International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:15 No:02 9
154702-8484- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2015 IJENS I J E N S
Psammomys Obesus Diet, Tank of the Cutaneous
Leishmaniose, Zoonotic Disease of arid and Semi-
arid Areas Saci. Belgat
1, Cherif. Kebaili
1, Leila. Houti
2
[email protected] 1Faculty of Agronomy of Mostaganem - Algeria,
2 Faculty of Medicine of Oran - Algeria,
Abstract--This work on the food mode of Psammomys obesus
supplements our knowledge on the ecology of the tank of zoonotic
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, (habitat and trophic mode) in the arid
areas and wet zone of the chergi chott (Algeria).
The knowledge of the biotic and abiotic factors of the disease will
facilitate the work of the agents and actors in charge of the
programs of fight against this disease. It will open more
ecological alternatives to the only fight practised by spreading of
insecticides.
The chemical fight by highly toxic spreading of insecticides is
dangerous for the man, the animals and the environment
The zone of Aïn Skhouna knew epidemiologic peaks of zoonotic
cutaneous leishmaniasis (Z.C.L.) between 2002 and 2006. Two
hundred sixty-seven cases (267) of Leishmaniose, on a total
population of six thousand hundred and ninety (6199) were
recorded at the time of the epidemiologic peak of 2003 (Saci
Belgat and al. 2012). According To Leila Houti and al. (2012),
this area was transformed into an endemic hearth of the Z.C.L.
Taking into account the prevalence of the disease, indelible after-
effects that it causes to patients, the financial costs to public
treasury, its study become essential. Saada Chougrani evaluates
the treatment to 3000$ U.S (2012).
The empirical study of the biotope and the phytocoenose, thanks
to the techniques of quantitative ecology in the zone of spreading
of Dzira in edge of the village of Ain Skhouna, was supplemented
by a microscopic study of feces of the gerbil.
This microscopic identification was carried out by comparison of
the sheets of the principal vegetal species and the fragments
contained in the feces. The process of analysis and determination
is presented by Joselyne Rech (2011).
I INTRODUCTION
The ecology research of the tank of Zoonotic Cutaneous
Leishmaniasis (Z.C.L), supported and funded by the Centre
for Research and International Development (CRDI-Canada)
and the Centre for Research in Social and Cultural
Anthropology (CRASC) Oran - Algeria, have led us to study
the diet of Psammomys obesus in the wet manuring area of
Chott ech Chergui in the city of Ain Skhouna (Wilaya of
Saida, Algeria).
The choice of this gerbil was on the one hand made in relation
to the lack of knowledge of its trophic diet and on the other
hand by the interest it represents in the medical and ecological
research. Remember that this gerbil is protected in Algeria and
its capture is regulated by law.
This empirical work of gathering information, observations
and quantitative measurements outside and inside the
laboratory are able to provide on the one hand information
about the ecology of this gerbil (habitat and trophic diet), and
on the other hand to guide practitioners and policy makers in
the development of biological control programs and health
surveillance in the region and in all similar regions in terms of
climate, vegetation and habitat of the tank.
Taking into account the prevalence of the disease, the
indelible aftereffects caused in the population and the financial
cost the state has to support estimated at the equivalent of $
3000 / patient by Saada CHOUGRANI † (2012), the
knowledge of biotic and abiotic factors of the disease will
facilitate the work of agents and field workers in charge of the
fight against this disease, and will open less polluting and
inexpensive alternatives only to fight by spraying insecticides,
namely organophosphates (malathion), which are at risk of
acute toxicological accidents for humans and animals and
lasting and harmful persistence to the environment.
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II MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Fig. 1. Location map of the town of AinSkhouna(Satellite Image N1: spot 2010- town of Ain-Skhouna)
1-geographic coordinates of the study area (Figure No. 1)
• Longitude: X1 = 34 ° 80 - X2 = 34 # 15
• Latitude: Y1 = 1.55 ° - Y2 = 2.30 °
• Altitude: 1000 meters
The city of Ain Skhouna is located on the high stepping plains
of western Algeria. It is part of the great basin of Chott ech
Chergui, second chott by its area of 40,000 km2 in North
Africa. The area of Ain Skhouna is 404.04 km²; it is bordered
to the north by the municipality of Roggassa (wilaya of El
Bayadh), east and north-east by the province of Tiaret, west
and north by the municipality of Mâamora (wilaya of Saida) .
The town of AinSkhouna fits between the following
coordinates:
X1: 34.83 ° Y1: 1.51 °
X2: 33.43 ° Y2: 3.17
The average altitude is 1.000 meters;
The study area is the area 3- commonly called "DZIRA".
The salted zones, areas of predilection for gerbils, occupy
37.89 km2 or 9.38% of the area of the town, Chott ech
Chergui, 109.8 km2, which means 27.15% of the total area of
the municipality. In sum, from a spatial point, 36.33% of the
total area of the municipality would be conducive to the
extension of the Psammomys obesus tank, to the vector of the
disease, papatasis and fly, and consequently to the emergence
of ZCL in Ain Skhouna.
1.2. Climate:
Fig. 2.climagramme of AinSkhouna
Ain Skhouna belongs to the inferior semi-arid zone, with
harsh winters and hot summer. However, and because of the
large salt lake of Chott ech Chergui's, it enjoys high humidity
in winter and relative coolness in summer. The bioclimate is
causing a net value of biodiversity, flora and fauna compared
to xeric steppes.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
11
0
12
0
13
0
14
0
15
0
1
-
13 3- 2- 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 m(°c) Hiver froid
Froid
Hiver
Frais
Frais
Hiver
tempéré
Temp
éré
Hiver
chaud
Chaud
Aride
Désertiq
ue
Semi-aride
Sub- Humide
Humide
Ain Skhouna
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The study of the climate of two climate episodes 1990-1999
and 2000- 2009 shows a net increased drought.
The climate study conducted in the CRDI- CRASC No
105738-001 program highlights the following points:
- The ombrothermic diagram of Gaussen and Bagnouls in
which P = 2T, demonstrates a clear change in the rainfall
patterns of Ain Skhouna. The rainfall has passed from Type
Winter, Spring, Autumn, Summer (HPAE) to Autumn,
Winters, Spring, Summer (AHPE). The 1990-1999 climatic
episode was marked by a rainy period of winter and spring,
and a dry period lasting from May to November; Concerning
the 2000- 2009 episode, it is marked by a rainy period of
autumn and winter and a dry period lasting from March to
August.
- The calculation of the aridity index of De Martonne IDM = P
/ (T + 10) on the two episodes consolidates these changes. The
arid climatic episode of 2000- 2009 records an MI between 21
and 31 (wet) in winter and an MI between 15 and 10 from
March to May (dry) and an MI = 1 from June to August
(hyper arid ).
- The difference in monthly average temperatures between the
two climatic episodes and for the same months reach or
exceed 2 ° C
These climate changes, combined with other factors, including
environmental management significantly affect the Demo-
ecology of the reservoir (Psammomys obesus) and of the
vector (papatasi sandfly) of Z.C.L.
Importance of the disease:
Following these bioclimatic events, combined with
anthropogenic and environmental factors favorable to the
emergence of the disease; according to L. Houti. (2012), the
town of Ain Skhouna has turned into an endemic focus of
Z.C.L.
Indeed, since 2002, the town of Ain Skhouna knows
epidemiological peaks of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis
(Z.C.L). Two hundred and seventy (260) cases of
leishmaniasis were recorded during the epidemiological peak
in 2004 Saci Belgat and Al (2012). Since 2006, and thanks to
a chemical insect control process, we have witnessed a gradual
decline in the number of reported cases without having any
change in ecological conditions.
In short, an epidemic peak of the disease is feared and can
happen at any time.
Fig. 3.Yearly recorded cases of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (source : Health Department of Saïda- Algeria 2012)
Identification and significance of the Cutaneous.
Leishmaniasis tank:
Psammomys obesus belongs to the class of Mammalia, of the
order of Rodentia, of the family of Muridaie, and the gender
of Psammomys.
In North Africa, its range extends to semi-desert regions of
chotts, sebkhas and salt lakes, where it finds its ecological
optimum.
To assess the approximate population of Psammomys obesus,
we have performed a systematic counting of active burrows in
10 stations, representing the diversity of habitats. Each station
has a 10m2 surface.
There has been the harvest and systematic weigh of both
vegetation cut by Psammomys obesus and put in front of
burrows and faeces.
The results are shown in Table No. I.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
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Photo 2: Photo of Psammomys obesus (Saci Belgat 2012)
Floristic Analysis:
The stations were identified following a north-south transect,
in each station a record of vegetation was carried out on 1 m2.
The phytosociological results and analyses have been
published Saci Belgat and Al (2013).
In each station we broke and weighed green biomass on a 1m2
surface. In the laboratory, we sorted out and weighed
separately Salsola species tetrandrra, Suaeda fruticosa and
Atriplex halimus. These three plant species that Psammomys
obesus cuts and deposits in its burrow, are a priori most of its
diet.
The results were shown in Table No. 1.
Microscopic analysis of plants consumed:
To develop the topic, we performed a microscopic
identification by comparing leaves fragments deposited in its
burrow with leaf fragments from faecal materials (faeces). The
process of analysis and determination is presented by Joselyne
Rech (2011) and Butet A. (1985).
• The leaves, after cell destruction, are immersed for
15 minutes in a mixture of ¾ of bleach and ¼ of water of ethyl
alcohol at 95 ° C.
• In the faeces, the leaves fragments are separated by
sieving on a sieve of 2.5 mm. Once the fragments are isolated,
they are immersed in the blend of bleach and alcohol mix until
they become translucent.
The preparations are mounted between slide and
coverslip in a drop of pure glycerine and observed
microscopically.
The samples established and photographed are
compared with the skin of reference to identify leaf ingested
by the rodent, as well as with the boards of codification made
by Rech J. (2011).
The quantification of proportions ingested by
Psammomys obesus is established by calculating the
frequency of occurrence of Butet A. (1985). This method
consists in noticing the presence of plant species in the faeces
following this formula:
Ni x 100
FO (%) =
N
Where: FO (%): the frequency of occurrence of epidermis
plants present in faeces,
Ni = the number of times that the fragments of species are
observed,
N = the total number of samples examined,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Relationships between environmental variables and the
evolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis:
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Table I
Measured ecological variables:
Number of
the small squares
Total green Biomass
(g/m ²)
Biomass
salsola
tetrandra (g/m2)
Biomass
suaeda
fruticosa (g/m2)
Biomass
Atriplex
halimus (g/m2)
Biomass
salsola/
Biomass tot%
Biomass suaeda/total
biomass%
Biomass
Arthrocn
emum/
total Biomasse
%
Biomass
salsola + Suaeda +
atriplex/
total %
Feces
(g/ m2)
Density burrows
10m ²
R1 207,4 187,4 0 0 90,35 0 0 90,35 15,52 12
R2 258,5 113,6 0 0 43,94 0 0 43,94 14,8 11
R3 234,1 0 106,3 0 0 45,40 0 45,40 7,06 1
R4 283,45 0 157,34 0 0 55,50 0 55,50 0 5
R5 1190 679,21 494,73 0 57,07 41,57 0 98,65 0 0
R6 1994 589,6 479,27 358,11 29,56 24,03 17,95 71,56 0 0
R7 758 249,57 210,94 115,72 32,92 27,82 15,26 76,01 10,7 3
R8 1368,22 490,34 369,85 435,21 35,83 27,03 31,80 94,67 6,15 4
R9 589,25 294,1 201,25 103,94 49,91 34,15 17,63 100 0 0
R10 734,71 327,4 121,29 0 44,56 16,50 0 61,07 4,95 3
The arithmetic average of burrows is 4 / 10m2. Since each
burrow is occupied by a solitary individual, with the exception
of females during the breeding season, we can assume that the
density is between 4 and 6 individuals / 10m2.
This table shows that the density of burrows increases with
biomass of Salsola tetrandra, followed by Suaeda fruticosa,
Atriplex halimus. This gerbil rarely digs its burrows in the
steppes to Arthchnemome macrostachi glaucum. It is also,
and foremost, Salsola tetrandra, Suaeda fruticosa and
incidentally Atriplex halimus that dominate the food spectrum
of Psammomys obesus.
Statistical treatment:
To account for the complexity of relationships of ecological
terms, we have used the techniques of multivariate
mathematical analysis, and in the specie the Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) and Ascending Hierarchical
Classification (AHC).
Principal components analysis:
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Fig. 4.factorial design of axes 1 and 2
We recognize 3 sets:
- The set A (R3 and R4 plants), these two stations are rich in
Suaeda fruticosa. This taxon occupies the lower parts of
alluvion, the soil is waterlogged most of the year. The wet
state of deep soil makes it difficult for the gerbils’ installation.
Therefore, these two stations, despite their richness, are not
ideal habitat for gerbils.
- The set B, gathering the stations (R5, R10, R6, R9, R7, R8),
these stations resemble to the saline soil of salty coastal areas.
They consist mainly of mixed-halophyte vegetation mixed to
Suaeda fruticosa and to Salsola tetrandra. Although there are
some burrows, this is not so far and because of winter floods
that this specie is an ideal habitat for gerbils.
- The set "C", gathering stations (R1 and R2), representing
the most favourable habitat for the development of gerbils; it
is almost a pure stand of Salsola tetrandra.These stations
are not flooded, thus they allow gerbils to dig burrows and to
spend the winter.
The discriminating variables:
The inertial rate of the first three axes absorbs 99% of the
variability of the information. The first axes put together more
than 95% of the information.
Table II
inertia
ratio
The interpretation of the axes will only cover the orthonormal
variables with high intrinsic value (OPV) of axes 1 and 2.
Table III Axis 1
Negative Side Positive Side
Variables V.P.O Variables V.P.O
Total Biomass in gr/m² 0,46
Salsola tetrandra Biomass
in gr/m² 0,42
Suaeda fruticosa Biomass
in gr/m² 0,48
On this axis, only variables related to the diet of gerbils total
biomass, biomass and biomass Salsola tetrandra,Suaeda
fruticosa, express themselves with the strong clean
orthonormal values.
Axes 1 2 3
Inertia ration in % 68, 93 18,74 7,40
A
B
C
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Table IV
Axis 2
Negative Side Positive Side
Variables V.P.O Variables V.P.O
Biomass Atiplex
halimusWeight
0,51
The Weights of faecal
materials
Psammomys obesus
0,58
Number of active burrows of
Psammomys obesus/10m²
0,52
On axis 2, the variables determining the habitat lifestyle,
weight and density of faecal burrows per 10 m2, which is
associated with the biomass of Atriplex halimus, are located
in the negative side with strong VPO. It is clear that each axis
expresses a behavioral parameter of gerbils.
On axis 1, dietary variables are distributed.
On axis 2, the variables related to habitat and biomass
Atriplex halimus are distributed. It seems that this taxon,
whose development area is not related to the wetland,
Psammomys obesus, uses it as a shelter and source of food in
autumn and winter periods.
Fig. 4. C.A.H
3 hierarchical sets are released. Block "B" represented by the
stations (R5-R10, R9 R6, R7-R8) has a very high similarity
value close to 0, 93. These stations are characterized by a low
density of burrows, high plant biomass and the presence of
steppes at toxic species Arthcnemum macrostachi glaucum,
not palatable, feared by the herd and Psammomys obesus;
then come the "C" gathering the blocks R1-R2 with the
relatively strong value of similitude of 0.89. This block is
characterized by a high density of burrows, a steppe of Salsola
tetrandra, a very popular succulent leaf Halophilic-
nitrophyticspecie by Psammomys obesus. The total absence
of Suaeda fruticosa and Atriplex halimus seems not to
disturb the diet of Psammomys obesus; finally, the block "A"
bringing together R3 R4 stations with an average value of
similitude of 0.65. This block is different from the block "B"
with which it shares the low density of burrows, in that it
represents a steppe at Suaeda fruticosa.
A
C
B
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Table V
Matrix of correlations between discriminating variables:
Total Biomass/
10m2
Biomass
Salsola
tetrandra/ 10m
2
Biomass
Suaeda
fruticosa/
10m2
Biomass
Atriplex
halimus/ 10m
2
Weight of
the faeceas/
10m2
Number of
burrows/
10m2
Total Biomass 1000
Biomass Salsola
tetrandra 0,874 1000
Biomass Suaeda
fruticosa 0,896 0,858 1000
BiomassAtriplex
halimus 0,789 0,544 0,613 1000
Weight faeces of
Psammomys
obesus -0,497 -0,423 -0,689 -0,232 1000
Number of active
burrows of
Psammomys
obesus/10m²
-0,546 -0,454 0,705 -0,290 0,816 1000
If we stick to this matrix, Atriplex halimus is the less popular
specie by the gerbil. The correlation coefficient between, on
the one hand this plant species and on the other hand, the
weight of gerbils’ faeces and the number of burrows / 10m², is
low.
These findings are supported by field observations and the
discussions we have had with the pastoralists. In fact, this unit
gerbil adapts its diet according to the habitat, the diversity and
the seasonal floristic wealth of vegetation.
The Collected Results of analyses of faeces:
The calculation of the frequency of occurrence (A.Butet 1985)
provides us with information about the presence of each of the
three species representative of the diet of Psammomys obesus
at Dzira. This non-invasive method that does not require
sacrificing the animal, applied in natural condition is entirely
adapted to the study of gerbil Psammomys obesus protected
by law and therefore forbidden of sampling.
The results, which are calculated from the total number of
samples examined, that is N = 36, and the number of times
the fragments of the species are found, that is:
- Ni, Salsola tetrandra = 24
- Ni, Suaeda fruticosa = 18
- Ni, Atriples halimus = 11
- Ni, Arthrocnemum macrostachi glaucum = 0
- FO% would be:
• Salsola tetrandra = 60, 66%
• Suaeda fruticosa = 50%
• Atriplex halimus = 30, 55%
• Athrocnemum macrostachy glaucum = 0%
These quantitative results confirm the field observations and
the analyses of leaves fragments collected at the entrance of
the active burrows. Food preference order is respected.
Indeed, this is certainly Salsola tetrandra due to the strong
succulent leaf of its leaves, which is preferred to Suaeda
fruticosa and to Atriplex halimus; However, Arthrocnemum
macrostachy glaucum is entirely absent from the faeces.
Microscopic analysis of plant fragments in feces gerbils:
The determination is based on the key proposed by J. Rech
(2011). The author writes, " the unicellular secreting head of
the secreting hairs (at Chénopodiaceae and Amarantaceae) is
bulky and of globulous form. It is supported by a lengthened
stalk. This physiological structure proves like a powerful
water tank allowing these halophytes to resist the hydrous
stress. The many secreting hairs make it possible to block the
skin, to decrease vacuolar surface and thus the water losses by
perspiration. As for the accumulation of calcium oxalate, it
has as a function to reinforce the capacity of reaction of these
taxed with the hydrous stress. Calcium is used by all the plant
species as regulator of perspiration and alarm to the hydrous
stress. ”
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All comparisons made under magnifying microscope x 100 of
the three species attest to their presence in the form of
fragments in the faeces of Psammomys obesus.
Photo 3. Fragment of Suaeda fruticosa leaf
Photo 4. Fragment of Suaeda fruticosa in the faeces
Secretory hairs
The calcium oxalate crystals
Secretory hairs
The calcium oxalate crystals
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Images 3 and 4: Leaf of salsola tetrandra x 100
On these two images, one recognizes the calcium oxalate crystals, such as glandular
Photo 5. Fragment Salsola tetrandra in faeces
Photo 6. Fragments of leaves of Salsola tetrandra
Pictures3 and 4: fragments in the faeces x 100
The concentration of oxalate crystals and glandular attest of the membership of the debris of faeces to the family of
Amaranthaceae.
Photo 6.Fragment of the leaf of Atriplex halimus (x100)
Secretory hairs
The calcium oxalate crystals
The calcium oxalate crystals
Secretory hairs
The calcium oxalate crystals
Secretory hairs
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Photo 7.fragment of the leaf of Atriplex halimus in the faeces (x 100)
We can notice the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and the
appearance of large secretory polls, citing J. Rech (2011), of
globular form carried by an elongated peduncle beyond 65
microns.
CONCLUSION
From this study, it first appears that the diet of Psammomys
obesus is strictly vegetarian at Dzira. Because of the
abundance of Amaranthaceae (Salsola tetrandra and Suaeda
fruticosa) and Asteraceae (Atriplex halimus), its diet is
limited to these two families. However, when these three
species are lacking or are scarce, this gerbil finds
compensation in the family of Plumbaginaceae, notably all
kinds of Limonium and Limoniastrum guyonianum. These
species have the advantage of presenting fleshy leaves, gorged
with water and salts.
In fine, its mode of food is broader than the literature gave
him, which limited in a unilateral way its spectrum to the only
kind of the Atriplex. The observations carried out around the
chergui chott (the saci Belgat and others (2012) showed that
this jerboa when the halomorphic steppes are developed, it is
satisfied with these species not-toxic. And when these
species become rare or simply absent from floristic
procession, the jerboa adapts its mode of food to the species
with the succulent sheets of the family of Plombaginaceae.
Second, the habitat is not necessarily in the milieu where the
Psammomys obesus eats, especially when meadows are liable
to flooding. Generally, its strategy of adaptation to the milieu
is translated by the digging of burrows on mounds at Atriplex
halimus and Salsola tetrandra, rarely in the milieu of the
steppes at Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (glaugum) and
Halocnemum strobilacum, species being frighteningly toxic,
mainly because of the very high concentration of calcium
oxalate and impurities secreted by glandular, Psammomys
obesus and at the same time, the cattle, bovine or ovine
fleeing them. Therefore, they cannot be included in its diet.
The evidence is given to us by the fact that we find them
neither among species cut by gerbils, nor in the microscopic
analysis of faeces of Psammomys obesus.
This study consolidated and brought new unpublished
information about the trophic regime of Psammomys obesus.
Its complex ecology and plastic adaptation to the conditions of
ecotones, in a halomorphe milieu deserve to be pursued in
other bioclimates of wet areas of the steppes of Algeria and
North Africa.
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