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CORRELATION BETWEENPREMATURE BIRTH WITH ADHD
By :
Shabrina Herdiana Putri
030.08.222Faculty of Medicine
Trisakti University
Jakarta, July 2011
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ABSTRACT
Previous studies have demonstrated an
increased risk for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) in follow-up studies of preterm
survivors from NICUs. This paper will explain the
effect of moderate as well as extreme preterm birthon the risk for ADHD in school age, taking into
account genetic, perinatal, and socioeconomic
confounders.
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CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
Increasing numbers of infants born preterm are
reaching adulthood as a consequence of advances
in perinatal care. A negative effect of preterm birth
on the neurologic and psychological development
of children and youth is well documented. Severeneurologic impairment has been reported in 10% to
12% of school-aged children born very preterm.
Much higher rates have been reported for more
subtle neurocognitive impairment with reports oflower IQ and poor academic achievement.
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CHAPTER II : PREMATURE BIRTH
Birth that is at least 3 weeks before a baby's due
date/preterm birth or less than 37 weeks
Serious health risk for a baby leading cause of
death among newborn babies
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RISKFACTOROFPREMATUREBIRTH
Carrying more than one baby (twins, triplets,quadruplets or more).
Having a previous preterm birth.
Problems with the uterus or cervix.
Chronic health problems in the mother, such as highblood pressure, diabetes, and clotting disorders.
Certain infection during pregnancy.
Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, or illicit drug use
during pregnancy.
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CHAPTER III : ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is
one of the most common childhood disorders and
can continue through adolescence and adulthood.
Symptoms include difficulty staying focused and
paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior, andhyperactivity (over-activity).
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CHAPTER IV : FINDINGS
Several perinatal complications increased risk
for short and long-term neurologic sequeale.
Perinatal asphyxia hypoxic-ischemic
encephalopathy in the neonate with widespread
brain injuries as a consequence
Poor intrauterine growth fetal hypoxiahypotension injure the striatal complex of the
basal ganglia increase the number ofdopamine receptors
Undernutrition : during fetal brain development
may also have long-term effects on attention,
learning, and memory
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At term birth
Gestational ages of
34-36 weeks : 70%increased risk ofADHD
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90 %increased
risk
50 %increased
risk
birthweights :
1500-2499grams
birth
weights of2500-2999grams
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risk ofADHD
socioeconomicstatus of the
parents
family historyof psychiatric
disorderscomorbidity
maternalsmoking during
pregnancy
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CHAPTER V : DISCUSSION
From those literature showed that preterm delivery
near term and proxy measures of intrauterine
growth in children born at or above term increase
the risk of ADHD.
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CONCLUSION
The association of preterm birth to ADHD is graded
by degree of immaturity with significant increased
risks also for children born moderately preterm.
Children born preterm, also close to term, and
children born at term with low birth weights (1500
2499 g) have an increased risk of clinically verified
ADHD. These findings have important public health
perspectives because the majority of preterm
babies are born close to term.
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REFERENCE
Lindstrm, K., Lindblad, F., Hjern, A. Preterm Birth andAttention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder inSchoolchildren. PEDIATRICS Vol. 127 No. 5 May 1,2011.
Delobel-Ayoub M, Arnaud C, White-Koning M, et al.
Behavioral Problems and Cognitive Performance at 5Years of Age After Very Preterm Birth: the EPIPAGEStudy. Pediatrics. 2009;123(6):14851492.
Levin, Aaron. Low Birth Weight, Prematurity Can RaiseADHD Risk. Psychiatric News by American PsychiatricAssociation Vol.41 No.15 p27. August 4, 2006.
Linnet, K.M., Wisborg, K., Agerbo, E., Secher, N.J.Gestational age, birth weight, and the risk ofhyperkinetic disorder.Arch Dis Child Vol. 91 Issue 8 p655-660. 2006
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/search?author1=Karolina+Lindstr%C3%B6m&sortspec=date&submit=Submithttp://pediatrics.aappublications.org/search?author1=Karolina+Lindstr%C3%B6m&sortspec=date&submit=Submit7/28/2019 premature ADHD
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REFERENCE (CONT)
Goodman, Brenda. Risk for Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder in School Age ChildrenAssociated With Premature Birth. WebMD Health News.2011.
Taylor HG, Klein N, Minich NM, et al. Middle-school-ageoutcomes in children with very low birth weight. ChildDev 2000;71:1495511.
Bhutta AT, Cleves MA, Casey PH, et al. Cognitive andbehavioral outcomes of school-aged children who wereborn preterm: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2002;288:72837.
OKeeffe MJ, OCallaghan M, Williams GM, et al.Learning, cognitive, and attentional problems inadolescents born small for gestational age. Pediatrics2003;112:3017.
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