n: ~yhil{a/ ~yhil{a/
rm,aYOw:rm,aYOw:WnteWmd>Ki WnteWmd>Ki Wnmel.c;B.Wnmel.c;B.
And he saidAnd he saidGodGodLet us makeLet us makemanman
in our imagein our imagelike our like our likenesslikeness
Wrm.aYOw: Wrm.aYOw: wD"x.y: ~['h'-lk' wD"x.y: ~['h'-lk'
Wn[]Y:w:Wn[]Y:w:hf,[]n: hw"hy> hf,[]n: hw"hy> rB,DI-rv,a] lKorB,DI-rv,a] lKo
And they And they answeredanswered
AllAllthe peoplethe peopletogethertogetherand they saidand they said
AllAllwhichwhichhe saidhe saidthe Lordthe LordWe will doWe will do
(Imperfect, not (Imperfect, not Cohortative)Cohortative)
The cohortative often attaches The cohortative often attaches a suffix to the end of the a suffix to the end of the
wordwordhh
“And may I keep your law” (Psalm 119:44)
^t.r"At ^t.r"At hr"m.v.a,w>hr"m.v.a,w>
ImperativeImperative CohortativeCohortative JussiveJussive
Simple Simple command or command or
requestrequest
Wish, desire, or Wish, desire, or requestrequest
Wish, request, Wish, request, or commandor command
Limited to the Limited to the 22ndnd person person
(“you”)(“you”)
Limited to the Limited to the 11stst person person
(“I” or “we”)(“I” or “we”)
Limited to the Limited to the 33rdrd person (“he, person (“he, she, or they”)she, or they”)
““Do this”Do this” ““Let this be done”Let this be done”
Looks like the Cohortative Looks like the Cohortative except that it is 3except that it is 3rdrd person person
instead of 1instead of 1stst person person
rx;B'rx;B'
Choose, test, Choose, test, examineexamine
!yBi!yBi
Understand, Understand, perceived, perceived, considerconsider
vr;D'vr;D'
Seek, inquire, Seek, inquire, investigateinvestigate
gr;h'gr;h'
KillKill
#pe#pex'x'
To delight inTo delight in
bAjbAj
GoodGood
vd;q'vd;q'
Be holyBe holy
h[;r'h[;r'
To shepherdTo shepherd
la;v'la;v'
To askTo ask
l[;B;l[;B;
Lord, master, Lord, master, husbandhusband
jb,vejb,ve
Rod, staff, Rod, staff, scepterscepter
d[;B;d[;B;
Behind, Behind, throughthrough
![;y:![;y:
On account ofOn account of
an"an"
PleasePlease