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Policy FormulationPolicy Formulation
and Case Studyand Case Study
Jeremiah V. PacerJeremiah V. Pacer
MA Public AdministrationMA Public AdministrationDepartment of Political ScienceDepartment of Political Science
Rizal Technological UniversityRizal Technological University
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PolicyPolicy
a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by aa course or principle of action adopted or proposed by agovernment, party, business or individual.government, party, business or individual.
defined as the process by which governments translate theirdefined as the process by which governments translate their
political vision into programs and actions to deliverpolitical vision into programs and actions to deliver
'outcomes''outcomes' desired change in the real world.desired change in the real world.
can take a range of different forms, including noncan take a range of different forms, including non--
intervention; regulation, for instance by licensing; or theintervention; regulation, for instance by licensing; or the
encouragement of voluntary change, including by grant aid;encouragement of voluntary change, including by grant aid;as well as direct public service provision.as well as direct public service provision.
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Classification of PoliciesClassification of Policies
1.1. SubstantiveSubstantive--what government is going to do, such as thewhat government is going to do, such as the
construction of highways, payment of benefits. It directlyconstruction of highways, payment of benefits. It directly
distributes advantages and disadvantages, benefits and cost to thedistributes advantages and disadvantages, benefits and cost to the
people.people.
2.2. ProceduralProcedural--pertain to how something is going to be done or who ispertain to how something is going to be done or who is
going to take action, how: it includes organizational matters.going to take action, how: it includes organizational matters.
33. Distributive. Distributive-- involve in the distribution of services or benefits toinvolve in the distribution of services or benefits toparticular segments of the populationparticular segments of the population--individual, groups,individual, groups,
organizations and communities involve in the use of public funds toorganizations and communities involve in the use of public funds to
assist particular groupsassist particular groups--social reform agenda.social reform agenda.
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Classification of PoliciesClassification of Policies
4.4. RegulatoryRegulatory--involve the imposition of restrictions or limitations oninvolve the imposition of restrictions or limitations on
the behavior of individuals and group, it reduces the freedom orthe behavior of individuals and group, it reduces the freedom or
discretion to act of those who are regulated.discretion to act of those who are regulated.
5.5. Self regulatorySelf regulatory-- involve restriction or control of some matter orinvolve restriction or control of some matter or
group, police your own rank, are usually sought and supported bygroup, police your own rank, are usually sought and supported by
the regulated group as a means of protecting and promoting thethe regulated group as a means of protecting and promoting the
interests of its members.interests of its members.
6.6. MaterialMaterial--provide tangible resources and substantial power to theirprovide tangible resources and substantial power to their
beneficiaries or impose real advantages on those who are adverselybeneficiaries or impose real advantages on those who are adversely
affected.affected.
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Stages of the Policy Process
Problem identificationAgenda setting
Policy formulation
Decision Implementation
Evaluation
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Problem Identification
Outcomes affecting the lives of people and thecondition of the nation are described
Typical examples: unemployment, national security,
poverty, crime
Not all problems are matters of public concern Who identifies problems? Media, government,
citizens
Globalization expands the problems facing society,
and makes existing issues more complicated
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Agenda Setting
Problems are selected for official
consideration
Agenda setters: Media, government officials,
interest groups, think tanks, political parties,citizens
Globalization gives many outsiders a role in
agenda setting
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Policy Formulation
Specification of problem: define terms andidentify relevant population
Explanation of problem
Alternatives for addressing problem
Costs and benefits assessed
Globalization makes explaining problems
more contentious
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Decision
Policy makers choose one or more solutions to
the problem
Political battles of previous stages are partly
geared toward affecting this stage
Combinations of options can be chosen
Non-action is a choice
Globalization changes the incentives and
challenges democracy
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Implementation
Taking actionAllocate resources (money, personnel,
equipment), establish rules and standardoperating procedures,
determine lines of authority
In general, the domain of the executive branch
Globalization has recently meant greater
reliance on markets and market-likestructures, more privatization
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Evaluation
In political debate, evaluation is pervasive
Systematic evaluation tools are highly developed,
but often not used
Good evaluation focuses on measuring outcomes
Instead, evaluation may be political or oriented
toward activities rather than outcomes
Globalization means it is harder to identify relevant
population or the reasons things happen
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An Example: Iraq
What was the problem in 2002?
How did Iraq get on the agenda?
What policy options were available to solvethe problem?
Why was war chosen?
How was the war implemented?
How are things working out?
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Political Power
Who controls the agenda? Who decides?
A central concern of Political Science
Many theories have been developed to answer
such questionsSystem-centered
Society-centered: groups, classes, social
movementsState-centered: Government officials and
structure
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Society-centered
Groups, classes, and individuals in societyhold power
Elite theory
Class analysisSocial movements theory
Group theory
Pluralism
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State-centered
Government officials take the initiativeStructure of government determines in part
what happens
Bureaucratic actors dominate policy process
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System-centered
Relationship of country to the rest of theworld determines its policy preferences
Distribution of power (powerful countries
prefer open world economy)World system (unequal distribution of wealth)
Globalization (US turns to world market to
solve economic problems at home)
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Case StudiesCase Studies
Filipino First PolicyFilipino First Policy
--Embodied in the advocacy of President Carlos Garcia.Embodied in the advocacy of President Carlos Garcia.
--Reflected in the 60Reflected in the 60--40 pro40 pro--filipino ownership requirement infilipino ownership requirement in
the 1987 Constitution.the 1987 Constitution.--Ensured the welfare and dominance of local businessmen andEnsured the welfare and dominance of local businessmen and
entrepreneurs.entrepreneurs.
--Encouraged the subsistence of dummies.Encouraged the subsistence of dummies.
--Deprived PHISIX and entire local economy of necessary capitalDeprived PHISIX and entire local economy of necessary capitaloutpour from foreign conglomerates and multinationaloutpour from foreign conglomerates and multinational
companies.companies.
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Case StudiesCase Studies
COMELEC Modernization and ComputerizationCOMELEC Modernization and Computerization
--Conceptualized to fastConceptualized to fast--track the results of the triennial pollstrack the results of the triennial polls
and other mandated elections provided by law.and other mandated elections provided by law.
--Programmed to minimize electoral frauds likeProgrammed to minimize electoral frauds like Dagdag Bawas.Dagdag Bawas.--Instituted to streamline and limit the number of personnelInstituted to streamline and limit the number of personnel
rendering service during elections.rendering service during elections.
--The initial undertaking of computerization was stalled due toThe initial undertaking of computerization was stalled due to
the decree issued by Supreme Court.the decree issued by Supreme Court.--The current cost of the computerization has taken a great tollThe current cost of the computerization has taken a great toll
on the budget of the commission.on the budget of the commission.
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Case StudiesCase Studies
Bases Conversion ofCampBases Conversion ofCamp CrameCrame and Aguinaldoand Aguinaldo
--Patterned after the development of Fort Andres Bonifacio intoPatterned after the development of Fort Andres Bonifacio into
a bustling commercial hub.a bustling commercial hub.
--Government is envisioning large income from theseGovernment is envisioning large income from thesetransactions that will sustain the modernization of militarytransactions that will sustain the modernization of military
and police personnel.and police personnel.
--Relocation, however, proves to be difficult and a risk on theRelocation, however, proves to be difficult and a risk on the
part of national security.part of national security.
-- Monetary gains from the conversion may not serve its raisonMonetary gains from the conversion may not serve its raison
detre.detre.
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Case StudiesCase Studies
Cheaper Medicines ActCheaper Medicines Act
--The purpose of the measure is to lower the cost of health careThe purpose of the measure is to lower the cost of health care
maintenance and medication.maintenance and medication.
--The authors specifically pointed out to the exponential gainsThe authors specifically pointed out to the exponential gainsand profits of pharmaceutical firms.and profits of pharmaceutical firms.
--Along the way, the government wavered in the fullAlong the way, the government wavered in the full
implementation of the act because of the political pressureimplementation of the act because of the political pressure
coming from medication drug manufacturers and distributors.coming from medication drug manufacturers and distributors.
-- Government made a compromise in classifying certain familyGovernment made a compromise in classifying certain family
of medications subject to Cheaper Medicines Act.of medications subject to Cheaper Medicines Act.
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Case StudiesCase Studies
Reproductive HealthBillReproductive HealthBill
--Piece of legislation made to address the growing concern ofPiece of legislation made to address the growing concern of
population in the Philippines.population in the Philippines.
--The bill is made to encourage and support the people in usingThe bill is made to encourage and support the people in usingcontraceptives and familycontraceptives and family--planning schemes.planning schemes.
--The bill does not compel nor coerce the community to adoptThe bill does not compel nor coerce the community to adopt
family planning schemes.family planning schemes.
--Leaders of the Catholic Church fervently opposed the bill as itLeaders of the Catholic Church fervently opposed the bill as itis against the teachings and dogma of the christian faith.is against the teachings and dogma of the christian faith.
--Implementation systems are still on the verge of uncertaintyImplementation systems are still on the verge of uncertainty
and dilemma.and dilemma.