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Project Supervisor:
Madam Nida Kashif
Group Members:
Khurum Sharif
Ata-ur-Rehman Khalid
Nadeem Asghar
Controlling, Monitoring and Faults detection
of Industrial Motor using PLC
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Block Diagram
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Induction Motor
An induction motor or asynchronous motor isa type of alternating current motor where
power is supplied to the rotor by means of
electromagnetic induction.
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Types of Induction Motor
Two types of induction motor which arecommonly used
1. Single phase induction motor
2. Three phase induction motor
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Three Phase Induction Motor A 3-phase induction motor has a stator and a rotor.
The stator carries a 3-phase winding (called stator winding) while
the rotor carries a short-circuited winding (called rotor winding).
Only the stator winding is fed from 3-phase supply.
The rotor winding derives its voltage and power from theexternally energized stator winding through electromagnetic
induction and hence the name.
The induction motor may be considered to be a transformer with
a rotating secondary and it can, therefore, be described as a
transformer type AC machine in which electrical energy isconverted into mechanical energy.
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Equivalent Circuit of 3-Phase Induction Motor at
Any Slip
Fig. shows the equivalent circuit (though not the only one)
per phase for an induction motor.
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V1 = applied voltage per phase to the stator
R1= stator resistance
X1=stator leakage reactance per phase
E1= self induced e.m.f in the stator winding
E'2 =mutually induced e.m.f (E'2= s E2 = s K E1 where K
transformation ratio) is induced in the rotor winding.
The flow of stator current I1 causes voltage drops in R1and X1.V1 = -E1 + I1(R1 + j X1) ...phasor sum
R2= rotor resistance
X2= rotor leakage reactance per phase
The induced voltage/phase in the rotor is E'2 = s E2 = s K E1.
Since the rotor winding is short-circuited, the whole of e.m.f E'2
is used up in circulating the rotor current I'2.
E'2 = I'2 (R2 + j s X2 )
The rotor current I'2 is reflected as I"2 (= K I'2) in the stator. The
phasor sum of I"2 and I0 gives the stator current I1.
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Circuit breaker:
A circuit breakeris an automaticallyoperated designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short
circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and
interrupt current flow.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then
must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume
normal operation.
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There are different types of circuit breaker
including bimetallic, thermal magnetic andmagnetic circuit breakers.
A typical three phase circuit breaker is given
below
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Contactors:
Contactors typically have multiple contacts, andthose contacts are usually (but not always)
normally-open, so that power to the load is shut
off when the coil is de-energized
Most common industrial use for contactors is the
control of electric motors.
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Working of contactors:
Typical contactor working diagra is given below
The top three contacts switch the respective
phases of the incoming 3-phase AC power,
typically at least 480 Volts for motors 1
horsepower or greater.
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The lowest contact is an "auxiliary" contact which has
a current rating much lower than that of the large
motor power contacts, but is actuated by the same
armature as the power contacts . The auxiliary contact is often used in a relay logic
circuit, or for some other part of the motor control
scheme, typically switching 120 Volt AC power
instead of the motor voltage. One contactor may have several auxiliary contacts,
either normally-open or normally-closed, if required.
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Phase failure relay A phase failure relay monitors the incoming three
phase service lines.
If the lines become reversed or loss of one phase
causing single phasing, the relay's internal contacts
change status. In control panels the control voltage usually is
connected through the phase failure relay's auxiliary
contacts.
If any line anomalies occur the control voltage is cutoff and the panel becomes inoperable.
Once the line fault is corrected the fault relay senses
that everything is alright and then allows the control
voltage to power the control panel again.
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Thermal overload relay:
It operates whencurrent increases from
certain specific limits.
It normal close
contacts closes when
current increases from
certain limits
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There are different types of phase failure relay,
zahra RST-25 is such type of relay which can
sense phase failure, phase sequence and over ,under voltage.
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Current sensor:
The device consists of a precise, low-offset, linearHall circuit with a copper conduction path located
near the surface of the die.
Applied current flowing through this copper
conduction path generates a magnetic field which
the Hall IC converts into a proportional voltage.
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The output of the
device has a positive
slope when anincreasing current
flows through the
primary copper
conduction path (frompins 1 and 2, to pins 3
and 4), which is the
path used for current
sampling.
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Proximity sensor:
Inductive Proximity Sensors detect the presence of metal
objects which come within range of their oscillating field
and provide target detection to zero speed.
Internally, an oscillator creates a high frequencyelectromagnetic field (RF) which is radiated from the coil
and out from the sensor face . When a metal object enters
this field, eddy currents are induced into the object.
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As the metal moves closer to the sensor, these
eddy currents increase and result in an
absorption of energy from the coil which dampens
the oscillator amplitude until it finally stops.
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Potential Transformer
Transformer:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's
coils.
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Programmable Logic Controllers
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is aspecialized computer used to control
machines and process.
It uses a programmable memory to storeinstructions and execute specific functions
that include On/Off control, timing, counting,
sequencing, arithmetic, and data handling.
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Relays:
Relays:
A relay is an electrically
operated switch.
Current flowing through thecoil of the relay creates a
magnetic field which
attracts a lever and
changes the switchcontacts.
The coil current can be on
or off so relays have two
switch positions and most
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PLC programming
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LADDER DIAGRAM:
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SCADA
The term SCADA usually refers to centralizedsystems which monitor and control entire sites, or
complexes of systems spread out over large
areas (anything from an industrial plant to a
nation). Most control actions are performed automatically
by PLCs.
Host control functions are usually restricted to
basic overriding orsupervisorylevel intervention.
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SCADA DEVELOPEMENT
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