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THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY
MUSEUM NOTES
2
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY
NEW YORK
1975
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PTOLEMAIC COINS
AND
CHRONOLOGY:
THE
DATED
SILVER COINAGE OF
ALEXANDRIA
(Plates
II-VI)
Otto
Morkholm
INTRODUCTION
The
purpose
of
this
paper
is to
present
survey
of the dated
silver
coinage
of
Alexandria
nd,
especially,
o assess the
contribution f
this
material
to our
knowledge
f
Ptolemaic
chronology
n
the
2nd
and
1st
centuries
.c.1
It
willbe demonstratedhat n
some
cases
the numismatic
evidence,
whichhas
neverbeen
systematically
pplied
to a
chronological
investigation,
s
able to
supplement
the
literary
and
documentary
sources and also to correct ome inferences rawnfrom hat material.
In
order
o
understand he
chronological
roblems,
t
willbe
necessary
to deal
briefly
with the
Egyptian
use of the
regnalyear.
In
our
period
the
Macedonian calendar
had been
completely
ssimilated
o the
Egyp-
tian,
in
which the
new
year began
on
Thoth 1. As the
Egyptian year
had
365
days,
nsteadof the
Julian
365
1]A,
he new
year
moved forward
one
day
every
fourth
ear
when
expressed
n
Julian dates.
Thus
year
27 of
Ptolemy
VI
began
on
Oct.
1,
155,
while
year
22
of
Cleopatra
tarted
on
Aug.
31, 31,
the
new
year
having
moved
forward little
more than
a month n 125 years. Whencounting he regnalyears,the time from
the
accession
to
the first
ew
year's day
thereafter as
reckoned s
year
1,
while
year
2
began
with this
new
year.
The first ull
year
of a
reign
thus
becomes
year
2.
The
length
of
year
1
will
vary
according
to the
date
of
accession
and
may
sometimes ave
comprised nly
a few
days.2
1
All
dates n this
aper
reb.c.
2
For
Egyptianhronology
n
general
ee
the
ntroductionso the
following
hree
works:
.
C.
Skeat,
he
Reigns
f
he tolemies
Münchener
eiträge
ur
Papyrus-
forschung
nd
ntiken
echtsgeschichte
9
(Munich,
954);
A.
E.
Samuel,
tolemaic
ChronologyünchenereiträgeurPapyrusforschungnd ntiken echtsgeschichte
43
Munich,
962);
. W.
Pestman,
hronologie
gyptienne'après
es extes
émotiques
(
332 av.
J.-C.
453
ap.
J.-C.),
apyrologica
ugduno-
ataua
5
Leiden,
967).
7
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8 OTTO M0RKHOLM
It should also be noted that
we
are
dealing
withthe
coinage
of Alex-
andria.
While most
dates from
apyri
nd ostraka derive
from arious
parts
of the
country
nd are
quite
unevenly
distributed,
he chrono-
logical
nformation
rom he coinsconcerns
he
capital.
This s
important
because
otherevidence from
Alexandria
s
very
sparse.
Moreover,
his
means
that we
do not have
to
take
any
considerable ime
ag
into ac-
count between
change
of ruler nd a new series
of
regnalyears.
With
the papyri,posthumous atingsderiving,rom he ignorance f scribes
in
remote
villlages
ften
have to be considered.3
1ST
PERIOD.
155/4-135/4
The
coinage
we are
dealing
with
consists
of silver
tetradrachms
f
ordinary
Ptolemaic
types (head
of
Ptolemy
I/Eagle
on
thunderbolt)
inscribed
TTTOAEMAIOY
BAZIAEQI
and dated
by
a
numeral
in
Greekprecededby theEgyptiansignforyear L) indicating heregnal
year.
The dated
series from
Alexandria
begins
in
year
27
(155/4)
of
Ptolemy
VI Philometor
Plate
II,
1).
At this time
coins
dated
by
the
years
of the
reigning ing
had been
issued from
he
Cypriot
mints
of
Salamis,
Citium
nd
Paphos
for bout 35
years.
A
curious,
nd
as
yet
unexplained,
phenomenon
s the occurrence
on the
dated
coins
of
Alexandria
f the etters
TÍA n the
right
field f the
reverse,
n
exactly
the same
place
where
he
mint
of
Paphos
placed
its
initials
n the
usual
Cypriot
ashion.
Although
the ĪTA
continues
on the Ptolemaic
silver
of both
Paphos
and Alexandria
right
to the end of
production
t the
two
mints,
he
style
of
the coins s
so different
hat
it is
normally
uite
easy
to
separate
their
respective
ssues.4
However,
this
fundamental
distinction as not
made
by
Svoronos,
who,
n
his
standard
work
on
the
Ptolemaic
coinages,
scribed
a
number
of
the
coins
actually
struck
t
3
Skeat
.
4;
Samuel
p.
7-8.
4
See
E.
T.
Newell,
tandard
tolemaicilver
New
York,
941), .
7.
The
dis-
tinctionetweenhe oins fAlexandriandPaphoswillbedealtwithmorehor-
oughly
n
the
forthcoming
ublication
f
the
arge
aphos
hoard
GCH
1477)
by
Ino Nicolaou
nd Otto
Morkholm.
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DATED SILVER COINAGE OF ALEXANDRIA 9
Alexandria to
Paphos
and
thus to a
considerable xtent
confused
he
chronological
vidence
afforded
y
the
coins.5
During
his
year
36
(146/5),
presumably
n
spring
145,
Philometor
placed
a
son,
Ptolemy
VII Neos
Philopator,
n
the
thronewith
himself.
A
system
f double
dating,year
36
of
Philometor
year
1
of
his
son,
was
also
introduced nd is knownboth
from
apyri
nd
from
few oins
issued in
Alexandria.
The
dating
formula
on the
coins reads
LAC
KAI A (Plate II, 4). Five specimensof this issue are knownto me,
all
struck
rom
he
same
obverse
die,
whichwas also used
for oins
from
the
same
year
dated
by
Philometor lone
(Plate
II,
5).
This was
duly
noticed
by
Newell
n
his
publication
f
the Keneh
hoard,6
but
a
closer
inspection
of
the
two coins shows that
the
specimen
dated
by
Philo-
metor lone was struck
fter
he
pecimen
with
double
date,
s the obverse
die,
when used with
the
former,
hows
obvious
traces of
greater
wear.
We
must conclude that the coins
with
double
date,
for
which
only
a
single
obversedie
was
used,
formed
special
ssue,
presumably
roduced
to celebrateor proclaimthe participationof Neos Philopator in the
royalpower.
Apparently tolemy
VI
soon
returned o
the
normal oin-
age
dated
by
his own
regnal year.
Five
obverse dies
are
at
present
known from
his
year,
including
he
one
also used for the
issue with
double
date. Another f the
five obverse
dies
had
already
been
used
in
year
35
(Plate
II,
2-3).
In
late
summer
45
Philometor
ied
during campaign
n
Syria,
nd
his
brother,
tolemy
VIII
Euergetes
I,
quickly
eized the
opportunity
to
remove
he
young
Neos
Philopator
nd
place
himself
n the
Egyptian
throne. At an earlierdate, in 170/69, e had been appointed co-regent
together
with
Philometor
nd
their
sister,
Cleopatra
II. He reckoned
his
years
of
reign
from
his date
and
consequently,
n
gaining
he
power
in
Alexandria,
he
started ff
with
year
25,
corresponding
o the
Egyptian
year
Sept.
29,
146
-
Sept.
27,
145.
His
accessionmusthave taken
place
5
J.
Svoronos,
á
vo/uía/uara.
ov
xgarovg
œv
lToKeļjiaiojv
I
(Athens,
904),
nos.
437-51
Ptolemy I)
and
nos.
501-32
Ptolemy III).
6
E. T.
Newell,
wo
Recent
gyptian
oards,
ANSNNM
33
(1927),
pp.
25-6.
In thispublicationewellhoughthat hecoinswere romaphos, ut ater e
changed
is
mind.
A.
E.
Samuel,
Year27
30
and 88
b.c.,
ChroniqueÉgypte
(Brussels,
965), .
397
till
scribes
hem o the
Gypriot
int.
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10 OTTO M0RKHOLM
before
ept.
19,
145
according
o the
documents,
ut as his Alexandrian
coinage
of
year
25
(Plate
II,
6)
was struck
from
t least five different
obverse dies
this event should
be
placed
as
early
as
possible,
hat
is
to
say,
in late
July
or
early
August
145,
leaving
one
and a
half to two
months
of the
year
for
this
rather
ntensive coin
production.
Con-
sequently,
he
latest known date
by
Philometor nd
Neos
Philopator,
August
21, 145,
is
in
all likelihood
o
be
regarded
s
posthumous.7
Duringthis firstperiodwe thus have two coin series: Philometor's,
dated
from
year
27
to
year
36
(155/4-146/5),
nd
Euergetes',running
from
year
25
(146/5)
onward.
As
they
re
separated
by only
11
years
t
becomes
evident
hat a differentiationased
on
stylistic
onsiderations
alone is a
rather
hazardous
affair.
It
seems
better
o
admit
that
up
to
year
36
of
Ptolemy
VIII
(135/4)
the
list of ssues
in
our tabular
survey
(below p.
19)
represents
nly
the
most
probable
arrangement
nd
may
be
subject
to
changes.8
2ND
PERIOD.
134/3-123/2
With
the coins
dated
year
37
and later we
are
on certain
ground
because
only
the
reign
f
Ptolemy
VIII
will accommodate
coins
of these
dates.
In
132/1
he sister nd
wife f
Ptolemy
VIII,
Cleopatra
I,
raised
a revolt
against
her brother
nd
appears
as sole
ruler for a
couple
of
years.
Documents
from
the Thebaïs
are
dated
by
her
1st and
2nd
years
which
correspond
o
years
39
and 40
of
Ptolemy
VIII
(132/1-
131/0).9
n the
reconstruction
f
the events
t is
generally
ssumed
that
the
revolt
started
n
Alexandria
and
that
Ptolemy
VIII had to leave
7
For
he vents
f
146/5
ee
Walter
tto,
Zur
Geschichte
erZeitdes
6. Ptole-
mäers, bhandlungen
er
Bayerischen
kademie
er
Wissenschaften
Philos.-hist.
Abt.
New
eries
No.
11
Munich,
934),
p.
128ff. nd
Walter
tto
nd
Hermann
Bengtson,
Zur
Geschichte
es
Niederganges
es
Ptolemäerr
lches, bhandlungen
der
Bayerischen
kademie
er
Wissenschaften
Philos.-hist.
bt.,
New
Series
No. 17
(Munich,
938),
p.
24-8.
cited
Otto-Bengtson).
ee
also Skeat
p.
34-5;
Samuel
pp.
144-5;
estman
p.
54-6.
8 This ppliesspeciallyo the oins ated othe 0's. Only completeie tudy
will
nable
s
to
arrive
t
a final olution.
9
See
Otto-Bengtsonp.
47 ff. Samuel
.
146.
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DATED SILVER COINAGE OF ALEXANDRIA 11
his
capital
and
withdraw o
Cyprus
during
his
39th
year
of
reign.10
Against
his t shouldbe
pointed
out that we have coins
from
Alexandria
not
only
from
year
39
(Plate
II,
7)
but
also a few
specimens
from
single
obverse
die dated
year
40
(Plate
III,
1).
As
Cleopatra
I
intro-
duced
her
own
new
dating,
these coins can
only
have been struck
by
Ptolemy
VIII.
They
show
beyond
any possible
doubt
that he
was
still
recognized
n Alexandria
fter
ept.
25, 131,
and that
his
flight
o
Cyprus
mustbe placed after hat date. It is also ofsome mportance o be able
to show that
the
revoltof
Cleopatra
II
started
n
the
country
nd
that
she
gained
control
f
the
capital
only
at
a
later
date.u
In
131/0
Ptolemy
VIII
was
already attempting,
rom
Cyprus,
o
re-
coverhis
kingdom.
Alexandria,
however,
tood
firm
gainst
his attacks.
No
coins
from
ts
mint
howthe dates 41 and
42.
The
coinage
of
Ptolemy
VIII was
resumed
nly
n
year
43,
Sept.
24,
128
-
Sept.
23,
127
(Plate
III,
2),
during
which
the
king
must
have
recovered
his
capital.12
A
few
coins of
year
44 are
known,13
ut then the
mint
pparently
ay
idle
throughoutyears 45^48.
3RD
PERIOD.
122/1-89/8
In
year
49
(122/1)
continuous nd
extensive
minting egan,
running
through
the
remainingyears
of
Ptolemy
VIII until
year
54
(117/6)
(Plate
III,
3)
and
on
into the
next
reign.
After he
death of
Ptolemy
VIII
on
June
28,
11614
he
coinage
of
Alexandria
continuedwith a
series
dated
year
1
(Plate
III,
4)
to
year
10 (Plate III, 5). Duringthe same year 116, the death of Cleopatra
11 leftthe
royal
power
with her
daughter
nd
rival,
Cleopatra
II,
who
10
Otto-Bengtson
p.
56-7.
11
Samuel
.
147
has
he orrectrder f
he
vents,
ut annot e
right
n
dating
the
returnf
Euergetes
I to
Alexandria
efore
anuary
5,
130.
The situations
further
omplicated
y
he
contemporary
evolt f an
indigenous
uler,
arsiesis.
See
Pestman
p.
58-62.
12
Otto-Bengtson
p.
95-9.
13The forthcomingorkby Nicolaou nd Merkholm,illpublish hem s
Alexandrian
oins os.
33-5.
14
For
the
date
ee
Otto-Bengtson
p.
113-4.
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12 OTTO M0RKHOLM
had
accepted
her
own elder son
by Ptolemy
VIII,
Ptolemy
IX
Soter,
as
co-regent.15
he
relationship
etween
mother
nd son soon deteri-
orated
and on two
occasions,
n
110/9
nd
again
in
109/8,
he
son was
temporarily eprived
of his
rights
nd
replaced
by
his
younger
rother,
Ptolemy
X
Alexander
.16 These eventsmade
no
impact
on
the
coinage.
In
107
Soter
II was
finally
xpelled
from
Alexandria and had to take
refuge
n
Cyprus,
while
his
younger
rother ook
his
place
as
co-regent
withthedominantmother.17 he change ngovernment as advertised
by
a series
of coins with
double
dates
running
rom
year
11=8,
107/6
(Plate
III,
6)
to
year
16=13,
102/1
Plate
III,
7),
8
he
higher
numeral
representing
he
regnal
year
of
Cleopatra
III,
the lower
one that of
Alexander
,
who reckonedhis
reign
from
14/3
when
he
took
the
title
of
king
n
Cyprus
nd struck oins
theredated
by
his own
regnal
years.
Thus we are
not
dealing
with a retroactive
dating,
as
some
scholars
have assumed.19We
have
neither oins
dated to
year
11
alone,
nor
any
carrying
he double
date
year
10=7.
The conclusionmust
be that
the
changing f co-regentswas effected eryclose to the beginning f the
Egyptian
New
Year,
Sept.
19, 107,
when
Cleopatra
II
moved
from
er
10th
to
her 11th
year
of
reign.20
During
the
oint
rule of
Cleopatra
II and
Alexander
,
a
singleyear,
14=11
(104/3),
aw no
coinage
t all. We
know f no
political
reasons
for
this
gap
in
the
coinage
nd
may presume
conomic
nd financial
actors.
A
simple xplanation
might
e that
the coin
production
f
the
preceding
years
was so
extensive hat
for
singleyear
no
new
coinage
was
actually
needed.
In
102/1
Cleopatra
II was murdered
y
Alexander
,
who was
unwilling o remainforever nder the strict uthority f his impetuous
16
For
he
ircumstances
f he
hange
f
eign
n
117/6
ee
Otto-Bengtsonp.
112 f.
Ptolemy
III had married
othhis
sister,
leopatra
I,
and his
niece,
leopatra
III,
daughter
f
Ptolemy
I and
Cleopatra
I.
16
See
Otto-Bengtsonp.
162-5,
74-5.
17
Otto-Bengtsonp.
178ff.
18
Svoronos
os.1727-31.
19
Otto-Bengtson.
172.
The
numismatic
vidence
ill
be set
out
n
detail
y
Nicolaou
nd
Morkholm
n the
forthcoming
ublication
f
he
Paphos
hoard.Cf.
alsoPorphyryn F. Jacoby,ie Fragmenteer riechischenistorikerI B, Berlin,
1929),
o.
260,
F 2
8).
20
Otto-Bengtson
.
180;
Samuel
.
151.
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DATED SILVER COINAGE OF ALEXANDRIA 13
mother.
The exact date of
Cleopatra's
death has been
disputed,
but
the existenceof a coin dated to
year
13 of Alexander
I
alone
(Plate
III,
8)
shows that
Cleopatra
had died
before
he end of her 16th
year
(corresponding
o Alexander's
13th),
i.e. before
Sept.
16,
101.
1
The
single
ostrakon
dated
year
17=14
must
be
posthumous.22
Ptolemy
X
Alexander
continued
his
reign
n
Alexandria,
nd
issued
a
continous eriesof dated
coins
from
year
13
(102/1)
o
year
26
(89/8).
Withthe issues of the last twoyears, 5 and 26,we arrive t numerals,
which had
already
been used
by Ptolemy
VIII
at the
beginning
f
his
sole
reign.
But
by
now the
distance
n
time,
a. 55
years,
has
brought
o
obvious
stylistic
hanges
that the two series cannot be confused.
A few
years
ago
the events
surrounding
he
disappearance
of Alex-
ander I
from
the
Egyptian
throne nd the
reinstatement
f his
elder
brother,
oter
II,
in
Alexandria were examined.23
However,
the con-
tribution f the
Alexandrian
coinage
to the
complicated hronological
problem
was not taken
into
account,
although
t
is
quite
decisive. The
numismaticmaterialat disposal is listed here:24
Ptolemy
X
Alexander
LKE
(year
25
=
90/89)
1.
Al
-
PI
14.45
gm.
BritishMuseum
Plate
IV,
1).
2.
A2-P2
13.67
gm.
ANS
(Plate
IV,
3).
3. A3
-
P3 13.61
gm.
Paris,
acq.
1967
(Plate
IV,
6).
Ptolemy
X
Alexander
LKC
(year
26
=
89/88)
4. Al
-
P4
14.26
gm.
Paris
ex Dattari
(Plate
IV,
2).
5. A2 - P5 13.95gm. Copenhagen, cq. 1974 (Plate IV, 4).
Ptolemy
X
Soter
II
LK0
(year
29
=
89/88)
6.
A2
-
P6
14.17
gm.
ANS
(Plate
IV,
5).
7. A3
-
P7
13.60
gm.
Osnabrück:
Svoronos 1687
y
(Plate
IV,
7).
21
Otto-Bengtson.
134,
note
;
Skeat
.
36;
Samuel
.
152.
22
Pestman
.
71.
23
A. E.
Samuel,
hronique'Égypte
965,
p.
376-85.
M In the ist hedies re numberedeparately,standingor nvil robverse
die,
P for
punch
r
reverse ie.
My
thanks re dueto the curators
ho
have
kindly ermitted
e
o
publish
oins romollections
n
their
harge.
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8/17/2019 Ptolemaic coins and chronology: the dated silver coinage of Alexandria / Otto Mørkholm
10/29
14 OTTO M0RKHOLM
8.
A3-P8 14.23
gm.
ANS.
9.
A3-P9 13.65
gm.
ANS.
10.
A4
-
PIO
13.31
gm.
Paris ex
Dattari:
Svoronos
1687
ç.
11.
A4-P11
13.83
gm.
Athens:
Svoronos
1687
cc,
pl.
lvii,
31.
12.
A5
-
P12
14.39
gm.
ANS
(Plate
IV,
8).
13. A6-P13
14.22
gm.
British
Museum:
BMC
p.
114,
no.
70,
pl.
xxviii,
8;
Svoronos
1687
ß.
The importance f the numismatic vidence ies in thefactthat two
obverse
dies
A2
and
A3)
were
used
in
both
year
25
(of
Ptolemy
X)
and
year
29
(of
Ptolemy
X),
and
one of
hem
A2)
also
in
year
26
(of
Ptolemy
X).
It
is thus
quite
certain
hat
Ptolemy
X
Soter
II
was
reigning
n
Alexandriabefore he
end
of
89/88
or
in
Julian
terms
before
Sept.
13,
88.
The use of
five
different
bverse
dies for
the
issue
of
year
29
in-
dicates
that
the
reinstatement
f
Soter
II
took
place
well
before his
date. The
evidence of the
papyri
must
be
considered
next. A
papyrus
in
Cairo shows hat
on
May
29,
88 an
Egyptian
cribe n
the
countryside
dated bybothyear26 ofAlexander and year29 of Soter II.25 In the
Thebaïs
a
papyrus
of
Sept.
6,
88
is
dated
by
Alexander
alone,
while
anotherof
Oct.
4,
88
is
dated
by
both
kings,year
27
=
year
30.
Im-
mediately
fterward,
n
Oct.
5,
88,
a scribe
n the
same
region
dated
by
Soter II
alone.26
Our
documentary
nformation
s,
of
course,
both
intermittent
nd
haphazard,
but
as
it
stands at
present
t
shows
that
rather
arly
n
89/88
Soter II
took
Alexandria.
The
two
double
dates
show
that
afterward
ome
confusion
xisted
among
the
scribes
as to
who
was
king.
In
the
Thebaïs
Alexander
I was
recognized
until ate
in89/8, nd theuncertaintyere nthisdistant egionwas onlydispelled
early
n
the
following ear, 88/7.
The
conclusion s
that,
after
eaving
Alexandria,
Alexander
(whether
ersonally
r
through
his
loyal
sup-
porters
we
cannot
tell)
was
able to
maintainhis
control f
part
of the
country
nd
that
this
situation
asted until
the
beginning
f
88/7.
The
earlier
reconstruction
f
the
events,
hat
Alexander
remained
n
possession
f
Alexandriauntil
well
nto
his
27th
year
(late
88)
and then
25
Pestman
p.
74-6
W.
Spiegelberg,
ie
Demotischen
enkmäler
I,
Catalogue
généralesantiquitésgyptiennesumusée u Caire Cairo, 906-8), 0, 614,6.
26
A.
E.
Samuel,
hronique
'Égypte
965,
p.
381-2.
Samuel
oesnot
mention
the
Cairo
apyrus
eferredo n
the
preceding
ote.
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8/17/2019 Ptolemaic coins and chronology: the dated silver coinage of Alexandria / Otto Mørkholm
11/29
DATED SILVER COINAGE OF ALEXANDRIA 15
marched
ut to
fight
oter
II in the
country,
wherethe latterhad suc-
ceeded
in
establishing
imself,27
ust
be
turned
exactly
the
other
way
around.
Soter II
undoubtedly
irst ecoveredAlexandria rather
early
in
88 and
then
fought
Alexander in the
countryside.
The
wrong
nter-
pretation
derives
from
an excessive
confidence n
Porphyry's
short
account
of the
events.
According
o
this,
Soter
II was recalled
by
the
citizens of
Alexandria at a
time
when
Alexander
I
had
already
been
driven ut ofEgypt.28Porphyry's hronologyfthereigns f hevarious
kings
is
generally
reliable,
but
his
historical
comments
on the
exact
sequence
of the events cannot be
accepted
in
the face
of
contradictory
evidence
from
ontemporary
ocuments
nd coins.
4TH
PERIOD.
82/1-58/7
After
his
recovery
f
the
Egyptian
throne n
89/8
Soter
II
ruled un-
disturbed ntil his
death
in
year
37,81/0,
presumably
bout
the
begin-
ningof March80. Fromthisperiodonlya singlecoin is known,dated
year
36,
82/1
Plate
V,
1).
After he break of six full
years
a new
por-
trait
style
was introducedwhich
was carriedover into the next
series
of coins with
dates
from
year
1
(Plate
V,
2)
to
years
23
(Plate
V,
3)
or
24
(Plate
V,
4).
This
series
belongs
o
Ptolemy
XII
Neos
Dionysos,
nicknamed
Auletes,
except
that the coins of
year
1,
which are
not
un-
common,
may
as well
have
been
struck
by
Cleopatra
Berenice who
reigned
or little
more
han
six
months
fter he death of
Ptolemy
X.
According
o the
generally
ccepted interpretation
f the
documentary
evidence heEgyptianyear81/0was almostcompletely ccupiedbythe
reigns
f
Soter
II
and
Cleopatra
Berenice.29
f
the first
ear
of Auletes
was
of
very
short
duration,
ossiblyonly
a few
days,
most
of the coins
from
year
1
will
actually
have been struck
by Cleopatra
Berenice.
The whole
series
underdiscussionhere was
attributed
y
Svoronos
o
Cleopatra
VII,
but this is
definitelywrong.
The series
s
continuous
except
for
year
11
and
goes
on until
at least
year
23.
Two
coins,
one
27
A. E.
Samuel,
hronique
'Égypte
965,
p.
384-5.
28Jacoby,ie FragmenteerGriechischenistorikerI B (Berlin, 929), o.260,
F 2
(9).
29
On
the
year
1/0
ee Skeat
pp.
36-7;
amuel
p.
153-5;
estman
p.
74-7.
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8/17/2019 Ptolemaic coins and chronology: the dated silver coinage of Alexandria / Otto Mørkholm
12/29
16 OTTO M0RKHOLM
in Athens
Svoronos
1869
a,
pl.
A,
21)
and one
in
the
American
Numis-
matic
Society
Plate
V,
4)
show
a
date
which
has
been read as
L
K A
but,
following
voronos,
he
last
letter
of
the Athens coin
may
also be
read as a
rather
badly
formed
B whilethe
coiņ
in
New
York
most
pro-
bably
reads
L
KA.
However this
may
be,
the
reign
of
Cleopatra
VII
came
to
an
end withher
22nd
year
and
cannot
possibly
ccommodate
series
of
coins
continuing
ntil
year
23. As
pointed
out
by Regling,
he
series n questionmustbe attributed oPtolemyXII and represents is
coinage
n
Alexandria
down to
59/8
or
perhaps
58/7.30
5TH
PERIOD.
55/4-31/0
During
year
24
(58/7)
Auleteshad to leave
Egypt
and for bout three
years
the
kingdom
was ruled
by
his
daughter,
erenice
IV,
first
n
as-
sociation with her
sister,
Cleopatra
Tryphaena,
later with a certain
Archelaus.
This
reign
has
left
no
coinage
as far s we know.31With the
assistance of Aulus Gabinius,Roman proconsul f Syria, PtolemyXII
was able
to return o
Alexandria
early
in
55,
during
his
26th
year.
Coinage,
however,
was first esumed
n the
following ear,
27
(Plate
V,
5).
After he
incredibly
ow
artistic tandard
of the
preceding
eries a
new
portrait
with
a certain
flashy
elegance
and characterized
by
an
elaborate
hairstyle
makes
a
refreshinghange.
The
hairstyling
bove the
diadem
consists
f
several
sharply eparated
rows
of ocks
arranged
l-
ternately
nd
placed
in
tiers one above
the other
(see
fig. 1).
The
coinage
seems
to continueuntil
year
30,
52/1,
he last
year
of
Ptolemy
XII Auletes (Plate V, 7). However,thistype of coin was also used
by
his
successor,
he
great
Cleopatra
VII,
with no
changes
t
all
except
30
Svoronos
os.
1847-52,
854-70. ee
Regling,
n
a review
f
Svoronos,
Num
1906,
.
394
=
Svoronos
V
col.
508).
It
follows
hat
voronos
os. 815-35must
be attributed
o
Cleopatra
II and his s
confirmed
y
hoards
uch
s
IGCH
1722
and 1732.
31
There
s a
slight ossibility
hat
ome
fthe oins ere scribed
o
Ptolemy
XII,
years
-3
may ctually
ave
been
truck
y
BereniceV.
Only
complete
ie
study
ill
e able osolve his
uestion.
or
he
hronology
f hese
ears
ee
Skeat
pp.37-9;Samuel p.155-6;Pestman p. 80-1. The historicalircumstancesf
Auletes'
light
ndreturn
re
dealt
with
y
E.
Olshausen,
om
nd
Ägypten
on
16
bis
51
v
Chr.
Diss.
Erlangen/Nuremberg,
963),
p.
45-63.
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8/17/2019 Ptolemaic coins and chronology: the dated silver coinage of Alexandria / Otto Mørkholm
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DATED SILVER COINAGE OF ALEXANDRIA 17
for
he
dates.
It now
happens
that at this
time
the
distinction
etween
A
and
A
in the coin
inscriptions
as
practically
non-existent.
Both in
the
royal
title,
BASI
AEÍ2Z,
and
in
the
nitials TTA
we find
many
cases
where
A is
used instead
of
A.
The rather
regrettable
esult
of
this
carelessness
s
that when
we
meet
with coins
dated
LA
we cannot
be
sure
whether
t stands
for
year
30
or
year
1.
In this
case,
of
course,
t
is
the
same
Egyptian
year
and
that
is
certainly rovided
with a
coinage,
but herethe numismaticmaterialoffers o informationoncerninghe
change
of
ruler.32
Fig.
1
Fig.
2
During
years
5-7
there was a cessation
of the normal
production
f
tetradrachms,
ost
probably
sign
of
the financial
ifficulties
ssociated
with
he
AlexandrineWar.
In
year
6
an
issueofdrachms
with
he
portrait
of
Cleopatra
on
the obverse
announced
her secure
position
after
the
intervention
f Julius Caesar
on her behalf.
The
tetradrachm
oinage
was resumed n year 8. In year 12 (41/0)a new hairstyle ppears on
the obverse
heads
(Plate
VI,
3).
The hair above
the
diadem
is now
treated as
a
single
cap
formed
by
long
undulating
ocks
radiating
from
central
point
at
the
top
of
the skull
see fig.2).
This new
style
continues
o
the end of
the
reign.
We
thus have
a neat
distinction
between
the
tier-hairstyle
sed
on
the coins
up
to and
including
year
11
(Plate
VI,
2)
and the
central-hairstyle
sed
from
year
12
and
throughout
he
remaining
ears
of
the
reign.
32Thedeath fPtolemyII isgenerallylacedbout ebruary1, nwhichase
Cleopatra
II would
ave
had
at least ix months
o
produce
coinage
f
year
.
See Skeat
p.
40-1;
Samuel
p.
156-8;
Pestman
.
80.
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18 OTTO M0RKHOLM
To
the clear distinction
ere
established here are
a few
exceptions.
Coins
of the second
(central-hairstyle)tyle,
dated to
year
1 and
year
7 are
known
Plate
VI,
5
and
7).
It
seems
quite
unreasonable
that the clear
patterndeveloped
above should
be broken n
only
two
years.
With
several
die cutters
working
imultaneously
t a
mint,
dif-
ferent
tylesmight
ccur n
the
same
period.
But we
should
expect
such
a
stylistic iversity
o
make
itself elt
hroughout
he
period
nd not
to
be concentratedntwoyears. Fortunatelyn explanation an be found.
In
year
16 of
Cleopatra
VII
(37/6)
Caesarion,
her son
by
Caesar,
was
apparently
ppointed oint king.
We know
from
he
Egyptian
docu-
ments
a
seriesof
double
dates which
begins
with
year
17
and
2 and
continues
o
the
end
of
Cleopatra's
reign
with
year
22
and
7.
It
is
hardly ikely
hat the
Egyptian
documents
efer
n
any
way
to
Cleopa-
tra's
acquisition
of various territories
n
Syria,
etc.,
which
she received
from
Mark
Antony
n
36,
although Porphyry learly
states
that
this
was
the occasion for the introduction
f a new
separate dating.33
A
newdating alludingto the reignofCleopatra n a quite differenteo-
graphical
area
which
was received
as a
gift
from
her
Roman
consort
would
hardly
be
thought ppropriate
n the old
homeland
of the
Ptole-
mies.
The
theory
f
a
coregency
with
Caesarion s
clearly
preferable
s
an
explanation
of the
double
dates
in
Egypt.
This
allows us to
ascribe
the
stylistically xceptional
oins
of
year
1
and
year
7 to the
young
co-
regent.
The
coins,
being
contemporary
with
year
16 and
year
22
of
Cleopatra,
now fall into the series
with
the
most
complete
ccordance
(Plate
VI,
4-7).
We
may
even
understand
why
precisely
oins of
year
1 and year7 are known. The first ssue was intended o celebrate he
establishment
f the
co-regency,
while the coins of
year
7 fall
in
the
decisive
year
31/0.
They
were
produced
fter he battle of
Actium
Sep-
tember
1)
at the
time
when
Cleopatra
was back
in
Egypt
and
awaiting
the arrivalof
Octavian.
We
know that
during
hese
months
f trouble
and
anguish Cleopatra
retained
the
hope
of
leaving
her
kingdom
o
38
Porphyry
n F.
Jacoby,
ie
Fragmente
erGriechischenistoriker
I B
(Berlin,
1929), o.260, 2 17). See lsoA.E. SamuelTheJoint egencyfCleopatrand
Caesarion,
tudes e
Papyrologie
Cairo,
971), p.
73-9.The
arguments
f amuel
have
not een
cceptedy
Pestman
p.
82-4,
ut re
now
trengthenedy
he bove
interpretation
f
he oindates.
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8/17/2019 Ptolemaic coins and chronology: the dated silver coinage of Alexandria / Otto Mørkholm
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19 DATED SILVER COINAGE OF ALEXANDRIA
her
son,
a
hope
that was not to be fulfilled.34 he
rather
poor
ssues of
Cleopatra,
year
22,
and
Caesarion,
year
7,
thus
become
pathetic
mon-
uments
o the
political
ndeavors nd
aspirations
f he ast ruler f the
last
independent
Hellenistic
kingdom.
The
Dated Silver Coinage
of Alexandria
Tabular Survey
Ruler
Regnal
Year Dates
1ST PERIOD
Ptolemy
VI
27
Oct.
1,
155
-
Sept.
30,
154
28
Oct.
1,
154
-
Sept.
29,
153
29
Sept.
30,
153
-
Sept.
29,
152
(no coinage)
30
Sept.
30,
152
-
Sept.
29,
151
31 Sept. 30, 151 - Sept. 29, 150
32
Sept.
30,
150
-
Sept.
28,
149
33
Sept.
29,
149
-
Sept.
28,
148
34
Sept.
29,
148
-
Sept.
28,
147
(no coinage)
35
Sept.
29,
147
-
Sept.
28,
146
36]
Ptolemy
VII 1
Sept.
29,
146
-
Sept.
27,
145
Ptolemy
VIII
25j
26
Sept.
28,
145
-
Sept.
27,
144
27 Sept. 28, 144 - Sept.27, 143
28
Sept.
28,
143
-
Sept.
27,
142
29
Sept.
28,
142
-
Sept.
26,
141
30
Sept.
27,
141
-
Sept.
26,
140
31
Sept.
27,
140
-
Sept.
26,
139
32
Sept.
27,
139
-
Sept.
26,
1381
also portrait
33
Sept.
27,
138
-
Sept.
25,
137
coins)
34
Sept.
26,
137
-
Sept.
25,
136
35
Sept.
26,
136
-
Sept.
25,
135
(no
coinage)
36 Sept.26, 135 - Sept. 25, 134J
34
Cambridge
ncient
istory
0
New
York/Cambridge,
934),
p.
106-11.
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8/17/2019 Ptolemaic coins and chronology: the dated silver coinage of Alexandria / Otto Mørkholm
16/29
20 OTTO M0RKHOLM
Ruler
Regnal
Year Dates
2ND
PERIOD
Ptolemy
VIII
37
Sept.
26,
134
-
Sept.
24,
133
38
Sept.
25,
133
-
Sept.
24,
132
39
Sept.
25,
132
-
Sept.
24,
131
40
Sept.
25,
131
-
Sept.
24,
130
41 Sept.25, 130 - Sept. 23, 129Ì (no coinage)
42
Sept.
24,
129
-
Sept.
23,
128J
43
Sept.
24,
128
-
Sept.
23,
127
44
Sept.
24,
127
-
Sept.
23,
126
45-48
Sept.
24,
126
-
Sept.
22,
122
(no coinage)
3RD
PERIOD
Ptolemy
VIII 49
Sept.
23,
122
-
Sept.
21,
121
50
Sept.
22,
121
-
Sept.
21,
120
51 Sept.22, 120- Sept. 21, 119
52
Sept.
22,
119
-
Sept.
21,
118
53
Sept.
22,
118
-
Sept.
20,
117
54Ì
Sept.
21,
117
-
Sept.
20,
116
Cleopatra
II
&
lj
Ptolemy
X 2
Sept.
21,
116
-
Sept.
20,
115
3
Sept.
21,
115
-
Sept.
20,
114
4
Sept.
21,
114
-Sept.
19,
113
5
Sept.
20,
113
-
Sept.
19,
112
6 Sept.20, 112 - Sept. 19, 111
7
Sept.
20,
111
-Sept.
19,
110
8
Sept.
20,
110
-
Sept.
18,
109
9
Sept.
19,
109
-
Sept.
18,
108
10
Sept.
19,
108
-
Sept.
18,
107
Cleopatra
II & 11
=
8
Sept.
19,
107
-
Sept.
18,
106
Ptolemy
X
12
=
9
Sept.
19,
106
-
Sept.
17,
105
13
=
10
Sept.
18,
105
-
Sept.
17,
104
14
=
11
Sept.
18,
104
-
Sept.
17,
103
(no coinage)
15
=
12 Sept. 18,
103
-
Sept. 17, 102
16
=
13Ì
Sept.
18,
102
-
Sept.
16,
101
Ptolemy
X
13
J
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DATED SILVER COINAGE OF ALEXANDRIA 21
Ruler
Regnal
Year Dates
14
Sept.
17,
101
-
Sept.
16,
100
15
Sept.
17,
100
-
Sept.
16,
99
16
Sept.
17,
99
-
Sept.
16,
98
17
Sept.
17,
98
-
Sept.
15,
97
18
Sept.
16,
97
-
Sept.
15,
96
19 Sept. 16, 96 - Sept. 15, 95
20
Sept.
16,
95
-
Sept.
15,
94
21
Sept.
16,
94
-
Sept.
14,
93
22
Sept.
15,
93
-
Sept.
14,
92
23
Sept.
15,
92
-
Sept.
14,
91
24
Sept.
15,
91
-
Sept.
14,
90
25
Sept.
15,
90
-
Sept.
13,
89
26Ì
Sept.
14,
89
-
Sept.
13,
88
Ptolemy
X
29J
30-35 Sept. 14, 88 - Sept. 12, 82 (no coinage)
4TH
PERIOD
Ptolemy
X
36
Sept.
13,
82
-
Sept.
11,
81
37
(no coinage)
Cleop.
Berenice 1
Sept.
12,
81
-
Sept.
11,
80
Ptolemy
XII
1
2
Sept.
12,
80
-
Sept.
11,
79
3
Sept.
12,
79
-
Sept.
11,
78
4 Sept. 12, 78 - Sept. 10, 77
5
Sept.
11,
77
-
Sept.
10,
76
6
Sept.
11,
76
-
Sept.
10,
75
7
Sept.
11,
75
-Sept.
10,
74
8
Sept.
11,
74
-
Sept.
9,
73
9
Sept.
10,
73
-
Sept.
9,
72
10
Sept.
10,
72
-
Sept.
9,
71
11
Sept.
10,
71
-
Sept.
9,
70
(no
coinage)
12
Sept.
10,
70
-
Sept.
8,
69
13 Sept. 9, 69 - Sept. 8, 68
14
Sept.
9,
68
-
Sept.
8,
67
15
Sept.
9,
67
-
Sept.
8,
66
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22 OTTO M0RKHOLM
Ruler
Regnal
Year Dates
16
Sept.
9,
66
-
Sept.
7,
65
17
Sept.
8,
65
-
Sept.
7,
64
18
Sept.
8,
64
-
Sept.
7,
63
19
Sept.
8,
63
-
Sept.
7,
62
20
Sept.
8,
62
-
Sept.
6,
61
21 Sept. 7, 61 - Sept. 6, 60
22
Sept.
7,
60
-
Sept.
6,
59
23
Sept.
7,
59
-
Sept.
6,
58
24
Sept.
7,
58
-Sept.
5,
57
(?)
25-26
Sept.
6,
57
-
Sept.
5,
55
(no
coinage)
5TH
PERIOD
Ptolemy
XII
27
Sept.
6,
55
-
Sept.
5,
54
28
Sept.
6,
54
-
Sept.
4,
53Ì
(also
portrait
29 Sept. 5, 53 - Sept. 4, 52Jdrachms)
30Ì
Sept.
5,
52
-Sept.
4,
51 .
Cleopatra
VII
lj
(
'
2
Sept.
5,
51
-
Sept.
4,
50
3
Sept.
5,
50
-
Sept.
3,
49
4
Sept.
4,
49
-
Sept.
3,
48
5
Sept.
4,
48
-
Sept.
3,
47
(no coinage)
6
Sept.
4,
47
-
Sept.
3,
46
(portrait
drachms)
CleopatraVII 7 Sept. 4, 46 - Sept. 2, 45 (no coinage)
8
Sept.
3,
45
-
Sept.
2,
44
9
Sept.
3,
44
-
Sept.
2,
43
10
Sept.
3,
43
-Sept.
2,
42
11
Sept.
3,
42
-
Sept.
1,
41
(also portrait
drachms)
12
Sept.
2,
41
-
Sept.
1,
40
13
Sept.
2,
40
-Sept.
1,
39
14
Sept.
2,
39
-
Sept.
1,
38
15 Sept. 2, 38 - Aug. 31, 37
16Ì
Sept.
1,
37
-
Aug.
31,
36
Caesarion
1J
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DATED SILVER COINAGE OF ALEXANDRIA 23
Ruler
Regnal
Y
aer
Dates
Cleopatra
VII
17
Sept.
1,
36
-
Aug.
31,
35
18
Sept.
1,
35
-
Aug.
31,
34
19
Sept.
1,
34
-
Aug.
30,
33
20
Aug.
31
33
-
Aug.
30,
32
21
Aug.
31,
32
-
Aug.
30,
31
(no
coinage)
22Ì Aug. 31, 31 - Aug. 30, 30
Caesarion
7J
Key
to the
Plates
(all
the coins
are silver etradrachms
f
Alexandria)
Plate II
1.
Ptolemy
VI,
year
27
(155/4);
Paris,
14.23
gm.
2.
Ptolemy
VI,
year
35
(147/6);
Paris,
14.07
gm.
3.
Ptolemy
VI,
year
36
(146/5);
ANS,
14.09
gm.
4.
Ptolemy
VI
and
Ptolemy
VII,
year
36
and
1
146/5);
ANS,
14.27
gm.
5.
Ptolemy
VI,
year
36
(146/5);
ANS,
13.61
gm.
6.
Ptolemy
VIII,
year
25
(146/5);
ANS,
14.27
gm.
7.
Ptolemy
VIII,
year
39
(132/1);
British
Museum,
14.36
gm.
Plate III
1.
Ptolemy
VIII,
year
40
(131/0);
Brussels,
13.45
gm.
2.
Ptolemy
VIII,
year
43
(128/7);
Berlin,
14.26
gm.
3.
Ptolemy
VIII,
year
54
(117/6);
ANS,
13.95
gm.
4.
Cleopatra
II and
Ptolemy
X,
year
1
(117/6);
Copenhagen,
3.37
gm.
5.
Cleopatra
II and
Ptolemy
X,
year
10
(108/7);
Berlin,
14.50
gm.
6.
Cleopatra
II and
Ptolemy
X,
year
11
and
8
(107/6);
Berlin,
3.50
gm.
7Š Cleopatra III and PtolemyX, year 16 and 13 (102/1);Copenhagen,
13.77
gm.
8.
Ptolemy
X,
year
13
(102/1);
ANS,
12.16
gm.
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24 OTTO M0RKHOLM
Plate
IV
See above
pp.
13-4.
Plate V
1.
Ptolemy
X,
year
36
(82/1);
Athens,
14.02
gm.
2.
Cleopatra
Berenice
or
Ptolemy
XII,
year
1
(81/0);
ANS,
14.16
gm.
3. PtolemyXII, year23 (59/8);ANS, 12.87gm.
4.
Ptolemy
XII,
year
24?
(58/7);
ANS,
13.42
gm.
5.
Ptolemy
XII,
year
27
(55/4)
Berlin,
12.35
gm.
6.
Ptolemy
XII,
year
28
(54/3);
Copenhagen,
2.85
gm.
7.
Ptolemy
XII,
year
30
(52/1); Copenhagen,
.23
gm.
Plate
VI
1.
Cleopatra
VII,
year
2
(51/0);
ANS,
13.30
gm.
2.
Cleopatra
VII,
year
11
(42/1);
Berlin,
13.56
gm.
3. CleopatraVII, year12 (41/0);ANS, 13.86gm.
4.
Cleopatra
VII,
year
16
(37/6);
Berlin,
13.17
gm.
5.
Caesarion,
year
1
(37/6);
ANS,
13.88
gm.
6.
Cleopatra
VII,
year
22
(31/0);
Copenhagen,
2.51
gm.
7.
Caesarion,
year
7
(31/0);
Berlin,
13.65
gm.
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II
•
4
5
6
W
w
w
DATED
SILVER
OF
ALEXANDRIA
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III
DATED SILVER OF ALEXANDRIA
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IV
DATED SILVER
OF ALEXANDRIA
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v
4
DATED SILVER OF ALEXANDRIA
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VI
5
6
7
^ÊkSwB^Ep^^^Kh
'^H^ESÍ^^BMK^^B Mllfcv^^^KH^^v
UUEHKQPH
■HH^Hì
DATED
SILVER
OF
ALEXANDRIA