AS Revision
Each day different questions…..Click on the photo and name them to see
the answers!!!
Advent Calendar2nd
May3rd
May4th
May5th
May6th
May7th
May
8th
May9th
May10th
May11th
May12th
May13th
May
14th
May15th
May16th
May17th
May18th
May19th May
2nd MayAchievement seems to be connected with action. Successful men and women keep moving. They make mistakes, but they
don't quit. Conrad Hilton
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure enough blood is returned to the heart during the training run 4 MARKS
The long term memory is almost limitless in its capacity and information can be retained in there for many years. Describe four strategies that could help a performer retain information in the long term memory. 4 MARKS
How can both funding and the media help to develop sporting excellence in the UK? 6 MARKS
3rd May“The winners in life think constantly in terms of I can, I will,
and I am”Waitely. D
• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic performance Marks 2
Identify and explain three factors that can influence a performer's reaction timeMarks 3
What are the characteristics of physical recreationMarks 3
4th MayThe difference between the impossible and the
possible lies in a person’s determination” Lasorda, T• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
During sub maximal exercise (aerobic) the predominant muscle fibre type would be slow oxidative (type I). Give one structural and one functional characteristic of this fibre type Marks 2
Explain why selective attention is important to the short term memory Marks 2
Name each stage of the performance pyramidMarks 4
5th MayFor every finish-line tape a runner there are the hours of hard
and often lonely work that rarely gets talked about. Grete Waitz
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
How will a cool down aid the vascular system Marks 2
Give three characteristics of the short term memoryMarks 3
What are the positive effects of fair play on sport or a sporting situationMarks 4
6th MayMy main focus is on my game.
Woods. T• Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
A cool down has a number of effects on the vascular system which aid the performer. One effect is the prevention of blood pooling. Identify two other effects. Marks 2
Why is variability of practice important to schema theory?
Marks 1
What is meant by the terms physical prowess and physical endeavour Marks 2
7th MayMost of us who aspire to be tops in our fields don't really
consider the amount of work required to stay tops.Althea Gibson
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Identify the name and blood pressure value for an adult at rest in both phases of the cardiac cycle.Marks 4
Identify the three different types of reinforcement used in acquiring movement skills.Marks 3
Describe the nature of sport in the USA.Marks 5
8th MayFor every pass I caught in a game, I caught a thousand
in practice. Don Hutson
Anatomy
• Skill
• Socio Cultural
Why do the changes in pressure at altitude reduce performance Marks 4
Name the 4 main aspects of Bandura’s observational learning theoryMarks 4
How do National Governing Bodies support performers at the top of the performance pyramid?Marks 5
9th May"Think little goals and expect little achievements. Think big
goals and win big success." David Joseph Schwartz
Socio Cultural
Identify 4 roles of a National Governing BodyMarks 4
Anatomy
Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle tissuesMarks 2Skill
Use the example of a gymnast performing a handstand to explain closed loop control Marks 4
10th May"By working hard, you get to play hard guilt-free"
Rohn, J.
Socio CulturalExplain how education, physical recreation and sport can all exist within a school PE programme Marks 3
Anatomy
Explain the conduction system of the heart Marks 3
Skill
Use an example from Physical Education or sport to explain recall and recognition schema Marks 4
11th May“Hard work brings prosperity, playing around brings poverty”
The Bible
Socio CulturalWhat can young people gain as a result of a positive Outdoor Education experienceMarks 4
Anatomy
Identify two mechanisms that aid venous return during exercise Marks 2
Skill
Use a practical example to explain the stages of the psychological refractory period Marks 5
12th MayGuidanceYou need to be able to.........Describe the different types of guidanceEvaluate critically the types of guidance 4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember V_________________ V_________________ M________________ M_________________ They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the first phase. Performances are often _ _ _ _ _ and uncoordinated. They need to have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance, for example a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a _ _ _ _ _ _ image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with _ _ _ _ _ _ guidance. This cannot be too much or it will
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the performer. VERBALJERKY OVERLOAD VISUAL COGNITIVECORRECT DEMONSTRATION
’pain is temporary. quitting lasts forever’’Lance Armstrong
13th May“Follow your dreams and enjoy the ride!”
Father of Davis Love III
Socio CulturalDefine sports sponsorship and identify possible negative effects of sponsorship to sports performersMarks 4
Anatomy
Why would endurance performance decrease when performing at altitude Marks 2Skill
Explain the term motor programmeMarks 3
14th May“Defeat is not the worst of failures. Not to have tried is the true failure.”
George Edward Woodberry
Socio CulturalIdentify two roles of the mediaMarks 2
Anatomy
How would a warm up benefit the strength of muscle contractions when performing the strengthening exerciseMarks 3Skill
Explain proactive and retroactive transfer and give an example of eachMarks 4
15th MaySuccess is how high you bounce when you hit bottom.
George S. Patton
Socio CulturalDiscuss both the positive and negative effects of the media on sportMarks 4
Anatomy
Identify two ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood during aerobic performanceMarks 2SkillUse an example from Physical Education or sport to explain how a performer learns by operant conditioning Marks 4
16th May"I've never known anybody to achieve anything without
overcoming adversity." ---Lou Holtz
Socio CulturalDescribe public, private and voluntary funding of sportMarks 3
Anatomy
Identify 2 structures of the hip joint and describe their role during physical performanceMarks 4Skill
What strategies are used to ensure that information can be stored and easily retrieved from the long term memoryMarks 3
17th MaySuccess isn't something that just happens - success is learned, success is
practiced and then it is shared.-- Sparky Anderson
Socio CulturalWhat is meant by the term American Dream?Marks 1
Anatomy Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activitiesMarks 4
SkillUse a practical example to illustrate Thorndike's Laws of Learning and how each law can be applied to Physical Education or sport. 1) Law of Effect 2) Law of exercise 3) Law of readiness Marks 6
18th MayThe Six W's: Work will win when wishing won't.
-- Todd Blackledge
Socio CulturalWhy might negative transfer occurMarks 2
Anatomy
Explain how gas exchange is increased at the lungs to ensure that a greater amount of oxygen is diffused into the blood during exerciseMarks 4Skill
Negative transfer can adversely affect the learning of movement skills. Give three ways in which negative transfer a can be avoidedMarks 3
19th MayThe difference between failure and success is doing a thing nearly right and doing
it exactly right.-- Edward C. Simmons
Socio CulturalWhat are some of the possible causes of crowd violence at sporting eventsMarks 3
AnatomyDuring the training run blood needs to be diverted away from non-essential organs to the working muscles. Explain how the vasomotor centre controls this distribution.Marks 3Skill
Explain what is meant by an open skill and a closed skill Marks 4
2nd May – Amy Williams Anatomy1. Skeletal muscle pump - muscles contract to squeeze
blood back to the heart 2. Valves prevent backflow 3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure around
abdominal cavity squeezes blood back to the heart 4. Blood above the heart will return due to gravity 5. Venoconstriction of veins returning blood back to the
heart
Skill1. Practice/Overlearning/Repetition 2. Link information to that alreadystored/relate to past experiences / Association3. Make information meaningful/relevant 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting 5. Use of visual imagery/mental rehearsal6. Reward and reinforce success 7. Chunking / Chaining / group information together 8. Intensify the stimulus 9. Make information unique/unusual
PACCM Socio Cultural1. performers can: concentrate on sport / train full time / become professional 2. performers can compete more equally with those from better funded countries 3. provision of or money for high level or specialist facilities or equipment or clothing 4. provision of or money for high level training or coaching 5. fund: UK Sport / UKSI (EIS) / NGBs / H.C. councils / YST / Sports Colleges 6. 6. attracts or provides world class events or competitions 7. scholarships / World Class (Performance) Programme / TASS / gifted and talented 8. raises profile or awareness of sport/s / promotes sport/s 9. positive role models / raises profile or awareness of performers 10. sponsorship / money to sport/s or performer/s 11. influence on : rules or timings or seasons or format or structure of sport12. use of dvds or videos or websites 13. Increases participation / mass participation / build base of performance pyramid / shatter stereotypes / money / to clubs
3rd May – Steven RedgraveAnatomy1. Dissolves in the plasma 2. Combines with
haemoglobin 3. Forms
carbaminohaemoglobin4. Dissolves in water
Skill1. RT deteriorates with age 2. Males have faster RT then females 3. Experience of a skill speeds up RT 4. Anticipation of the stimulus, 5. The strength/clarity of the stimulus 6. Expecting a particular response to a
stimulus 7. Expecting a stimulus to be presented, 8. PRP - presentation of a second stimulus
before a first is cleared 9. Arms react quicker than legs - length of
neural pathway 10. Drugs/Alcohol can affect RT 11. Number of choices affect RT - Hicks Law
Socio Cultural1. Limited skill/fitness2. Limited organisation/no officials3. Flexible rules4. Limited competition5. Enjoyable/Non serious 6. Basic equipment 7. Time decided by participants8. Amateur/Hobby/Choice 9. Space decided by participants
4th May Answers - AP McCoy
Anatomy• Structural - 1. Size - Small• 2. Colour - Red • 3. Capillaries - Many• Function 4. Slow to fatigue• 5. Slow contractile speed• 7. Low force output • 8. High aerobic capacity
Skill• 1. Limited capacity/5-9 items/Up to 30
seconds• 2. Only allows relevant information
through/filters irrelevant information • 3. Brain operates as a single channel
organ/bottleneck occurs when more than one item tries to pass through
• 4. STM initiates movement therefore the quicker the relevant detail enters the STM the quicker the response
Socio Cultural•1. Excellence/elite•2. Performance •3. Participation•4. Foundation
5th May – Mo Farraw1. Flushes out lactic acid/waste products
2. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood flow to muscles
3. Maintains skeletal pump/muscular pump
4. Prevents blood pooling
5. Maintains venous return
6. Maintains stroke volume/cardiac output
7. Maintains blood pressure
8. Gradually decreases heart rate
1. Limited capacity/5-9 items, 2. Up to 30 seconds
3. Initiates movement/working memory/two way process between STSS/STM/LTM
4. Chunking information can extend capacity, 5. Information is encoded/passed onto LTM
1. helps officials2. helps the flow of the game/improves spirit of the game
3. increases enjoyment/goodwill amongst players
4. increases enjoyment amongst crowd/prevents hooliganism
5. raises status of the sport/positive image
6. produces positive role models/reinforces positive behaviour
6th May – Ronnie O SullivanAnatomy1. Maintain stroke volume/cardiac output 2. Gradual decrease in temperature 3. Maintain blood pressure 4. Removal of waste products/carbon
dioxide/lactic acid 5. Keeps capillaries dilated/maintains blood
flow/oxygen to muscles/reduces oxygen debt
6. Maintains skeletal pump/respiratory pump 7. Maintains venous return
SkillDifferent experiences in practice situations will build up/extend the schema/schema will be able to be used in many situations/greater transfer of skillsSocio Cultural
Physical Prowess - Physical skill/expertise/proficiency/fitness
Physical Endeavour - Effort/commitment/determination
7th May – Andy MurrayAnatomy
• Contraction Phase • 1. Systolic 100-130 mmHg
• Relaxation Phase • 2. Diastolic 70 – 90 mmHg
Skill1. Positive (reinforcement) 2. Negative (reinforcement) 3. Punishment.
Socio Cultural1. (American Dream)Sport a vehicle for achieving the American Dream or going from rags to riches or achieving upward social mobility 2. (win ethic) (Driven by) ‘win ethic’ or Lombardian ethic / win at all costs / very competitive / no draws 3. (commercialism) Commercialism / sport is (big) business / sport or performers make money / used to promote or advertise products / performers or sports or teams heavily sponsored or endorsed / performer as commodity or billboards4. Media media (& advertising) fund pro. sport or influence it e.g. influence rules or timings or dictate commercial breaks 5. (golden triangle) Golden triangle / relationship between sport, sponsorship and media / sport linked with sponsorship6. (entertainment) Sport is entertainment or part of entertainment industry / e.g. marching band or ‘pom pom’ girls or cheerleading squads or other suitable example 7. (capitalist) Reflects capitalism or free enterprise or private enterprise 8. (dominates) ‘Big 4’ or professional sport dominates / little mass participation / limited or no system of local sports clubs 9. (school / uni sport) High status of high school or uni sport / high school players local stars / scholarships to universities / university sport feeds professional sport /large crowds at high school or uni ‘games’ 10. (draft) (Importance of the) draft system / (top) college athletes drafted into professional sport.
11. (hero worship) Sport stars as heroes
8th May – Toby FloodAnatomy1. Less oxygen available,2. Partial pressure of oxygen is reduced3. Increased rate of
breathing/hyperventilation, 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the
partial pressure of oxygen6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated,7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood8. Less oxygen available for the muscles,9. Fatigue sets in quicker
Skill1. Attention 2. Retention3. Motor Re-production4. Motivation
Socio Cultural1. select or manage national team / talent ID / select for World Class Programme2. provide funding3. provide sports science information4. high level coaching or training / performance directors / national coach / train high performance coaches or officials / academies5. seek sponsorship or develop commercial links / obtain media coverage / negotiate with media6. give access to high level facilities or equipment.7. Work with UK SPORT or UKSI or HCSCs eg Sp England or sports colleges or high level clubs8. organise or provide or inform about competitions9. provide anti-doping education 10. encourage or support academic education / provide lifestyle or career advice
9th Answers – Jessica Ennis
Anatomy• 1. attached to
haemoglobin• 2. forms
oxyhaemoglobin • 3. dissolved in plasma
Skill• 1. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
feedback informs performer about position of the body
• 3. Comparison is made between actual movement (perceptual trace) and memory trace
• 4. Changes that may be required are initiated by effector mechanism
• 5. Muscular system adjusts the body• 6. Kinaesthetic/Proprioceptive/Internal
feedback occurs again Socio Cultural1. Encourage participation/develop grassroots, 2. Select national team, 3. Talent identification/select performers for world class programme4. Trains coaches/officials, 5. Controls the finance of their sport/seeks sponsorship, 6. Maintains rules/oversees rule changes 7. Deal with discipline issues, 8. work with other organisations, 9. Organises leagues/cups/competitions10. Obtains media coverage, 11. Gives information/supports clubs, 12. Improves facilities for participation
10th Answers – Andrew Flintoff
Anatomy• 1. attached to
haemoglobin• 2. forms
oxyhaemoglobin • 3. dissolved in plasma
Skill• 1. (initial conditions)Information
about the environment - eg, stance needed when serving in tennis
• 2.(response specification) How hard the pass needs to be - what direction
• 3.(Sensory consequences) Sensory information during or after the movement - eg, overbalancing during a headstand (KP)
• 4. (Response outcome) - eg ball landed on the green in golf (KR)
Socio Cultural1. Education - theory/things learnt/exams/NC2. Physical recreation - PE run clubs for all/school trips/free time in lessons 3. Sport - inter school fixtures/competitive part of PE
11th Answers – Paul Gascoigne
Anatomy• 1. Valves• 2. Respiratory Pump • 3. Skeletal Muscle Pump• 4. Gravity forces blood
from above the heart
Skill• 1. First stimulus is identified/detected (GK
sees free kick struck)• 2. Response to first stimulus is initiated
(Keeper moves to his left) • 3. Second stimulus received (Ball strikes
the wall and is deflected)• 4. Second response is initiated (Keeper
tries to move back right towards the ball)• 5. Delay is second response caused by the
bottleneck in the brain/First response is not cleared before second stimulus is receivedSocio Cultural
1. Health/Fitness, 2. Outdoor Education specific skills, 3. Leadership4. Personal well being/increased self esteem/confidence, 5. Decision making/problem solving 6. Team work/co-operation/communication, 7. Preparation for active leisure/career in outdoor education8. Appreciation of the natural environment
12th – Lance Armstrong4 types.......................Draw a picture to help remember V__ISUAL V__ERBAL M_ANUAL M_ECHANICAL They are all best suited for the different phases of learning.
COGNITIVE is the first phase. Performances are often JERKY and uncoordinated. They need to have EXTRINSIC feedback as they are beginners. They rely heavily on VISUAL guidance, for example a DEMONSTRATION which must be accurate so it can be copied. It also provides the learner with a CORRECT image of the skill. This is often backed up and reinforced with VERBAL guidance. This cannot be too much or it will OVERLOAD the performer. VERBAL JERKY OVERLOADVISUAL COGNITIVECORRECT DEMONSTRATION
13th Answers – Lewis Hamilton
Anatomy• 1. The partial pressure of oxygen is reduced• 2. Less oxygen available at high altitude• 3. Hyperventilation/ performer breathes faster• 4. A reduction in the diffusion gradient occurs• 5. Haemoglobin saturation depends on the partial
pressure of oxygen• 6. Haemoglobin is not fully saturated• 7. Less oxygen is carried in the blood• 8. Less oxygen is available for muscles/aerobic
respiration• 9. Fatigue sets in quicker
Skill• 1. Generalised series of movements/Plan of
a skill• 2. Stored in LTM• 3. Made up of sub routines• 5. Initaited by one stimuli / decision• 6. Programme created through practice• 7. Put into action by effector mechanism• 9. Modified after each attempt
Socio CulturalDescription - The money/other support to individuals/teams/events to gain publicityNegative affects, 1. Money can be withdrawn/limited time, 2. Some sponsorship can give poor image (alcohol, tobacco)3. Sponsors can control/manipulate performer, 4. Performers may be/feel exploited5. Not always available/not available to all, 6. Performers may become reliant on a particular sponsor, 7. Pressure to win/cheating
14th Answers – Shane WarneAnatomy• 1. Increase in muscle temperature• 2. Allows greater stretch/elasticity• 3. Decreases risk of injury/increase in blood
flow/oxygen• 4. Nerve impulse conduction is quicker• 5. Improves co-ordination/increases strength of
contraction• 6. Less resistance within muscle• 7. Increased enzyme activity• 8. More energy available for muscles
Skill• 1. Proactive - a skill
currently being learnt has an effect on a skill in the future
• 2. Retroactive - a skill currently being learned has an effect on a skill already learned
Socio Cultural1. Inform2. Educate3. Advertise/promote/publicise4. Entertain
15th Answers – Tom Daley Anatomy• 1. Dissolves in the plasma• 2. Combines with
haemoglobin• 3. Forms
carbaminohaemoglobin• 4. Dissolves in water
Skill• 1. Trial and error• Creating a stimulus response bond• 2. Behaviour is modified through
reinforcement• 3. Reinforcement such as positive and
negative reinforcement strengthen the SR bond
• 4. Punishment weakens the SR bond• 5. The stronger the SR bond the greater
likely hood of the dominant response• 6. Behaviour is shaped - Shaping
Socio CulturalPositive1. Role modes produced, 2. Stereotypes can be shattered3. Can increase participation, 4. Can highlight minority sports/groups5. Sport is now part of the entertainment industry, 6. Money to the sport/money to the clubs7. Rule changes which have been positive for the sportNegative8. Focus on negative behaviour/poor role models, 9. Stereotypes can be reinforced10. Reduces participation, 11. Usually focuses on few sports (football)/unequal coverage12. Financial rewards for only those at the very top
16th Answers – Tanni Grey Thompson
Anatomy• Shape of bone/socket - wide range of movement
allowed• Ligaments - hold bone in place/stability/join bone
to bone• Cartilage - Prevents wear and tear/friction/absorb
compression• Tendon - provides strength/support• Synovial Fluid - lubricates joint• Pads of fat - absorbs shock/protect from wear and
tear• Synovial Membrane - secretes Synovial fluid
Skill• 1. PRACTICE/Overlearning/Repetition• 2. Link information to that already stored/relate to past
experiences• 3. Make information meaningful/relevant /
ASSOCIATION• 4. Experience is enjoyable/novel/interesting• 5. Use of visual imagery/MENTAL REHEARSAL• 6. Reward and reinforce success• 7. CHUNKING/ CHAINING/ group information together• 8. Intensify the stimulus• 9. Performer is MOTIVATED
PACCMSocio Cultural1. Public - money from government or local authority2. Private - Money from sponsorship/businesses3. Voluntary - Money or donations from individuals and charities/fundraising
17th Answers – Graeme McDowell
Anatomy• 1. Increase Heart Rate, 2. Increase in stroke
volume, 3. Adrenaline is released• 4. Increase in venous return, 5. Stretches wall of
right atrium which increases firing of SA node• 6. Starlings Law, 7. Information sent by
proprioceptors/baroreceptors/chemoreceptors to Cardiac Control Centre
• 8. Increase in sympathetic control, 9. Increase in temperature which speeds up nerve impulses
Skill• Effect• 1. If response is followed by a satisfier then the
S-R bond is strengthened• 2. eg - A rugby player is pleased to see a
successful conversion• 3. If the response is followed by an annoyer the
S-R bond will be weakened• 4. eg - The rugby conversion is not a success• Exercise• 5. The S-R bond will be strengthened by practice• 6. eg - A badminton player practices serving• Readiness• 7. The performer must be physically/mentally
capable of attempting the skill• 8. eg - A young footballer must be able top grasp
the principles of offside before he is taught it/the high jump bar must be low enough for the athlete to be able to clear it
Socio Cultural1. Anyone can achieve success/wealth/status2. Rags to Riches3. Everyone has an equal chance of success, 4. happiness is achieved through wealth5. Hard work will be rewarded6. Land of opportunity
18th Answers – Graham Swann
Anatomy• 1. There is high partial pressure of oxygen in the
lungs/alveoli• 2. There is a low partial pressure oxygen in the
blood• 3. During exercise there is a greater diffusion
gradient• 4. Faster diffusion will occur• 5. Increased blood supply/temperature• 6. Increased surface area of lungs/respiration rate• 7. Reduced resistance to diffusion
Skill• 1. Ensure performer understands the
task requirements• 2. Performers attention drawn to
aspects that may cause negative transfer• 3. Ensure practice to match/skill to skill
as similar as possible• 4. First skill thoroughly learned before
introducing a second skill• 5. Focus on similar aspects• 6. Avoid teaching conflicting skills close
to each otherSocio Cultural1. builds muscles/lose or gain weight/increase energy2. Reduce pain/recover from injury3. steady nerves/increase aggression or motivation4. pressure to win5. to look good/aesthetic6. rewards/money/win at all costs ethic7. lack of education/unaware of dangers8. Belief that everyone else is doing it/level playing field9. Belief that they will get away with it
19th Answers – Strictly come dancing!
Anatomy• 1. Vasodilation of arteries supplying the
working muscles/Vascular shunt• 2. Opening/Vasodilation of the precapillary
sphincters supplying the working muscles• 3. Vasoconstriction of arteries supplying
non-essential organs• 4. Closing/Vasoconstriction of precapillary
sphincters supplying non-essential organs• 5. Sympathetic stimulation/reduction
Skill• Open skill• 1. The environment is constantly
changing/affected by the environment• 2. The performer needs to adapt the changing
conditions/performer is reactive• 3. The skill is externally paced• 4. The skill is mainly perceptual• Closed Skill• 5. The skill is self paced/internally paced• 6. The environment does not affect the
skill/environment unchanged• 7. The skill is habitual• 8. Movements follow a set pattern/pre-planned
Socio Cultural1. Alcohol/Drugs2. Frustration at the score or officials3. Rivalry/local derbies/religion4. Verbal abuse/provocation/racism5. Pre-match hype/over excitement/importance of game6. Large number of fans/poor policing or stewarding7. Hooliganism at football8. Mass culture/Tribal nature of event/peer group pressure9. Violence or poor behaviour on the pitch copied by crowd10. Lack of suitable punishment or deterrent.
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