I. Congress of Vienna, 1814-15 A. Concert of Europe
1. were guided by the principle of the
balance of power. B. Congress System (1815-1822)
C. The “Holy Alliance” – RAP
II. Conservatism A. Reaction to liberalism
1. Klemens von Metternich 2. Austria and the German states
Dominated by Metternich a. Multi-ethnic Hapsburg Empire:
national self-determination
3. Carlsbad Decrees a. instituted repressive measures against liberalism in the
German Confederation.
III. Liberalism A. Individual is a self-sufficient being
whose freedom and well-being are sole
reasons for existence of society
1. Political - representative government 2. Classical liberalism minimal government interference in
the economy, individual freedoms,
equality before the law
IV. Nationalism A. Characteristics
1. Cultural unity – common language 2. Desire for national border with
cultural boundaries.
3. Immediate origins: French Revolution &
Napoleonic Wars
IV. Utopian Socialism A. Advocacy of social and economic
planning
B. Early French socialists 1. Count Henri de Saint-Simon “key to progress was proper social
organization” 2. Louis Blanc 3. Pierre Joseph Proudhon “What is Property” – stolen from the
workers
C. Scientific Socialism – Marxism 1. Karl Marx (1818-1883): Communist
Manifesto (1848) w/ Friedrich Engels;
2. Criticism of Utopian Socialist: appeals to the
wealthy to help the poor were naive.3. Socialism would be established by
violent revolution. “Working men of all
countries unite!”