• PRISM (Process Industries Safety Management)
• Network of
•over 60 organisations
•from 14 countries
• Funded by the European Union ‘Framework Programme for Research and Development’
• Supported by CEFIC
• Co-ordinated by EPSC
Environment-Context
-Normal-Emergency
-Noise, Heat, Light
CARRY OUT TASK MAKE DECISIONSMONITORLOCATE AND PROCESSINFORMATION
Evaluation- User requirements- Rapid prototyping- Standards/legislation
User differences- Age- Eyesight- Body size and shape
Special needs
Work Practices- Task and job design- Context of use- Organisational structures- Policies and procedures
Software design- Allocation of function- Functional specification- User interface design- User help
Hardware design- Workstation design- Input/output devices- Workplace layout-Health & Safety
-Repetitive Strain Injury-Work Related Upper Limb Disorders
Training- Skills required- Experience- Motivation- Training needs
What Is Human Factors?
4
Estimated number of “human errors”
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100
90
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
% H
um
an
acti
on
att
rib
ute
d a
s
cau
se
The diagram shows the
attribution of “human
errors” as causes, which
may be different from
the contribution of “human errors” to incidents / accidents.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Behaviour
Technical
Corrective actionsIncidents
Incidents are caused by our behaviourWe react with technical solutions !
Action Plan for PRISM
1. Facilitate exchange of knowledge and information
2. Generate knowledge to meet industry needs
3. Establish options available to facilitate information sharing between companies
4. Facilitate knowledge transfer from experts
PRISM
• Focus Groups
• Culture and Organisation
• Optimising Human Performance
• High Demand Situations
• Engineering Design
FG PC EU
1 Keil/JOMC Solvay/Lyondell
2 DNV Chinoin
3 TNO/Milan ATOFINA
4 TUB ExxonMobilSnamprogetti
NAS Slovakia Technical University
1. Cultural and Organisational Factors
2.Optimising human performance
3.Human factors in high demand situations
4.Human factors as a part of the engineering design process
Behavioural safety: key principles
• Programme ownership• Definition of safe and
unsafe behaviours• Establishment of a
baseline• Training
• Observation• Feedback• Reinforcement• Goal-setting• Review
Conditions
• Dissatisified with status quo
• Visible leadership and commitment
• Process to owned by employees
• Long term not a quick fix
• Integration not substitution or add on
Pitfalls
• Blame culture
• Just another initiative
• “Do as I say not as I do”!
• Leave it all to the Safety Dept
• Resources
ExxonMobil Safety Excellence Process Results example
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
TRIR Employees + Contractors
TRIR Employees
Start
SEP
1. Cultural and Organisational Factors
2.Optimising human performance
3.Human factors in high demand situations
4.Human factors as a part of the engineering design process
ProceduresMy procedure will ensure the
task is performed correctly
I know how to do this task, I don’t need a procedure
Do we need a procedure for each task?
Decision AidTask Criticality High Medium Low
Task Familiarity
Freq Infreq Rare Freq Infreq Rare Freq Infreq Rare
Task
C
omplexity
LowNWI NWI JA NWI NWI JA NWI NWI NWI
Medium NWI JA SBS NWI NWI JA NWI NWI NWI
High JA JA SBS NWI JA SBS NWI NWI JA
No Written Instruction required: NWINo Written Instruction required: NWI
Job Aid required e.g checklist/memory aid: JAJob Aid required e.g checklist/memory aid: JA
Step By Step instruction required: SBSStep By Step instruction required: SBS
1. Cultural and Organisational Factors
2.Optimising human performance
3.Human factors in high demand situations
4.Human factors as a part of the engineering design process
• PRISM
FG3 High Demand Situations
• cognitive overload
• emergency response
• control room layout
• abnormal situation management
• use of virtual reality
Why alarm handling?
A wide issue about assuring the human response to an alarm
Operators routinely ignore alarm in the plant control room
Operators facing as few as 10 alarms a Operators facing as few as 10 alarms a minute in an emergency will quickly abandon minute in an emergency will quickly abandon the alarm list to reduce stress. They will find the alarm list to reduce stress. They will find
a way to solve the problem without using a way to solve the problem without using the alarms.the alarms.
How to face this problem?
Implementation of an alarm philosophyImplementation of an alarm philosophy
Notify operators of events required more Notify operators of events required more focused attentionfocused attention
Help to prioritise response
Guide operator towards most appropriate response
Benefits
• Easier to interpret alarms for operators
• Better control of processes
• Help avoid accidents
““A typical plant can save approximately $3 500 000 A typical plant can save approximately $3 500 000 per year by providing good control during plant per year by providing good control during plant
incidents and transition events such as start-ups, incidents and transition events such as start-ups, feed changes, etc.”feed changes, etc.”
1. Cultural and Organisational Factors
2.Optimising human performance
3.Human factors in high demand situations
4.Human factors as a part of the engineering design process
“We cannot change the Human Condition but we We cannot change the Human Condition but we can change the conditions in which humans can change the conditions in which humans work.work.”
James Reason
How to incorporate HF in the design process?
To take human factors into account as part of the process engineering design process requires the design of:
– Equipment,Equipment,
– Operations,Operations,
– Procedures,Procedures,
– Work environments.Work environments.
such that they are compatible with the capabilities, limitations and needs of the workers
Designing to reduce
Human Error Precursors
Maintainability and Operability
Process Operations and Layout
Design solution to address the error Design solution to address the error causescauses
Automation
Work Environment
Process Control and
Monitoring
• PRISM
• Deliverables
• Survey of needs of SME’s
• Application guides
• Training tools
• Seminars in different European Countries
• Internet seminars
• Networking and sharing of experience
Action Plan for Industry
1. Develop an understanding of the basic subject matter of human factors (HF)
2. Develop an understanding of current HF issues in pertinent industry sectors
3. Develop an understanding of current arrangements used to identify & control SHE hazards in your workplace
4. From the basis of the existing systems already in place identify how HF can be incorporated