Promoter sequences from 10 bacteriophage and bacterial genes
Figure 10-13 Catabolite control of the lac operon. (a) Onlyunder conditions of low glucose is adenylate cyclase activeand cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) formed.(b) When cAMP is present, it forms a complex with CAP(catabolite activator protein) that activates transcription bybinding to a region within the lac promoter.
NEGATIVE REGULATIONREPRESSIBLE TRANSCRIPTION
X
Aporepressor
Co-repressor
Active repressor
Operator
THE trp OPERON
1 2 3
4
21
3 4
RNA Polymerase Transcribing a Prokaryotic Gene
• Initiation occurs at a transcription start site in a promoter (DNA sequence)
• Termination occurs at a transcription stop site
• Activation of bacterial RNA polymerase requires binding of sigma factor
Transcription in Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
• Three different RNA polymerases transcribe nuclear genes
• Other RNA polymerases found in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Transcription
• In eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in separate compartments.
• In bacteria, mRNA is polycistronic; in eukaryotes, mRNA is usually monocistronic.– Polycistronic: one mRNA codes for more than one polypeptide– moncistronic: one mRNA codes for only one polypeptide
• 3 RNA polymerases in euk., 1 in prok.
• Binding of Basal Transcription Factors required for euk. RNA Pol II binding.
• “Processing” of mRNA in eukaryotes, no processing in prokaryotes
Gene expression
TERMINATION• RNA polymerase meets the terminator
• Terminator sequence: AAUAAA
• RNA polymerase releases from DNA• Prokaryotes-releases at termination signal• Eukaryotes-releases 10-35 base pairs after
termination signal