PLANT TOXICOLOGYPLANT TOXICOLOGY
by :
Tutik JuniastutiDept. KDV - Pharmacology
THE TOXIC EFFECT OF PLANT
Human : - Baby
- Child
- Young / adult
Domestic animal
THE SOURCE TOXIN OF PLANT.
SPICESMEDICAL HERBVEGETABLES / FRUITS
OXALATCYANIDANITRAT-NITRITPERIRENAL OEDEMATERATOGENIC PLANTSPHOTOSENSITISASI
OXALATE
SOURCE : Oxalate salt Potasium oxalate Oxalate acid Plants to contain Oxalate salt is :
• Fam. Chenopodiaceae• Genus Rumex• Araceae• Halogeton• Sarcobatus (greasea wood)• Rheum rhaponticum (Rhubarb)
Aspergillus muschroom products, Phenicellium → nephropaty
Ethylenglycol
TOXICITY :
Sheep - 0,55% → if enough of food - 0,1% → if less of food
Horse Ruminansia
→ 3 possibility :- destruction in rumen- to bound with Ca → to precipitate
→ to ekskresi with faeces- to absorp → tissue / to bound
with Ca serum
MECHANISM OF ACTION
- To enter into → blood → to bound with
blood Ca → hipocalcemia (tetany)
- If crystal in blood vessel’s → necrose & hemoraghy
- crystal to precipitate in ren → anuria, uremia, homeostatic elektrolit desturbed
SYMPTOMA CLINIC- 2 - 6 hours
- Colic - a head to bend - Depresi - is not calm - Powerless - the position of head is sloping
- The other of symptom : - Breath of fast - blood to foam from
mouth - Bloat - urinasi frekuent- Hypocalcemia
→ - convulsion
- ↑ : urea, Na, K, SGOT, SGPT, pH blood
- ↓ : Ca serum, fosfat blood
PATHOLOGIST
Ascites hidrotoraks Rum, ret, om → hemorhagis difus
abomasum → ptechiae Lgg intestin → to swell Resp tract.: - to dam up
- blood to foam in bronchus Ren :
- lesi, oedema, capsules to make loose- in slices : the fluid excresi & to be seen the clean is
lines (crystal) at cortex & medula border
- histopat : (+) crystal oxalat, lat. tub Crystal (+) at wall rumen & brain
DIAGNOSA Clinical history Symptoma Inspection of post mortem Analisis chemistry to contain ofrumen
DIF. DIAGNOSA Milk tetany
↑ pH blood (-) to change of PA is not reliable
THERAPY (+) symptoma clinic → no effect Infus Ca gluconat Urinary acidifier
CONTROL to avoid the plant to contain Oxalat Pellet alfalfa (5% dicalcium fosfat) → ¼
pound daily
CYANIDA= Hydrocyanic acid= Prusic acid
SOURCE - In plant as glycoside / HCN free- Rodentisida, anthelmintic, fumigan- Goitrogenic plant
Fam. Cruciferae Brasisca spp. Glycine max Linum usitatissinum
- → to contain Glycosida tyosianat or 1 – 5 vinyl 2 - thiooxazolidone → inhibisi hormon tiroid - product → - hiperplastik goiter
- s/ hypotiroidism
MECHANISM OF ACTION
- Cyanida berikatan dg Fe pd enzim cytochrom oxidase → mbtk complex stabil shg enzim tsb tdk dpt melepas O2 dr oxyHb → mec/ cytotoxic anoxia
The acute of die is not symptoma clinic sensitive, tremor Breath of fast → difficult salivasi,lacrimasi, urinasi, defekasi, konvulsi,
dilatation pupil, membr. muc. Is bright, the color of red blood is light
horses were eaten shorgum (to contain cyanida & nitrat)
→ ataxia, incoordination, cystitis, abortus,
deformitas articulation (a child of horse)
SYMPTOMA CLINIC
PATHOLOGIST (rare)- Memb. muc. → pink - Subendocardial & subepicardiar →
hemorrhagi- Abomasum & intest → ptechial
hemorh & congesti- Trachea & pulmo → congesti
DIAGNOSA- Symptoma clinic- Test of chemical : contens of rumen ,
hepar,blood - Lab : material in to liq of HgCl2 1-3%
DIFF. DIAGNOSA
- Toxic of nitrat → blood is brown
- Pulmonary adenomatosis, emphysema
- Toxic of urea
TERAPY
- Sodium nitrit & Thiosulfat
NITRAT - NITRIT
Is material & animal & plants product N (free) → NO3
- for metab. to plants protein
Urea (animal) → nitrit + ammonia Toxic came from :
- plants
- nitrat (source of water)
Nitrat in water came from :- material2 organik is broken - animal & exile of product - silase juice- the ground to contains bacteri to bound N →
Nitrat ↓→ found algae / the other plants
At plants to contain nitrat-nitrit :- species, quality of N the ground, dreid of
ground→ grund damp, acid, quality of Mo, S, P
<, temp < → Nitrat ↑↑
TOXICITY
- Plants with : - nitrat-nitrit < 1% dried of material
- water < 1500 ppm --- if 2000 ppm, 10% WB, 17 daily → is not to be seen toxic - if 3000 ppm, 3 daily → †- Ruminansia :
→ tolerantion to nitrat ↑ diet KH ↑ → to appoint source
NPN- The animal monogastrik
→ more toleran caused bacteri were change to nitrit
NITROSO COMPOUND
is alkylated oxides from N, in fish / flesh is foging
Material carcinogenic to :
animal exp : brain, med spinalis, gaster, skin, tissue subcutan
Meal of fish to contain NC 30-100 ppm → necrosis hepar of sheep
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Nitrat → Nitrit → metHB → hipoksia reduction
mouse & sheep → nitrat to disturb absorpsion iodine at tiroid gl.
cow & dog → (-) non rum → nitrit (acid) destruction caroten,
nitrat (-) Rum → destuctin caroten (-)
SYMPTOMA CLINIC
Acute :
- to be seen after ½ - 4 hours
- salivasi, vomit, diarhae, colic Spesific : anoxia
→ dypsnoe, cyanosis at membr muc,
pulsus cardia <
→ tremor, ataxia, apatis, konvulsi if quality metHB 80 – 90% → †
PATHOLOGIST
Ptechial hemorhagis / echymosa at membr muc Rumen & abomasum → congesti spesific : blood is brown → to colored the other
tisue
DIAGNOSA Symptoma clinic Blood test & urin to nitrit Test metHB
DIFF DIAGNOSA
toxic sod. Chlorat → blood is brown toxic NO & NO3 from silo → suspect brown toxic cyanida → red cherry toxic CO2 → dark toxic CO → red light
THERAPY Methylen blue Mineral oil, AB, water
PERIRENAL OEDEMA
Toxic plant Amaranthus retroflexus
→ plants is growth at drie season & autumn,
like spinac
→ as nitrat acumulator but except is not
acused of nitrat / nitrit
SYMPTOMA CLINIC
Pig :
- weakness, tremor, incoordination, stand with
patella post, paralized & to lie at sternum
→ to be seen at 3 – 10 day In experiment :
- to disturb cardia function caused hipercale-
mia
PATHOLOGIST Oedema at retroperitoneal Ren → - lesi brown
- ptechial / echymosa hemorrhagi Oedema at ventral abd. Cavum abd & thorax → (+) clearness of fluid /
yellows
HISTOPATH Tub prox & distal
→ (+) hydropic deg necrose coagulativ
DIAGNOSA Clinical of history Inspection : - Symptoma clinic
- the except of PA & histopath
DIFF DIAGNOSA- Infectious cystitis - Toxic ethylen glycol- Oedema disease - Fungal nephrotoxin
CONTROL To avoid caused of plants Mineral corticoid hormon → K blood ↓ 10% Ca gluconat → normalization cardia function
TERATOGENIC PLANTS
→ to cause of except foetus :
- Leucaena - Lupine
- Astragalus - Veratrum
- Oxytropis - Tobacco
Leucaena & others Leguminosa ∑ >> → toxic Ruminansia < sensitive Contens : Amino acid mimosine
→ to cause resorpsi foetus
Astragalus, Oxytropis “locoism” Symptom :- posture action currious
- position of head upright - disturb of nervus
Sheep → articulation carpal → flexor / extensor >
Lupine + plant with Quinolizilidine
Acute :
→ disturb nervus, dificult of breath, control to muscle (-), salivasi ↑, convulsi, coma, †
Cow pregnant
→ foetus “Crooked calf disease”
extremitas, torticolis, cleft palate
The plants is :
Lupinus sericeus, L. caudatus, Sophora arizonica, S. stenohylla,Thermopsis montana, Cyticus scoparious
Veratrum
Sheep → Cyclopian (foetus)
→ to shorten of mandibula to arrive one eyein center, to shorten maxilla & to protrude mandibula
The other except :
- skin to covered by protrudes
- hydrocephalus
- hypophyisis
Tobacco
Pig → except at calcification a childs Rabits & mouse
→ nikotin → resorpsi foetus
The other plants Datura sp Conium maculatum Arthrogryposis Prunus serotina at pigs Blighia sapida (fruit younger)
→ to contens Alkaloid a.a. cyclopropana Colchicum autumnale
→ to contens Alkaloid colchicine → at experiment for inhibit mitosis at
metafase → mouse → except bone & tissue
PHOTOSENSITISATION Animal sensitive to ray of sun caused
abnormality material at circulation blood peripheral
To consist of :- Ps. Primer- Ps. Secunder- Ps. congenital
Ps. Primer- Hypericin → plant Hypericum perforatum- Fagopyrin → plant Fagopyrum esculatum- Phenotiazine sulfoxide (Anthelmintik)
Symptoma
- animal with hair light / pigments < →
sensitive → dermatitis, conjungtivitis
- cow → nipple, mamary glands & skins
with pigmen <
- Sheep → ear, palpebrae, face, nose, lips,
intermandibularis
→ skin to excret serous of liquid, necrosis
& to peel
Ps. Secunder
- = Hepatogeous Ps → to distrurb of hepar → Phylloerythrin (-)
(material chlorophyl) in bile
- † caused hepar is not capable netralization the
other toxins
- Control :
- to put animal in shelter
- is not to get vegetables
Ps. Congenital- caused genetic at metab to form
& disturbtion red blood cell incomplete
DIAGNOSA- Symptoma clinic- to ray of blood / organ with ray uv → if
fluorescense → (+)
TERAPY- to inhibits so that is not eaten plants to
cause Ps.- to avoid ray of sun - Antihistamin
Cause Photosensitisasi- Agave lesheguilla - Lippia rehmanni- Ammi visnaga - Lupinus sp- Brachiaria brizantha - Medicago sativa- Brassica sp - Myoporum laetum- Clotalaria sp - Narthecium ossifragum- Cymopterus watsoni - Nolina texana- Fagopyrum esculentum - Panicum sp- Heliotropium europaeum - Polygenum sp- Holocalyx glaziovii - Tetradymia sp- Hypericum sp - Trybulus terrestris- Kochia scoparia - Trifolium sp- Lantana sp - Vicia sp