Definitions: Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language.
Example: the word “cat” has three phonemes: /c/-/a/-/t/. (when a letter is between the slash marks /, one make the sound /m/=“mmmmm”
Grapheme is the written representation of a phoneme. A grapheme can be one letter (m) or more than one letter (igh).
Onset is the sound(s) that come(s) before a vowel in a syllable. In the word “ship”, the /sh/ is the onset.
Rime is the vowel and any sound that come after it in a syllable. In the word “ship”, /ip/ is the rime.
Phonemic Awareness
PA is the ability to hear, think about, identify, and mentally manipulate the individual phonemes (sounds) in spoken words and syllables.
Metalinguistic awareness: meta from the Greek meaning “above” or “overriding”, as consciousness and linguistic meaning “having to do with language” and awareness meaning conscious thinking about. Put it all together- knowing how to think about language, how it works.
So… what is Phonemic Awareness?
http://bcove.me/s2hjee1j
Phonological Awareness- The understanding that the stream of speech can be divided into smaller segments. Easiest to understand to hardest: words, syllables, onset/rime, phonemes.
Phonemic Awareness- is a subset of Phonological Awareness. PA is the understanding that the words are made up of individual sounds (called Phonemes) and that they can be manipulated. As when we match, blend, segment, and change.
The Difference between Phonological Awareness and
Phonemic Awareness
“And of the Four Broad areas, Rhyming and Phonemic Awareness have been found to be particularly critical in predicting children’s successful development of reading and writing skills.” (Adams, 1990; Juel, 1988; Maclean, Bryant, & Bradley, 1987)
“Explicit instruction in Phonemic Awareness and phonetic decoding skills produces stronger reading growth in children with Phonological weaknesses than do approaches that do not teach these skills explicitly.” (Torgensen, 2000)
Research
http://bcove.me/pk7a6n6w
Syllable- a unit of speech organized around a vowel sound. Every syllable has a vowel sound but not every syllable has a consonant sound. Can you think of an example?
Onset- beginning consonant sound in a syllable. Not every syllable has and onset.
Rime- the vowel and the sounds that come after it in a syllable.
Phoneme- the smallest unit of sound in a language.
Metalinguistic Awareness of…
Phonetics standpoint- a consonant is a type of phoneme. (sound not letter)
What makes a consonant sound? Air flow is completely or partially stopped- sound is impeded. Tongue, lips, teeth, back of throat. Consonant sounds are classified by place and manner
of articulation. Place: where in the mouth they are produced Manner: how they are produced
Consonants
Bilabial: lips together Labio-dental: lips and teeth Inter-dental: tongue between teeth Alveolar: tongue on ridge behind teeth Palatal: tongue on roof of mouth Velar: tongue raised against soft palate Glottal: sound made by blowing air through
glottis
Place of Articulation Terms
Stop: flow of air is stopped completely for a time
Continuant: continuous sound Nasal: sound travels through nasal cavity Fricative: air passes through a narrow space
causing friction Affricatives: combination of stop and fricative Liquid: floating sound Glide: seems like two sounds moving together
Manner of Articulation
Place and Manner ChartPlace
Manner
Lips together(bilabial)
Teeth on lips (labio-dental)
Tongue between teeth (inter-dental)
Tongue on ridge behind teeth (aleveolar)
Tongue pulled back on roof of mouth (palatal)
Back of throat (velar)
Glottis (glottal)
Stop: air stoppedUnvoicedVoiced
/p//b/
/t//d/
/k//g/
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ng/
Fricative: frictionUnvoicedVoiced
/f//v/
/th//th/
/s//z/
/sh//zh/
Affricative: stop + fricativeUnvoicedVoiced
/ch//j/
GlideUnvoicedVoiced
/y/ /wh//w/
/h/
Liquid: floating sound /l/ /r/
Vowels Chart
boot
book
bait
bit
bitebet
batcut
beat
far
port
down
mouth/cow
coin/boy
bought
boat
above
Elkonin Boxes
http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/elkonin_boxes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIhurqhIk0c