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ON EXCHANGEON EXCHANGE
AND D ALYS S
AND D ALYS S
THE REMOVAL OF IONS
FROM SOLUTION USING
RESINS
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RESIN PARTICLE AND BEADS
http://www.lplc.com/misc/ionexbg.htm
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Ion exchange of monovalent cations: (assume ψ = 1)
For most solutions γ A =γ B
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Ion exchange of mixed-valent cations: (assume ψ = 1)
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CROSSLINKING TO MAKE ION EXCHANGE RESINS
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Selectivity of Ion Exchange Resins
In Order of Decreasing Preference
Strong acid cation Strong base anion Barium IodideLead NitrateCalcium Bisulfite
Nickel ChlorideCadmium Cyanide
Copper BicarbonateZinc Hydroide
!agnesium "luoridePotassium #ulfate
$mmonia#odium
Hydrogen
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Chelating Cation %esin#electi&ities for !etal
!etal '!(Caa Hg)*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ *,-..Cu)*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ *,/..
Pb)*
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0,*..Ni)* ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 12Zn)*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 02Cd)*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 01
Co)*
+++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ 3+2"e)*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4+2!n)*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0+*Ca)*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0
#electi&ity coefficient for the metal o&ercalcium ions at a pH of 4
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Cost of Commercially Available
Resins
%esin Cost56(ft/7#trong acid cation++++++++++ 4180/.
9eak acid cation++++++++++++ 0*.803.#trong base anion+++++++++++ *0.8*2.9eak base anion+++++++++++++ *0.8*3.Chelating cation++++++++++++ /1.831.
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SMALL SCALE
ION EXCHANGE
COLUMNS
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POSITIONING OF
RESIN BEADS FOR
A MIXED BED JUST
AFTER BACKWASHING
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Improved N!r"!eRemov"# $rom
Dr%&%' W"!er
() Io% E*+,"%'e
Te.!%' "H)dr"/#+ Dev+e
$or Improved
Re'e%er"!o%
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IXC"#+TM
A po0er$/# +omp/!er pro'r"m
http://www.rohmhaas.com/
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High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (DEE and C!"#$
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America's really big sacred cow is fluoridation of drinking
water. Fact: Fluoride is so toxic that only one milligramconstitutes a prescription dose. In spite of this, the
Enironmental !rotection Agency "E!A# allows up to this
amount in a single glass of drinking water. Fact: $irtually
eery country in Europe has stopped fluoridation. %esearchshows that fluoride confers little if any real benefit. Fact:
!ersons who hae grown up with fluoridated water hae, on
the aerage, only &( of one filling less per lifetime than
people who did not drink fluoridated water "Chemical and
Engineering News, )ay *, &+*+#.
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Of the 50 largest cities in the UnitedStates, ! ha"e communit# $ater
fluoridation% Fluoridation reaches &'of the oulation on u*lic $atersulies+more than 1 million eole%
ater fluoridation costs, on a"erage,-' cents er erson er #ear in U%S%
communities (1... dollars)%
Fluoride also *enefits adults,decreasing the ris/ of ca"ities at theroot surface as $ell as the enamel
cro$n% Use of fluoridated $ater andfluoride dental roducts $ill hel eole maintain oral health and /eemore ermanent teeth%
http:www.cdc.gommwrpreiewmmwrhtmlrr-&a&.htm
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ELECTRODIAL1SIS
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ELECTRODIAL1SIS
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