Pile Driving and Pile Driving and BarotraumaBarotrauma
EffectsEffects
AASHTO AASHTO –– SOC SOC
Louisville, KY Louisville, KY
Jeff Lewis, Field Operations EngineerJeff Lewis, Field Operations Engineer
Federal Highway AdministrationFederal Highway Administration
California DivisionCalifornia Division
Transportation NeedsTransportation Needs
��CapacityCapacity
��StrengthStrength
��ConstructabilityConstructability
ConstructabilityConstructability
�� ““BiddableBiddable”” & & ““BuildableBuildable””
�� 100% Complete PS&E100% Complete PS&E
�� Defined Scope of WorkDefined Scope of Work
�� Defined Work Area Defined Work Area
��ESAESA’’ss--Environmental Sensitive AreaEnvironmental Sensitive Area’’ss
�� Avoid Dictating Contractors OperationsAvoid Dictating Contractors Operations
��Allow Contractors Innovation to Meet Allow Contractors Innovation to Meet Specs/PlansSpecs/Plans
��Minimize Change Orders & ClaimsMinimize Change Orders & Claims
��May Effect Dollars and/or TimeMay Effect Dollars and/or Time
Pile TypesPile Types
Large Diameter SteelLarge Diameter Steel
Small Diameter Small Diameter ØØ& & ““HH”” PilesPiles
Timber PilesTimber Piles
Concrete PilesConcrete Piles
Hammer TypesHammer Types
Hydraulic HammerHydraulic Hammer Diesel HammerDiesel Hammer
Drop HammerDrop Hammer Vibratory HammerVibratory Hammer
Project DeveloperProject Developer’’s Reality?s Reality?
Project Project
DeveloperDeveloper
Environmental RequirementsEnvironmental Requirements
Scope, Schedule, BudgetScope, Schedule, Budget
““ Impact Assessment and
I mpact Assessment and
Mi ti gat ion M
ethodology
Mi ti gat ion M
ethodology
Project by Project by
ProjectProject
Consistent Consistent
ProgrammaticProgrammatic
ResponsibleResponsible ProtectiveProtective
EconomicalEconomical
TimelyTimely
QualityQuality
BiddableBiddable BuildableBuildable PredictablePredictable
RegulatorRegulator’’s Realitys Reality??
RegulatorRegulator
Project ProponentsProject Proponents(History/Agendas)(History/Agendas)
WatchWatch--Dog GroupsDog Groups(3(3rdrd Party Law Suites)Party Law Suites)
““Best Available DataBest Available Data””
UncertaintyUncertainty
ResponsibleResponsibleProtectiveProtectiveConservativeConservative
ConcernConcern
Comfort LevelComfort Level
Continued ExistenceContinued Existence
Regulatory RequirementsRegulatory Requirements
��Endangered Species Act (Section 7)Endangered Species Act (Section 7)
��Other Federal and State LawsOther Federal and State Laws
New Benicia Bridge New Benicia Bridge ––
ConstructionConstruction
62’
71’Pier Wall
8’ Diameter CIDH Piling with Steel
Casing
Footing Plan
Benicia
Carquinez Strait
Photo by Bud AbbottPhoto by Bud Abbott
The Birds DescendThe Birds Descend
Construction Halted Immediately!!!!Construction Halted Immediately!!!!
Case Studies Case Studies -- BridgesBridges
��SFOBB SFOBB –– CACA
��RichmondRichmond--San Rafael San Rafael –– CACA
��Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson –– MDMD
San FranciscoSan Francisco--Oakland Bay Oakland Bay
Bridge East Span (SFOBB)Bridge East Span (SFOBB)
��Mitigation Plan in DesignMitigation Plan in Design
��Noise Target Value Noise Target Value
��180 dB re1180 dB re1µµPa peak at 10 mPa peak at 10 m
RichmondRichmond--San Rafael San Rafael
BridgeBridge��Seismic RetrofitSeismic Retrofit
��Most of Piles Driven Prior to Issue Most of Piles Driven Prior to Issue
IdentificationIdentification
��Some Delay and Cost IncreaseSome Delay and Cost Increase
��Differing Site ConditionsDiffering Site Conditions
Woodrow Wilson BridgeWoodrow Wilson Bridge
�� Identified During ConstructionIdentified During Construction
��Noise Level Noise Level -- 208 dB re 1208 dB re 1µµPa peak Pa peak
DEPTH
0
-335
-90
-30
HAMMER
Majority of Energy Dissipation Through
Soil Resistance
Young Bay Mud
Merritt/Posey Sands
Dense To Very Dense Sand
With Clay Layers
Water
Very Stiff Clays With Dense Sand Layers
Pile Tip Elevation
Airborne Noise
Compression Waves
High Damping
-260
Air
Typical Underwater SoundsTypical Underwater SoundsSound Level dB Sound Level dB
(re 1 (re 1 µµPa)Pa)
4040
2 kg high explosive (100m)2 kg high explosive (100m)
Beluga Whale Echolocation call (1m)Beluga Whale Echolocation call (1m)
Airgun Array (100mAirgun Array (100m))
Large Ship (100m)Large Ship (100m)
Fin Whale Call (100m)Fin Whale Call (100m)
Beluga Whale Threshold (1 kHz)Beluga Whale Threshold (1 kHz)
Ambient, Moderate WavesAmbient, Moderate Waves
Seal Threshold (1kHz)Seal Threshold (1kHz)
Ambient, Glassy & CalmAmbient, Glassy & Calm
Beluga Whale Threshold (30kHz)Beluga Whale Threshold (30kHz)
240240
220220
200200
180180
160160
140140
120120
100100
8080
6060
2020
00
Range of Pile Range of Pile
Driving Sound Driving Sound
Pressure LevelsPressure Levels
Sound Pressure Wave FormsSound Pressure Wave Forms
& Impacts to Fish& Impacts to Fish(Not To Scale)(Not To Scale)
ExplosionsExplosions Pile DrivingPile Driving ContinuousContinuous
++
--Pressure
Pressure
TimeTime
Blast (225 dB Peak)Blast (225 dB Peak)
400 Hz Pure Tone (190 dB Peak)400 Hz Pure Tone (190 dB Peak)
-2.00E+11
-1.50E+11
-1.00E+11
-5.00E+10
0.00E+00
5.00E+10
1.00E+11
1.50E+11
2.00E+ 11
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Time, sec.Time, sec.
Sound Pressure Amplitude,
Sound Pressure Amplitude, uPa
uPa
Pile Drive Impulse (203 dB Peak)Pile Drive Impulse (203 dB Peak)
Wave Form ComparisonWave Form Comparison
BoyleBoyle’’s Laws Law
Under conditions of constant temperature Under conditions of constant temperature and quantity, there is an inverse and quantity, there is an inverse
relationship between the volume and relationship between the volume and pressure for an ideal gas.pressure for an ideal gas.
Time
p+
P +
P -
pp11vv11 = p= p22vv22
SwimbladderSwimbladder
HeartHeart
Organ Systems Affected by BarotraumaOrgan Systems Affected by Barotrauma
BaroeffectsBaroeffects
��BarotraumaBarotrauma
��Physical Injury Physical Injury
��Swim Bladder RuptureSwim Bladder Rupture
��Rectified Diffusion Rectified Diffusion
�� BaroeffectsBaroeffects
��Behavior Altered Behavior Altered
��Swim Patterns Affected Swim Patterns Affected
Gill & Vent BleedingGill & Vent Bleeding
Harmful Sound LevelsHarmful Sound Levels
��Noise Thresholds:Noise Thresholds:
��Benicia and SFOBB: 180 dB re 1Benicia and SFOBB: 180 dB re 1µµPa Pa
��Woodrow Wilson Bridge: 208 dB re 1Woodrow Wilson Bridge: 208 dB re 1µµPa Pa
��Yakima Bridge: 218 dB re 1Yakima Bridge: 218 dB re 1µµPa Pa
��Comparable Sound Levels:Comparable Sound Levels:
��Ambient/Calm: 60 dB re 1Ambient/Calm: 60 dB re 1µµPaPa
��Large Ship @ 100m: 100 dB re 1Large Ship @ 100m: 100 dB re 1µµPaPaTime Traces - 8ft Pile at 54m Distance, 6m/7m Deep
Benicia Bridge Site, June 24 & July 12, 2002 (Time Zeroed)
-4.00E+10
-3.00E+10
-2.00E+10
-1.00E+10
0.00E+00
1.00E+10
2.00E+10
3.00E+10
4.00E+10
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Time, sec.
So
un
d P
res
su
re A
mp
litu
de
, u
Pa
Normal
with Sleeve
with Bubbles & Sleeve
Project ImpactsProject Impacts��DelaysDelays
��Benicia Benicia -- 6 months6 months
��Extra Project RequirementsExtra Project Requirements
��CostsCosts
��Benicia Benicia -- $135 Million$135 Million
��Average = $10,000/pileAverage = $10,000/pile
Considered Mitigation MeasuresConsidered Mitigation Measures
��Avoidance of Migration TimesAvoidance of Migration Times
��Scare ChargesScare Charges
��StrobesStrobes��Electric SeineElectric Seine
Preferred Mitigation Preferred Mitigation
MeasuresMeasures
��Driving During Slack CurrentDriving During Slack Current
��CofferdamsCofferdams
��Air Bubble Curtains (ABC)Air Bubble Curtains (ABC)
Why Steel Shell PilesWhy Steel Shell Piles??
�Superior Structural Properties Max Effect/Min Material …Cost Effective Solution�Material Properties (Tough, Predictable Behavior)
�Minimum Footprint
�Ease of Construction (Drive-ability)
�Scour Protection
�Armor (Fendering, Corrosion Protection)
No Structural Alternative!No Structural Alternative!
CofferdamsCofferdams
��Use Air for Attenuation Use Air for Attenuation
��Most Effective Most Effective –– 1515--35+ dB Reduction35+ dB Reduction
��Depth LimitationsDepth Limitations
��CostsCosts
Air Bubble Curtains (ABCs)Air Bubble Curtains (ABCs)
��ConfinedConfined
��Isolation CasingIsolation Casing
��2525--30 dB Reduction30 dB Reduction
��GunderboomGunderboom®®
Air Bubble Curtains (ABCs)Air Bubble Curtains (ABCs)
��UnUn--ConfinedConfined
��Bubble RingsBubble Rings
��Single and MultiSingle and Multi--levellevel
��Bubble TreeBubble Tree
��55--30 dB Reduction30 dB Reduction
Keys to Successful Keys to Successful
OperationOperation��Proper Installation Proper Installation
��Warm Up Warm Up –– 10 minutes10 minutes
��Monitor Air Pressure DeliveryMonitor Air Pressure Delivery
��Monitor Sound Levels Monitor Sound Levels
ConclusionsConclusions
�� Identify Impact to FishIdentify Impact to Fish
��Define Sound Pressure LimitsDefine Sound Pressure Limits
�� Improve Mitigation MeasuresImprove Mitigation Measures
��Share Information Between States, Share Information Between States,
Contractors, and CountriesContractors, and Countries
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:
�� Understand Ramifications of Permit Understand Ramifications of Permit
Terms & ConditionsTerms & Conditions
�� Meaningful and Measurable ValuesMeaningful and Measurable Values
�� Develop and Follow Monitoring Protocol with Develop and Follow Monitoring Protocol with
Specific Objectives and Controls Specific Objectives and Controls
�� Obtain Incidental Take Authorization to AvoidObtain Incidental Take Authorization to Avoid
Unanticipated Work Unanticipated Work StopagesStopages
�� Avoid Jeopardy; Avoid and Minimize Avoid Jeopardy; Avoid and Minimize
Incidental Take to the Extent PracticableIncidental Take to the Extent Practicable
Special ThanksSpecial ThanksJames James ReyffReyff, Illingworth and , Illingworth and RodkinRodkinKeith Jones, Keith Jones, CaltransCaltransBogdanBogdan KomorniczakKomorniczak, , CaltransCaltransStephanie Stephanie StoermerStoermer, FHWA, FHWAMara Mara MelandryMelandry, , CaltransCaltransChuck Morton, Chuck Morton, CaltransCaltransBruce Bruce HardyniecHardyniec, Acoustics Engineer, Chrysler Corp., Acoustics Engineer, Chrysler Corp.JuergenJuergen Baumann, Vancouver Port AuthorityBaumann, Vancouver Port AuthorityBrian Brian LiebichLiebich, , CaltransCaltransMary Mary HuieHuie, WWB Project Coordinator, WWB Project CoordinatorSara Sara HardyneicHardyneic, FHWA, FHWASarah Skeen, FHWA Sarah Skeen, FHWA
""Plan for the future, because Plan for the future, because
that is where you are going to that is where you are going to
spend the rest of your life."spend the rest of your life."