Philip IIPhilip II

King of Spain King of Spain

(1556 – 1598)(1556 – 1598)

King of Europe???King of Europe???

Philip became king of Spain in 1556.Philip became king of Spain in 1556. Spanish possessions included Spanish possessions included

Spanish Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Spanish Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Tunis, lands in the Americas, and a Tunis, lands in the Americas, and a variety of Mediterranean islands.variety of Mediterranean islands.

1580: Portugal is inherited by Philip.1580: Portugal is inherited by Philip. Philip saw himself as an international Philip saw himself as an international

figure.figure.

Philip the PiusPhilip the Pius

Philip saw himself Philip saw himself as the leader of the as the leader of the international international crusade to promote crusade to promote Catholicism and Catholicism and stomp out all non-stomp out all non-Catholics (included Catholics (included Arabian Muslims, Arabian Muslims, Protestants, Jews, Protestants, Jews, even the Moriscos)even the Moriscos)

Philip the Philip the CarelessCareless

Philip was so Philip was so consumed with consumed with leading the leading the international Catholic international Catholic counteroffensive that counteroffensive that the economic and the economic and material interests of material interests of Spanish society Spanish society deteriorated during deteriorated during his reign.his reign.

Golden Age of SpainGolden Age of Spain

Despite huge military expenditures, Despite huge military expenditures, Spanish power and culture flourished.Spanish power and culture flourished. Undoubtedly the strongest navy until 1588Undoubtedly the strongest navy until 1588 Spanish cultural renaissance led by Sp. Spanish cultural renaissance led by Sp.

HumanistsHumanists Cervantes – “Don Quixote”Cervantes – “Don Quixote” Lope de Vega – 700 dramasLope de Vega – 700 dramas Lots of art – El Greco, Murillo, ValazquezLots of art – El Greco, Murillo, Valazquez

EscorialEscorial Philip built a new Philip built a new

palace/monestary/mausoleum 30 miles from palace/monestary/mausoleum 30 miles from Madrid on a bleak arid plateau of central Madrid on a bleak arid plateau of central Castille -- Escorial.Castille -- Escorial. Built in honor of St. Lawrence, (won a battle Built in honor of St. Lawrence, (won a battle

against France on his feast day).against France on his feast day). Shaped like a grill, since St. Lawrence was roasted Shaped like a grill, since St. Lawrence was roasted

alive (a martyr).alive (a martyr). Filled with monks and family coffinsFilled with monks and family coffins

By 1600, 1/3 of the population of Spain was By 1600, 1/3 of the population of Spain was employed in service to the Catholic church.employed in service to the Catholic church.

EscorialEscorial

Escorial Escorial BasilicaBasilica

Escorial Escorial BasilicaBasilica

The Royal The Royal Apartment: Apartment: Philip’s BedPhilip’s Bed

Entrance to Entrance to the the

Pantheon Pantheon de los de los ReyesReyes

The Crypt of KingsThe Crypt of Kings

The Crypt The Crypt of Kingsof Kings

Escorial Escorial

MonestarMonestary of San y of San Lorenzo Lorenzo

El El EscorialEscorial

Stairway to Stairway to private area private area

of the of the monestarymonestary

Apparent Successes of Apparent Successes of Philip IIPhilip II

1567: Duke of Alva sent to suppress 1567: Duke of Alva sent to suppress religious /political dissidents in the religious /political dissidents in the Netherlands.Netherlands.

1569: Revolt of the Mariscos in Spain 1569: Revolt of the Mariscos in Spain put down.put down.

1569: Philip supported a revolt of 1569: Philip supported a revolt of Catholics in N. England; Pope Catholics in N. England; Pope excommunicated Elizabeth I and excommunicated Elizabeth I and absolved her subjects from absolved her subjects from obedience to her.obedience to her.

More Successes?More Successes?

1571: Spain won the Battle of 1571: Spain won the Battle of LepantoLepanto

1572: Philip supported the St. Barts 1572: Philip supported the St. Barts day massacre in Franceday massacre in France

Battle of LepantoBattle of Lepanto

Revolt in the NetherlandsRevolt in the Netherlands Political, Religious, and EconomicPolitical, Religious, and Economic 1566: 200 noblemen founded a league 1566: 200 noblemen founded a league

to “check” Spanish influence in Neth.to “check” Spanish influence in Neth. Petitioned Philip to leave the Neth. out of Petitioned Philip to leave the Neth. out of

its inquisition, but Philip refusedits inquisition, but Philip refused In Response, a mass revolt of the In Response, a mass revolt of the

lower classes broke out, razing 400 lower classes broke out, razing 400 Catholic churches, etc.Catholic churches, etc.

Philip sent in the Inquisition under the Philip sent in the Inquisition under the Duke of AlvaDuke of Alva

Netherlands, cont.Netherlands, cont.

Will of Orange rallied the Dutch to fight Will of Orange rallied the Dutch to fight Spain, and a small war broke out.Spain, and a small war broke out.

1576: Prot. and Cath. joined to fight Philip1576: Prot. and Cath. joined to fight Philip 1578: England openly supported Dutch1578: England openly supported Dutch BUT----the Spanish bribed the S. territories BUT----the Spanish bribed the S. territories

and they joined Spain against the N.and they joined Spain against the N. 1581: N. Dutch declared complete 1581: N. Dutch declared complete

independence.independence. Fighting didn’t completely end until 1609Fighting didn’t completely end until 1609

EnglandEngland

Philip married Mary I to become King Philip married Mary I to become King of England and helped bring the of England and helped bring the inquisition there.inquisition there.

After her death, he wanted to either After her death, he wanted to either marry or kill Elizabeth to remain king.marry or kill Elizabeth to remain king.

Spain was involved in several plots to Spain was involved in several plots to put Mary Stuart on the throne.put Mary Stuart on the throne.

Mary’s execution led to the attack of Mary’s execution led to the attack of the Spanish Armada.the Spanish Armada.

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

1587: As the Sp. Armada was amassing 1587: As the Sp. Armada was amassing in Cadiz harbor, Drake sailed in and in Cadiz harbor, Drake sailed in and burned the ships (Singeing the king’s burned the ships (Singeing the king’s beard)beard)

1588: The new armada (130 ships) 1588: The new armada (130 ships) sailed carrying 30,000 men and 2,400 sailed carrying 30,000 men and 2,400 pieces of artillery.pieces of artillery. planned to sail to the Neth. and then cross planned to sail to the Neth. and then cross

the channel to defeat England.the channel to defeat England.

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

Met by 200 English ships in the channel Met by 200 English ships in the channel led by Drake and Lord Howard of led by Drake and Lord Howard of Effingham.Effingham. Eng. Ships smaller, lighter, faster, and well-Eng. Ships smaller, lighter, faster, and well-

armed with guns.armed with guns. Used fireshipsUsed fireships Protestant wind blew the Spanish north around Protestant wind blew the Spanish north around

the tip of Scotland and N. Ireland, killing most the tip of Scotland and N. Ireland, killing most of the crews.of the crews.

Major setback from which Spain never Major setback from which Spain never really recovered.really recovered.

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

British FleetBritish Fleet

Foreign EffectsForeign Effects

Spain loses maritime dominanceSpain loses maritime dominance England gains control of the seasEngland gains control of the seas British East India Company founded--1600British East India Company founded--1600 1609: Netherlands officially split1609: Netherlands officially split

N = United Provinces (Netherlands)N = United Provinces (Netherlands) S = Sp. Netherlands (Belgium)S = Sp. Netherlands (Belgium)

1602: Dutch East India Company founded1602: Dutch East India Company founded 1607/1612: Settlements in Virginia & New 1607/1612: Settlements in Virginia & New

NetherlandsNetherlands

Spanish EffectsSpanish Effects

By 1600, monarchy living day to day, By 1600, monarchy living day to day, economically, always waiting for the next economically, always waiting for the next treasure from the Indies to make ends treasure from the Indies to make ends meet.meet.

Production was down, and the econ. Was Production was down, and the econ. Was weakened by inflation, taxation, weakened by inflation, taxation, emigration, and depopulationemigration, and depopulation Ex. Seville: 16,000 looms in 1500; 400 in Ex. Seville: 16,000 looms in 1500; 400 in

16001600

More Spanish EffectsMore Spanish Effects

Too many crusades left Spain with lots Too many crusades left Spain with lots of minor aristocrats and church of minor aristocrats and church personnel who were very haughty and personnel who were very haughty and didn’t contribute much to the economy.didn’t contribute much to the economy.

1608 - 1610: 280,000 Moriscos expelled 1608 - 1610: 280,000 Moriscos expelled (best farmers and skilled artisans)(best farmers and skilled artisans)

1640: Portuguese independence1640: Portuguese independence Hapsburg mental problems added to the Hapsburg mental problems added to the

difficultiesdifficulties