6/18/2015
1
TransportationSecurity Administration
ACC/TSA Security Capabilities WorkshopJune 16, 2015
Human Performance -- A Critical Consideration
Presented by: Don Drummer
Deputy Assistant Administrator (DAA)
Office of Security Capabilities (OSC)
TransportationSecurity Administration
Agenda
Journey
Discoveries
Human Factors
6/18/2015
2
Journey
U.S. Army Career
13 States /13 Countries
TSA Front Lines
JFK / BWI / EWR – ACY – TTN – ILG
TSA Headquarters
Office of Security Capabilities (OSC)
Discoveries
Industry Leadership
Business Focus
National Security Passion
Law Enforcement
Federal / Regional / State / Municipal
Integration / Information Sharing
Incident Command Training / Proficiency
Discoveries (Continued)
TSA Headquarters
17 Assistant Administrators
* Operations * Law Enforcement * Intelligence
* Acquisitions * Security Technology * Risk
* Inspections * Global Strategies * Training
* Legal Counsel * Legislative Affairs * Budget
* Human Capital * Public Affairs
* Information Technology * Policy / Industry Engagement
* Professional Responsibility
6/18/2015
3
Discoveries (Continued)
Office of Security Capabilities
7 Divisions
* Checkpoint Technology -- Jason Hull
* Checked Baggage Technology -- Mario
Wilson
* Intermodal Technology -- Bob Pryor
* Testing & Evaluations -- Andy Lee
* Deployment and Logistics -- Steve Karoly
* Mission Analysis -- Eric Houser
* Mission Support -- Jennifer Bryant
Discoveries (Continued)
Mission Analysis Division
5 Branches
* System and Risk Analysis
* Systems Optimization Support
* Systems Engineering
* Systems Architecture
* Human Performance
** Human Factors
** Behavior Detection
TSO Annual Certification
• Practical Skills Evaluation (PSE) -- Technical demonstration of
passenger and baggage screening proficiencies
• Standard Operating Procedures Assessment (SOPA) – Computer-
based test
• Image Mastery Assessment (IMA) -- Computer-based X-Ray
proficiency test
• On Screen Alarm Resolution Mastery Assessment (OMA) --
Computer based Baggage Screening proficiency test
6/18/2015
4
TSO National Training Plan Requirements
• Tactical Communications (TACCOM)
Resolution of volatile interactions (8 hours)
• Behavioral Awareness Training (BAT)
Behavioral indicators and critical thinking (6 hours)
• Advanced Explosives Training Curriculum (AET)
IED smuggling techniques delivered by Explosives Specialists
• On Line Learning Center (OLC)
25 to 35 hours assigned per quarter
Influences on TSO Performance
TSO
LTSOs
STSOs
TSMs
TSIs
BDOs
TSS-Es
PassengersTSO-Trainers
Fellow TSOs
Media
Social Networksand Family
LEOs
TSO-MentorsAttackers
TSA-HQ
Human Factors Research
Ignacio J. Martinez-Moyano, Ph.D.Argonne National Laboratory
Checkpoint Strategy Simulator (CSS)
Policy Analysis Simulation Environment
6/18/2015
5
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO
Skills
+
TSO Training
TSO Testing
++
TSOMorale
-TSO
(nominalcap)Hiring
RateAttrition
Rate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-
+
++
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
-
+
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
-
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
-
ThreatDiscovery Rate
+
CognitiveDemand/Mix
on TSO
-
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
+
-
ThreatDevelopment
Rate
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
<TSO
Skills>
+
+
+
TSO
Professionalism
+
+-
x
y
Supply/Demand
Cognitive/Emotional
Human/Technological
Outcomes/Consequences
ThreatDevelopment/Discovery
SOP Compliance
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
x
y
CSS Structure
CSS Structure
Timespent perperson
-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Actual
Capacity
+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
Arrival /Screening
Rate
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
x
y
6/18/2015
6
CSS Structure
Timespent perperson
-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
Arrival /Screening
Rate+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
x
y
CSS Structure
Timespent perperson
-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
+ +
+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
Arrival /Screening
Rate+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
x
y
CSS Structure
Timespent perperson
-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
Arrival /Screening
Rate+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
x
y
6/18/2015
7
CSS Structure
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
Norm for
Compliance
++
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
Arrival /Screening
Rate+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
-
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
Arrival /Screening
Rate+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
-
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
Arrival /Screening
Rate+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
+
TSO
Professionalism+
x
y
6/18/2015
8
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
-
-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
-
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
+
TSO
Professionalism+
-
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
-
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
+
TSO
Professionalism+
-
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
-
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
+
TSO
Professionalism+
-
x
y
6/18/2015
9
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
+
TSO
Professionalism+
-
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO Training
TSO Testing
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
+
TSO
Professionalism+
-
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO
Skills
+
TSO Training
TSO Testing
++
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
-
+
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
<TSO
Skills>
+
+
TSO
Professionalism
+
+-
x
y
6/18/2015
10
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO
Skills
+
TSO Training
TSO Testing
++
TSO(nominal
cap)HiringRate
AttritionRate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
-
+
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
-
CognitiveDemand/Mix
on TSO
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
+
-
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
<TSO
Skills>
+
+
TSO
Professionalism
+
+-
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO
Skills
+
TSO Training
TSO Testing
++
TSOMorale
-TSO
(nominalcap)Hiring
RateAttrition
Rate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-+
TSO
Effectiveness
++
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
-
+
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
-
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
-
CognitiveDemand/Mix
on TSO
-
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
+
-
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
<TSO
Skills>
+
+
+
TSO
Professionalism
+
+-
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO
Skills
+
TSO Training
TSO Testing
++
TSOMorale
-TSO
(nominalcap)Hiring
RateAttrition
Rate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-
+
++
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
-
+
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
-
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
-
CognitiveDemand/Mix
on TSO
-
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
+
-
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
<TSO
Skills>
+
+
+
TSO
Professionalism
+
+-
x
y
6/18/2015
11
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO
Skills
+
TSO Training
TSO Testing
++
TSOMorale
-TSO
(nominalcap)Hiring
RateAttrition
Rate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-
+
++
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
-
+
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
-
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
-
ThreatDiscovery Rate
+
CognitiveDemand/Mix
on TSO
-
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
+
-
ThreatDevelopment
Rate
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
<TSO
Skills>
+
+
+
TSO
Professionalism
+
+-
x
y
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO
Skills
+
TSO Training
TSO Testing
++
TSOMorale
-TSO
(nominalcap)Hiring
RateAttrition
Rate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-
+
++
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
-
+
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
-
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
-
ThreatDiscovery Rate
+
CognitiveDemand/Mix
on TSO
-
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
+
-
ThreatDevelopment
Rate
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
<TSO
Skills>
+
+
+
TSO
Professionalism
+
+-
x
y
Supply/Demand
Cognitive/Emotional
Human/Technological
Outcomes/Consequences
ThreatDevelopment/Discovery
SOP Compliance
CSS Structure
Average WaitTime at
Checkpoint
SecurityProblems
CustomerSatisfactionProblems
Quality of
SOP/Tech
Compliance with
SOP
Timespent perperson
+-
Pressure to Comply
with SOP
+
+
-
-
-
SOP/TechSOP/Tech
Generation Rate
Manageability
of SOP/Tech
System
-
+
-
TSO
Skills
+
TSO Training
TSO Testing
++
TSOMorale
-TSO
(nominalcap)Hiring
RateAttrition
Rate
Req Capacity
Work Pressure+
Actual
Capacity
WorkIntensity
Fatigue
+ +
+
-
+
++
TSO
Effectiveness
++
-
+
+
Desired
Cap
Std Wait
Time
+-
+
Pressure to
Improve System
+
+
+
+
-
+
Norm for
Compliance
++
+
-
-
+
Std Time Spent
per Person
+
-
Arrival /Screening
Rate
+
+
+
Potential
Screening Rate
+
-
Absen
teesim+
-
+
-
Pressure
to Add
Capacity
+
+
+
+
Pressure to Increase
Testing and Training
+
+
-
ThreatDiscovery Rate
+
CognitiveDemand/Mix
on TSO
-
-
Economic/JobMarketOutlook
- +
<Norm for
Compliance>
+
+
-
ThreatDevelopment
Rate
PaxAnxiety
+
Expected Wait
Time at Checkpoint -Pax's
Willingness/Abilityto Comply
-
-
TSO'sPerceived Need
to IncreaseThroughput
-
-
<TSO
Skills>
+
+
+
TSO
Professionalism
+
+-
x
y